presesntationepatitis is a condition characterized by inflammation of the liver, often caused by viral infections. It can lead to liver damage, scarring, and in severe cases, liver failure if left untreated. HA by Habibo Al
This document defines commonly used terms in infectious disease epidemiology and describes concepts related to disease transmission and prevention/control. It defines terms like infection, communicable disease, and incubation period. It describes the chain of infection and discusses reservoirs, modes of transmission, and susceptible hosts. It outlines the objectives and uses of disease surveillance. It also explains methods for preventing and controlling outbreaks like eliminating reservoirs, breaking transmission routes, and protecting susceptibles through immunization, chemoprophylaxis, and general health measures.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in epidemiology:
- Epidemiology is defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in populations and the application of this study to control health problems.
- Descriptive epidemiology examines disease distribution and features, while analytical epidemiology investigates hypotheses about causes by studying exposure-disease relationships.
- The epidemiologic triangle models the interaction between an agent, host, environment, and time in disease transmission and spread. Understanding these factors aids public health prevention and control efforts.
- Various epidemiological study designs are used including observational (cohort and case-control) and experimental approaches to identify risk factors and test interventions.
A communicable disease is an illness due to a specific infectious (biological)agent or it's toxic products capable of being directly or indirectly transmitted from man to man,from animal to man,from animal to animal,from the environment (through air,water,food etc)to man.
2nd year BSc Nursing - Unit- 3 BSc CHN_-Epidemiology.pptxthiru murugan
2nd Year B.Sc Nursing Community Health Nursing – I EPIDEMIOLOGY
By,
M. Thiru Murugan
UNIT-III: EPIDEMIOLOGY:
Definition, concept, aims, scope, uses and terminology used in epidemiology
Dynamics of disease transmission : epidemiological triad
Morbidity and mortality : measurements
Levels of prevention
Methods of epidemiology:
Descriptive
Analytical: Epidemic investigation
Experimental
Epidemiology
INTRODUCTION: Epidemiology is derived from Greek word “epidemic”
EPI – up on, DEMOS – people; LOGOS – study. Epidemiology means the study of disease in human population.
DEFINITION: “epidemiology is defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of health related states or events in specified populations and the application of this study to control the health problems”.
Concepts Basic to Epidemiology:
Host, Agent, and Environment Model:
Host: The host is a susceptible human or animal who harbors and nourishes a disease causing agent. Many physical, psychological, and lifestyle factors influence the host's susceptibility and response to an agent.
Concepts Basic to Epidemiology:
Agent: An agent is a factor that causes to a health problem or condition.
Causative agents can be Biological, Physical, Psychological, Economical, Nutritional, Environmental etc..
Concepts Basic to Epidemiology:
Environment: The environment refers to all the external factors surrounding the host that might influence vulnerability or resistance.
The physical environment
The psychosocial environment
AIMS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
Aims:
to describe the distribution and size of disease problems in human population.
to identify the etiological factors.
to provide the data essential to the planning, implementation and evaluation.
SCOPE OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
I. According To Disease Group:
Infectious Disease Epidemiology
Cardio Vascular Epidemiology
Cancer Epidemiology
II. According To Group Of Factors
Nutritive Epidemiology
Reproductive Epidemiology
Environmental Epidemiology
Clinical Epidemiology
Molecular Epidemiology
Genetic Epidemiology
Computational Epidemiology
USES OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
Identify the causes of diseases.
Helps to describe the health status of the population.
Control the disease transmission.
Planning, implementing and evaluating health programmes on evidence basis.
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN EPIDEMIOLOGY
INFECTION: The entry and development or multiplication of an infectious agent in the body of man or animal.
ENDEMIC: The constant presence of a disease or infectious agent within a given geographical area or population group, without importation from outside.
EPIDEMIC: an out break of disease in a community in excess of normal expectation and derived from a common or propagated source.
SPORADIC: The cases occurs irregularly, haphazardly from time to time and generally infrequently.
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN EPIDEMIOLOGY
PANDEMIC: An epidemic which spreads from country to country or over the whole world.
ZOONOSES: Diseases or infections which are natu
Epidemiology of Communicable and Non-communicable diseases.pptxIsaacLalrawngbawla1
This document defines key terms related to communicable diseases and epidemiology. It discusses the epidemiological triad of agent, host, and environment. It describes factors such as infection, contamination, infestation, and different types of hosts. It also defines terms like communicable disease, endemic, epidemic, pandemic, and vectors. Finally, it examines different modes of disease transmission including direct contact, droplets, vehicles, and vectors.
9 Natural history of disease epidemiological triadAnup Kharde
Natural history of disease describes the typical course and progression of a disease from its earliest detectable stage through recovery, disability, or death in the absence of treatment or prevention. Some key aspects discussed include important terminology like infection, communicable disease, incubation period, and carrier. The document also discusses stages of disease progression like pre-pathogenesis, early pathogenesis, and late pathogenesis. It describes the host response to infection which can include resistance, asymptomatic response, symptomatic response, hypersensitivity, and immunity.
1. There are several theories of disease causation including germ theory, epidemiological triad theory, multifactorial causation theory, and web of causation.
2. The dynamics of disease transmission involve a reservoir, mode of transmission, and susceptible host. Common reservoirs are humans, animals, and the environment. Modes of transmission include direct contact, droplets, vectors, vehicles, and fomites.
3. For successful transmission and infection, pathogens must enter the host, infect tissues, exit the host, and survive in the environment until infecting a new host. Preventing transmission requires interrupting any part of this cycle.
Disease transmission and control as.pptxEmma910932
This document defines diseases and discusses their causes, transmission, and prevention. It begins by defining a disease as an abnormal condition that negatively affects the structure or function of an organism. It then lists the main causes of diseases as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. It discusses predisposing factors that can increase disease transmission, such as poor hygiene, lack of healthcare access, and poverty. It outlines the main modes of disease transmission as contact, droplet, airborne, food/water-borne, and vector-borne. It concludes by discussing methods of disease control, including isolating infectious individuals, interrupting transmission routes, protecting susceptible hosts through vaccination and hygiene, and implementing primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention
This document defines commonly used terms in infectious disease epidemiology and describes concepts related to disease transmission and prevention/control. It defines terms like infection, communicable disease, and incubation period. It describes the chain of infection and discusses reservoirs, modes of transmission, and susceptible hosts. It outlines the objectives and uses of disease surveillance. It also explains methods for preventing and controlling outbreaks like eliminating reservoirs, breaking transmission routes, and protecting susceptibles through immunization, chemoprophylaxis, and general health measures.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in epidemiology:
- Epidemiology is defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in populations and the application of this study to control health problems.
- Descriptive epidemiology examines disease distribution and features, while analytical epidemiology investigates hypotheses about causes by studying exposure-disease relationships.
- The epidemiologic triangle models the interaction between an agent, host, environment, and time in disease transmission and spread. Understanding these factors aids public health prevention and control efforts.
- Various epidemiological study designs are used including observational (cohort and case-control) and experimental approaches to identify risk factors and test interventions.
A communicable disease is an illness due to a specific infectious (biological)agent or it's toxic products capable of being directly or indirectly transmitted from man to man,from animal to man,from animal to animal,from the environment (through air,water,food etc)to man.
2nd year BSc Nursing - Unit- 3 BSc CHN_-Epidemiology.pptxthiru murugan
2nd Year B.Sc Nursing Community Health Nursing – I EPIDEMIOLOGY
By,
M. Thiru Murugan
UNIT-III: EPIDEMIOLOGY:
Definition, concept, aims, scope, uses and terminology used in epidemiology
Dynamics of disease transmission : epidemiological triad
Morbidity and mortality : measurements
Levels of prevention
Methods of epidemiology:
Descriptive
Analytical: Epidemic investigation
Experimental
Epidemiology
INTRODUCTION: Epidemiology is derived from Greek word “epidemic”
EPI – up on, DEMOS – people; LOGOS – study. Epidemiology means the study of disease in human population.
DEFINITION: “epidemiology is defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of health related states or events in specified populations and the application of this study to control the health problems”.
Concepts Basic to Epidemiology:
Host, Agent, and Environment Model:
Host: The host is a susceptible human or animal who harbors and nourishes a disease causing agent. Many physical, psychological, and lifestyle factors influence the host's susceptibility and response to an agent.
Concepts Basic to Epidemiology:
Agent: An agent is a factor that causes to a health problem or condition.
Causative agents can be Biological, Physical, Psychological, Economical, Nutritional, Environmental etc..
Concepts Basic to Epidemiology:
Environment: The environment refers to all the external factors surrounding the host that might influence vulnerability or resistance.
The physical environment
The psychosocial environment
AIMS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
Aims:
to describe the distribution and size of disease problems in human population.
to identify the etiological factors.
to provide the data essential to the planning, implementation and evaluation.
SCOPE OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
I. According To Disease Group:
Infectious Disease Epidemiology
Cardio Vascular Epidemiology
Cancer Epidemiology
II. According To Group Of Factors
Nutritive Epidemiology
Reproductive Epidemiology
Environmental Epidemiology
Clinical Epidemiology
Molecular Epidemiology
Genetic Epidemiology
Computational Epidemiology
USES OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
Identify the causes of diseases.
Helps to describe the health status of the population.
Control the disease transmission.
Planning, implementing and evaluating health programmes on evidence basis.
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN EPIDEMIOLOGY
INFECTION: The entry and development or multiplication of an infectious agent in the body of man or animal.
ENDEMIC: The constant presence of a disease or infectious agent within a given geographical area or population group, without importation from outside.
EPIDEMIC: an out break of disease in a community in excess of normal expectation and derived from a common or propagated source.
SPORADIC: The cases occurs irregularly, haphazardly from time to time and generally infrequently.
TERMINOLOGIES USED IN EPIDEMIOLOGY
PANDEMIC: An epidemic which spreads from country to country or over the whole world.
ZOONOSES: Diseases or infections which are natu
Epidemiology of Communicable and Non-communicable diseases.pptxIsaacLalrawngbawla1
This document defines key terms related to communicable diseases and epidemiology. It discusses the epidemiological triad of agent, host, and environment. It describes factors such as infection, contamination, infestation, and different types of hosts. It also defines terms like communicable disease, endemic, epidemic, pandemic, and vectors. Finally, it examines different modes of disease transmission including direct contact, droplets, vehicles, and vectors.
9 Natural history of disease epidemiological triadAnup Kharde
Natural history of disease describes the typical course and progression of a disease from its earliest detectable stage through recovery, disability, or death in the absence of treatment or prevention. Some key aspects discussed include important terminology like infection, communicable disease, incubation period, and carrier. The document also discusses stages of disease progression like pre-pathogenesis, early pathogenesis, and late pathogenesis. It describes the host response to infection which can include resistance, asymptomatic response, symptomatic response, hypersensitivity, and immunity.
1. There are several theories of disease causation including germ theory, epidemiological triad theory, multifactorial causation theory, and web of causation.
2. The dynamics of disease transmission involve a reservoir, mode of transmission, and susceptible host. Common reservoirs are humans, animals, and the environment. Modes of transmission include direct contact, droplets, vectors, vehicles, and fomites.
3. For successful transmission and infection, pathogens must enter the host, infect tissues, exit the host, and survive in the environment until infecting a new host. Preventing transmission requires interrupting any part of this cycle.
Disease transmission and control as.pptxEmma910932
This document defines diseases and discusses their causes, transmission, and prevention. It begins by defining a disease as an abnormal condition that negatively affects the structure or function of an organism. It then lists the main causes of diseases as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. It discusses predisposing factors that can increase disease transmission, such as poor hygiene, lack of healthcare access, and poverty. It outlines the main modes of disease transmission as contact, droplet, airborne, food/water-borne, and vector-borne. It concludes by discussing methods of disease control, including isolating infectious individuals, interrupting transmission routes, protecting susceptible hosts through vaccination and hygiene, and implementing primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention
Epidemiology is the study of diseases within populations and the factors that influence their distribution. It involves investigating disease outbreaks and characterizing diseases based on affected groups. The major purpose is to study the root causes of diseases to provide a basis for prevention and control. A key concept is the epidemiology triangle, which shows the interrelationship between an agent, host, environment, and time in causing disease outbreaks. Breaking one leg of the triangle can help stop epidemics. Diseases are transmitted directly from person to person or indirectly through vectors or environments. Epidemics can be propagated or mixed. Diseases vary in severity from acute to chronic. Vaccines exist to prevent many infectious diseases.
This document provides definitions and information related to infection and infection control in dentistry. It begins with definitions of key terms like infection, disease, virulence, and modes of transmission. It then discusses the normal flora of humans and stages of infection. Virulence factors and toxins are explained. The objectives and types of infection control are outlined, including universal precautions, routes of spread, and measures for pretreatment, chairside, and post-treatment infection control.
Epidemiology is defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, as well as the application of this study to control health problems. It involves measuring disease occurrence and attributes that influence health in populations. Key aspects of epidemiology include methods for quantifying observations of health in groups, studying disease occurrence in natural environments rather than laboratories, and determining exposures that influence health outcomes.
Introduction of Communicable and Tropical DiseasesChanda Jabeen
This document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts related to communicable and tropical diseases. It discusses:
- The definition of communicable diseases as illnesses that can be directly or indirectly transmitted between humans, animals, or the environment.
- Dynamics of disease transmission, known as the "chain of infection," which involves a source/reservoir of the disease, modes of transmission (direct or indirect), and a susceptible host.
- Modes of transmission including direct contact, droplets, vehicles, vectors that can transmit mechanically or biologically, and airborne transmission.
- Key terms like carriers, endemic, epidemic, pandemic, and vectors.
The document aims to educate students on communicable disease
fundamental of infection and its preveniton.pptxNarayanNeupane3
The document discusses infection control measures and terminology related to infection prevention. It defines key terms like infection, host, agent, asepsis, antisepsis, cleaning, disinfection, decontamination, sterilization, and nosocomial infection. It also describes the chain of infection and explains the components like infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, and susceptible host. Finally, it discusses nosocomial infections, their causes, impact, risks, and methods for prevention.
The document describes the chain of infection process through 6 steps: (1) infectious agent, (2) reservoir, (3) portal of exit, (4) mode of transmission, (5) portal of entry, and (6) susceptible host. It defines each step and provides examples. The chain can be broken by implementing measures that target each link, such as hand hygiene, personal protective equipment, vaccination, cleaning/disinfection, and reservoir management. Breaking just one link prevents disease transmission.
This document provides an introduction to communicable disease epidemiology. It defines key terms like communicable disease, reservoirs of infection, modes of transmission, and incubation period. It outlines the epidemiologic triad of agent, host, and environment. It explains the cycle of infection and the various components that must be present for a disease to spread, including a reservoir, mode of transmission, susceptible host, and portal of entry/exit. It also covers types of immunity, disease prevention and control methods like vaccination and isolation, and differentiates between control, elimination and eradication. As an example, it analyzes MERS-CoV and identifies its reservoir, mode of transmission, incubation period and recommended prevention measures.
5- Introduction to Communicable Disease.pptssuser2b23a31
This document provides an introduction to communicable disease epidemiology. It defines key terms like communicable disease, reservoirs of infection, modes of transmission, and incubation period. It describes the epidemiologic triad of agent, host, and environment and illustrates the cycle of infection. It explains the types of immunity and different reservoirs, portals of entry/exit, and transmission routes. It also outlines measures to prevent and control communicable diseases, like immunization, isolation, and targeting different parts of the infection chain. As an example, it analyzes MERS-CoV and identifies its reservoir, transmission modes, incubation period, and recommended prevention strategies.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in epidemiology. It defines epidemiology and its components of study, distribution, determinants and health-related states or events. It describes epidemiological terminology including infection, contamination, infestation and different types of disease occurrence. It also outlines the epidemiological triad of agent, host and environment factors, modes of disease transmission, measurement tools and levels of disease prevention.
2. unit no iii dynamic of disease, Community Health NursingSANJAY SIR
it is uploaded to help medics, paramedics and nursing educators to teach their students about dynamic of disease. it also help to create awareness in general people about it.
Medical diagnostic Microbiology epidemiology 2024 progress.pdf222101989
This document defines key terms related to epidemiology and the study of diseases. It explains epidemiology as the science evaluating the occurrence, distribution, and control of diseases in populations. Key concepts covered include reservoirs of infection, modes of disease transmission, the chain of infection, and the stages of disease development. Koch's postulates for establishing the causative agent of infectious diseases are also summarized.
Infection occurs when microorganisms enter the body and multiply, triggering an immune response and often illness. The document outlines the typical steps of infection: entry through various routes, attachment to and invasion of host cells, multiplication using host resources, evasion of the immune system, and pathogenic effects through toxins or other virulence factors. Several factors can influence infections, including host health, microorganism characteristics, environmental conditions, and preventive measures like immunization and hygiene practices.
The document discusses the iceberg phenomenon in epidemiology. It explains that the tip of the iceberg represents clinical cases that physicians see, while the larger submerged part represents undiagnosed, latent, and asymptomatic cases. This hidden portion of disease or infection in the community poses a challenge to public health. Examples are given of diseases like hypertension and diabetes where the undetected prevalence far exceeds known cases. Controlling the reservoir of infection, through measures like early diagnosis, notification, isolation, and treatment, is an important part of disease prevention and control efforts aimed at the submerged portion of the iceberg.
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This document discusses epidemiology, which is the study of disease patterns in populations. It defines key epidemiology terms like morbidity, prevalence, and mortality rates. The document also outlines the cycle of microbial disease, from the reservoir of an infectious agent to transmission between hosts through various routes. It describes factors that influence disease epidemiology, like dose, incubation period, and population characteristics. The roles and objectives of epidemiologists in identifying disease causes, risks, and appropriate control measures are also covered.
This document summarizes various topics in human biology related to disease. It discusses the types of pathogenic and non-pathogenic microbes, different types of diseases including bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic. Specific diseases like cholera, tuberculosis, AIDS, influenza, polio, and more are explained in terms of their causative agent, transmission, symptoms, treatment, and prevention. The roles of immunity, vaccines, incubation periods, and carriers are also defined.
The document discusses modes of transmission for infectious diseases and definitions related to quarantine. It provides three main classifications for modes of transmission: direct contact, droplet spread, and indirect transmission through airborne particles, vehicles, or vectors. It then defines isolation as separating ill individuals and quarantine as separating exposed individuals who are not yet ill. The purpose of quarantine is to monitor contacts for signs and symptoms while segregating suspects early. Testing, contact definitions, high-risk versus low-risk contacts, and considerations for home quarantine of healthcare workers are also outlined.
This document discusses diseases, health, and principles of disease prevention and treatment. It defines diseases as disorders that produce specific symptoms or affect locations in the body. Health is described as a state of physical, mental, and social well-being where the individual is free from illness or pain. Maintaining health requires a good physical and social environment, economic status, and social equality. The document distinguishes between acute and chronic diseases, infectious and non-infectious diseases, and discusses various infectious agents, means of disease spread, and principles of disease treatment.
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Epidemiology is defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, as well as the application of this study to control health problems. It involves measuring disease occurrence and attributes that influence health in populations. Key aspects of epidemiology include methods for quantifying observations of health in groups, studying disease occurrence in natural environments rather than laboratories, and determining exposures that influence health outcomes.
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This document provides an introduction to communicable disease epidemiology. It defines key terms like communicable disease, reservoirs of infection, modes of transmission, and incubation period. It outlines the epidemiologic triad of agent, host, and environment. It explains the cycle of infection and the various components that must be present for a disease to spread, including a reservoir, mode of transmission, susceptible host, and portal of entry/exit. It also covers types of immunity, disease prevention and control methods like vaccination and isolation, and differentiates between control, elimination and eradication. As an example, it analyzes MERS-CoV and identifies its reservoir, mode of transmission, incubation period and recommended prevention measures.
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3. An overview
• Definition: A disease caused by an infectious agent.
• Infectious disease: is an illness of being directly or
indirectly transmitted from man to man, from animal to man,
from animal to animal or from environment (through air,
water, food, etc.) to man.
5. Causes of infectious diseases
• Infectious disease is caused by the micro-organism, bacteria,
viruses, and fungi. These pass from one person to another by
a chain of infection. The chain is made up of the sources of
the infection. The way in which it is spread (transmission) and
the person who becomes infected.
6. Sources of infection
• Patient
• Visitors
• Dirty equipment
• Insects or animals
• Dust
• Contaminated food or water
7. Transmission
• Infections are passed in many ways such as:
• Hospitals
• Hands
• Ingestion of infected materials
• Dirty equipment/ unsterilized instruments
• Air droplets of moisture/ airborne infection.
8. Transmission can be divided into
• Direct contact
• Indirect contact
Direct contact: Occurs when there is contact directly from
person touching, kissing, during sexual intercourse.
Transplacental: is transmission from mother to fetus through
the placenta.
Example: Syphilis, HIV,/AIDS
9. Indirect contact
• Indirect contact : refers to the spread of infectious disease
through contact surfaces, objects.
• Airborne (Measles, Ebola)
• Food and water
• Vector transmission (Insects)
10. Factors influencing infectious disease
• Age
• Nutritional status
• Weather
• Air quality
• Food
• Geography
• Health status
12. Immune response:
• Is a defense mechanism developed by the host for recognizing
and responding to microorganisms It is divided 1 to two
major classes.
• Innate and Acquired Immunity.
13. Innate immunity (Natural
Immunity)
• Is first line of defense and serves to protect the host without
prior exposure to the infectious agent.
• This immune response is nonspecific and has no memory.
Examples of Innate immunity include skin and mucous
membrane, etc.
14. Acquired (Adaptive) Immunity:
• Is specific immune mechanism developed against a particular
organism
• It takes time to develop and it has long standing memory.
15. Laboratory diagnosis
• The lab diagnosis of infections are either
• 1. Direct
• 2. Indirect
Treatment: infectious diseases requires a broad knowledge of
medicine.
16. Review questions
1. Define infectious disease
2. List factors that influencing infectious disease?
3. How an infections are transmitted?
4. List sources of infection?
5. Differentiate Innate and Acquired Immunity?
6. List types of infectious disease?
