The document summarizes the history of the press in independent India. It discusses how the relationship between the government and press changed over time, from initially good relations to increased tensions. It outlines various acts passed, including the Working Journalists Act of 1955. The emergency period from 1975-1977 imposed censorship and over 250 journalists were detained. After the emergency ended, the press became more professionalized. The introduction of television also changed the media landscape in India. Minority and English language presses are also discussed.

1. Press In Independent India
Mentor: Dr. Navras Jaat Afreedi
Presented By: Rahul Kumar
Roll No. : 12/pmmc/03

2. Topic
Press In Independent India

3. Introduction
When we started about the press in independence India. Press and
India both got its independence from the British rule on 15th august
1947. They both were celebrating their victory at the beginning of
independence the relation between the national government and
press was good but after some decade the situation was changed.
That was a time when the press was booming in its area, because
at that time India was not developed as much, so according to the
press commission 1952 report 1954 recommendation- press
council, press registrar, salary of working journalist, strengthen the
role of editors. Then couldn’t fulfill its aim to achieve that target
which they presumed before. After 1954 the government of India
made a rule for Press journalist “The working journalist act 1955” it
was the revolutionary period for the Indian Press. After 1955 Indian
government support the Indian press because of influencing
behavior of political parties. After the act “the working journalist act
1955” the government made another act for the Indian Press which
is “the Newspaper (price and page) act 1956. After a decade the
Indian press came to at that position where they can move or print
as they want to provide a clear cut view of reality to the audience.

4. Press during the emergency:
In 26 June 1975 prime minister of India Mrs. Indira Gandhi declared
the emergency in India. Fundamental Rights stood suspended,
censorship was imposed on the press and prominent political leaders
were arrested. The reason behind is that Mrs. Indira Gandhi did
electoral malpractice in 12th June 1971 re-elected for lok sabha. It
came in light with the help of “JP Narayan” report. After that 24th
June Supreme Court imposed conditional stay on PM. This was that
she will be Member of Parliament but she couldn’t be part of
parliamentary proceeding. After that One of the most controversial
figures in Indian politics, Sanjay Gandhi has often been accused of
being the mastermind behind the atrocities committed during the
emergency. To make matters worse, both Sanjay and Indira Gandhi
developed a Twenty-Point program which advertised the “salient
features”. It was the shocking blow to the freedom of press in
independent India. During 19 months of emergency 253 journalist
detained and 7 foreign correspondences expelled. When “janta dal”
political party came into power all the restriction over press
removed. After emergency Indian Press become more Professional
along with High technology, Simultaneous publication increase
tremendous change in the content, more supplements, booming of
specialization magazine.

5. Print Post-Television:
Now India press had developed in high technology by
introduce new media in India which is called “TELEVISION”
and then they were started practicing with “doordarshan (DD)
started in 1959 from New Delhi for educational purpose only.
In 1975 India borrowed a satellite from NASA for broadcasting
the news. At that time there were only 2400 villages had
community TV sets. In 1982 we saw first color broadcasting
on the eve of nation games, which was held in New Delhi.
Now there were 40 different broadcasting centers in India,
which covers 70 % of land and 87 % of population across of
India. Now the program had broadcasting in dozen
languages. There was the ratio of having TV sets is 6/100
people. It was the revolutionary change for media to introduce
the TV in India. Before the TV, There is no source of media
which is that much of effective. Because of dozen languages
the information becomes easy for those wanted to know about
the reality and truth of current issues in their own languages

6. Minority Press
Minority press is type of media which focus only those group
which focus only on the specific community for their
development. For example, Sahara Urdu, Inquilab Urdu daily,
The Sahafat Urdu daily etc. basically we can say it is a Urdu
newspaper. The basic purpose of this newspaper is to
highlight the issue of minority group among the world. At the
time of UPA the report of high-level committee appointed by
the prime minister under the chairmanship of justice Rajindar
Sachar, retired Chief justice of the Delhi High Court, to study
the “Social, Economic and educational status of the Muslim
community of India” has Been a subject of wide discussion in
the press “Sachar Committee”. This committee contains the
betterment of the Muslim community and how to make equal
on economy level.

7. English Language Press
Indian press during the raj was, on whole, aggregation of vernacular
reads which did little to unit caste and national interest. The first
English language newspaper in India was “JAMES HICKEY’S
BENGAL GAZETTE” which was launch in 1780. Vernacular press is
press which was made for regional area to create awareness with
regional language newspapers. English language newspaper was
not much affected as regional language newspaper among the
people. English language newspapers are mainly used by urban
area as compare to rural area, the main motive of English language
newspaper is focusing the literate group. Many English language
newspapers in India is largely owned by business houses. The main
reason behind that is to promote their own product in competitive
market without having any interruption, for example “Times now –
Bennett, colemn & corporation ltd. (23rd January, 2006) “Times of
India – Sagar surana. (3rd November, 1838), “The Hindu – Kasturi
& sons ltd. (20th September, 1878). Sometimes they launched some
program which mainly focus on the issue, which is going on now a
days but indirectly they promoting their product also, for example
IPL sponsored by DLF.

8. References
JMC Research Paper.
“TheviewsPaper.net” Internet Site.
itp.nyu.edu/syllabus/Evolution_of_Post-Pring_Media
Sachar Report
The writer is a Senior Editor of Youth Ki Awaaz and a
student of Politics from University of Delhi
Wikipedia & some other Sites.
INDIAN MEDIA LITERACY:A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF
TELEVISION EXPERIENCES FROM ITV TO IPTV