The document summarizes the proceedings of an automotive powertrain design group meeting. It discusses the benefits of electric vehicles and different types of EVs. It covers vehicle modeling tools and simulating a parallel hybrid vehicle design. Key aspects of designing the electric motor, internal combustion engine, and energy management system are summarized. The document also discusses battery modeling and simulating battery electric and hybrid electric vehicles.
UNIT-V-ELECTRIC AND HYBRID VEHICLES.pptxprakash0712
Electric Vehicles: History of electric vehicles - components of electric vehicle - layout & working of electric vehicles – comparison with internal combustion engine - advantages and disadvantages of EV.
Hybrid Vehicles: Components of hybrid vehicles – layout & working principle of hybrid vehicles - comparison with electric vehicles - advantages and disadvantages of hybrid vehicles.
UNIT-V-ELECTRIC AND HYBRID VEHICLES.pptxShanmathyAR2
ELECTRIC AND HYBRID VEHICLES
Electric Vehicles: History of electric vehicles - components of electric vehicle – layout & working of electric vehicles – comparison with internal combustion engine - advantages and disadvantages of EV.
Hybrid Vehicles: Components of hybrid vehicles – layout & working principle of hybrid vehicles - comparison with electric vehicles - advantages and disadvantages of hybrid vehicles.
UNIT-V-ELECTRIC AND HYBRID VEHICLES.pptxprakash0712
Electric Vehicles: History of electric vehicles - components of electric vehicle - layout & working of electric vehicles – comparison with internal combustion engine - advantages and disadvantages of EV.
Hybrid Vehicles: Components of hybrid vehicles – layout & working principle of hybrid vehicles - comparison with electric vehicles - advantages and disadvantages of hybrid vehicles.
UNIT-V-ELECTRIC AND HYBRID VEHICLES.pptxShanmathyAR2
ELECTRIC AND HYBRID VEHICLES
Electric Vehicles: History of electric vehicles - components of electric vehicle – layout & working of electric vehicles – comparison with internal combustion engine - advantages and disadvantages of EV.
Hybrid Vehicles: Components of hybrid vehicles – layout & working principle of hybrid vehicles - comparison with electric vehicles - advantages and disadvantages of hybrid vehicles.
Neil Garrigan: Electric Drive Technology Considerations for Aircraft Propulsion EnergyTech2015
EnergyTech2015.com
Track 2, Session 3 HYBRID ELECTRIC POWER FOR AERONAUTIC PROPULSION PANEL Monday, November 30
Moderator: Michael Heil, Ohio Aerospace Institute
This panel explored benefits and technology challenges associated with distributed, hybrid electric propulsion for future subsonic aeronautic vehicles. Panel members included aeronautics propulsion industry, NASA, and the DoD.
James Felder, NASA Glenn Research Center
John Nairus, Air Force Research Lab, Chief Engineer Power & Controls Division
Neil Garrigan, GE Aviation
Meyer Benzakein, OSU - Aeronautic
Track Two: New Technologies for Solving the Energy Puzzle Where are the breakthroughs? How will new and emerging technologies provide solutions for society energy needs? How can these be effectively integrated with existing legacy systems?
Electric Vehicles: History of electric vehicles - components of electric vehicle – layout & working of electric vehicles – comparison with internal combustion engine - advantages and disadvantages of EV.
Hybrid Vehicles: Components of hybrid vehicles – layout & working principle of hybrid vehicles - comparison with electric vehicles - advantages and disadvantages of hybrid vehicles.
Detailed presentation on the basics of an electric vehicle, comparison of different motors for EV application, comparison of different batteries for EV application, Charging infrastructure for EV in India and a brief on BMS(Battery Management System).
MODULE-I
Electric and Hybrid Vehicle technology: Introduction, LEV, TLEV, ULV & ZEV, Basic
components of Electric vehicles, Batteries suitable for electric vehicles, motor and controllers,
constructional features,
Basic factors to be considered for converting automobiles to electric vehicle, electric hybrid
vehicle, types - series and parallel hybrid, layouts, comparison, Power systems and control
systems, Different modes of operation for best usage. Regenerative braking,
Recent Trends in Automotive Power Plants: Stratified charged / lean burn engines –
Hydrogen Engines- Electric propulsion with cables – Magnetic track vehicles.
MODULE 11
Fuel Cells and Alternative energy systems: Introduction to fuel cells, Operational fuel cell
voltages, Proton Exchange membrane fuel cells, Alkaline Electrolyte fuel cells, Medium and
high temperature fuel cells, fuel and fuel chose, fuel processing, fuel cell stacks, Delivering
fuel cell power, Integrated Air supply and humidification concepts for fuel cell systems, A
comparison of High pressure and low pressure operation PEM Fuel cell systems, Fuel cell
Auxiliary systems,
Modern Developments in Automobiles: Air compression systems, Air powered vehicles,
Vehicle Automated Tracks: Preparation and maintenance of proper road network-National
highway network with automated roads and vehicles-Satellite control of vehicle operation for
safe and fast travel.
Module III
Modem electronic and micro control systems in automobiles: Electronically controlled
concealed headlight systems, LED and Audible warning systems Electro chromic mirrors,
automatic review mirrors, OBD II, Day time running lamps (DRL), Head up display, Travel
information systems, On board navigation system, Electronic climate control, Electronic cruise
control, Antilock braking system, Electronically controlled sunroof, Anti-theft systems,
Automatic door locks (ADL), engine management system, Electronic transmission control,
chassis control system, Integrated system
Vehicle Operation and Control: Computer Control for pollution and noise control and for fuel
economy-Transducers and operation of the vehicle like optimum speed and direction.
Neil Garrigan: Electric Drive Technology Considerations for Aircraft Propulsion EnergyTech2015
EnergyTech2015.com
Track 2, Session 3 HYBRID ELECTRIC POWER FOR AERONAUTIC PROPULSION PANEL Monday, November 30
Moderator: Michael Heil, Ohio Aerospace Institute
This panel explored benefits and technology challenges associated with distributed, hybrid electric propulsion for future subsonic aeronautic vehicles. Panel members included aeronautics propulsion industry, NASA, and the DoD.
James Felder, NASA Glenn Research Center
John Nairus, Air Force Research Lab, Chief Engineer Power & Controls Division
Neil Garrigan, GE Aviation
Meyer Benzakein, OSU - Aeronautic
Track Two: New Technologies for Solving the Energy Puzzle Where are the breakthroughs? How will new and emerging technologies provide solutions for society energy needs? How can these be effectively integrated with existing legacy systems?
Electric Vehicles: History of electric vehicles - components of electric vehicle – layout & working of electric vehicles – comparison with internal combustion engine - advantages and disadvantages of EV.
Hybrid Vehicles: Components of hybrid vehicles – layout & working principle of hybrid vehicles - comparison with electric vehicles - advantages and disadvantages of hybrid vehicles.
Detailed presentation on the basics of an electric vehicle, comparison of different motors for EV application, comparison of different batteries for EV application, Charging infrastructure for EV in India and a brief on BMS(Battery Management System).
MODULE-I
Electric and Hybrid Vehicle technology: Introduction, LEV, TLEV, ULV & ZEV, Basic
components of Electric vehicles, Batteries suitable for electric vehicles, motor and controllers,
constructional features,
Basic factors to be considered for converting automobiles to electric vehicle, electric hybrid
vehicle, types - series and parallel hybrid, layouts, comparison, Power systems and control
systems, Different modes of operation for best usage. Regenerative braking,
Recent Trends in Automotive Power Plants: Stratified charged / lean burn engines –
Hydrogen Engines- Electric propulsion with cables – Magnetic track vehicles.
MODULE 11
Fuel Cells and Alternative energy systems: Introduction to fuel cells, Operational fuel cell
voltages, Proton Exchange membrane fuel cells, Alkaline Electrolyte fuel cells, Medium and
high temperature fuel cells, fuel and fuel chose, fuel processing, fuel cell stacks, Delivering
fuel cell power, Integrated Air supply and humidification concepts for fuel cell systems, A
comparison of High pressure and low pressure operation PEM Fuel cell systems, Fuel cell
Auxiliary systems,
Modern Developments in Automobiles: Air compression systems, Air powered vehicles,
Vehicle Automated Tracks: Preparation and maintenance of proper road network-National
highway network with automated roads and vehicles-Satellite control of vehicle operation for
safe and fast travel.
Module III
Modem electronic and micro control systems in automobiles: Electronically controlled
concealed headlight systems, LED and Audible warning systems Electro chromic mirrors,
automatic review mirrors, OBD II, Day time running lamps (DRL), Head up display, Travel
information systems, On board navigation system, Electronic climate control, Electronic cruise
control, Antilock braking system, Electronically controlled sunroof, Anti-theft systems,
Automatic door locks (ADL), engine management system, Electronic transmission control,
chassis control system, Integrated system
Vehicle Operation and Control: Computer Control for pollution and noise control and for fuel
economy-Transducers and operation of the vehicle like optimum speed and direction.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
2. 8/21/2022 2
Outline
• Why Electric vehicle??
• EV concept and technologies (BEV, HEV, FCEV etc.)
• Learn EV Mechanical Composition
• Vehicle modeling and simulation tools
• Parallel Hybrid Vehicle Design
– performance criterion
– road load characteristics
– electric motor and ICE design
• Energy Management System
• Know about batteries and battery modelling
• Electric vehicle simulation
• HEV simulation
3. 8/21/2022 3
Why Electric Vehicles?
• Increasing automobiles
• Declining oil reserves
• Increasing greenhouse emissions
• Global warming, CARB regulations
Solution: improve the existing power system efficiency, alternate fuels, new materials
or alternate power systems like electric vehicles
First solution may not solve the problem in long run. So, look for the other three.
4. 8/21/2022 4
Electric Vehicle concept
• EV is a road vehicle based on modern electric propulsion consisting of
electric machines, power electronic converters, electric energy sources and
storage devices, and electronic controllers;
• EV is a broad concept, including BEV, HEV, FCEV, etc;
• Regenerative breaking is possible in EVs;
• EV is not only just a car but a new system for our society’s clean and efficient
road transportation;
• EV is an intelligent system which can be integrated with modern
transportation networks;
• EV design involves the integration of art and engineering;
• More advancements are to be done to make them affordable;
5. 8/21/2022 5
EV Mechanical compostion
Three major components and interconnections
Electric Propulsion system: generates the necessary power to the wheels.
Includes transmission and energy management system
Energy source: consists of energy sources like fossil fuel, battery or fuel cells.
Generates or accepts energy
Auxiliary power system : supplies power to auxiliaries like a.c., fan, lightning
system etc.
propulsion
system
energy
source
auxiliary
power
wheels
6. 8/21/2022 6
Comparison of BEV, HEV, and FCEV
•High fuel cell cost
•Lack of infrastructure
•Dependence on Fossil
fuel
•complex
•Limitations of battery
•Short range (100-200km)
•Charging facilities
Major issues
•Zero emission Independence
on fossil oil
•High energy efficiency
•Under development (future
trend)
•Low emission
•Higher fuel economy
•Commercially available
•Zero emission
•Independence on fossil oil
•Commercially available
Characteristics
•Hydrogen
•Methanol or gasoline
•ethanol
•Gasoline stations
•Electric grid charging
facilities (optional for
plug-in hybrid)
•Electric grid charging
facilities
Energy source and
infrastructure
•Fuel cells
•Battery
•Ultracapacitor
•ICE generating unit
•Battery
•ultracapacitor
Energy system
•Electric motor drives
•Electric motor drives
•ICE
•Electric motor drives
Propulsion
FCEV
HEV
BEV
Types of EVs
7. 8/21/2022 7
Vehicle modeling/Simulation tools
• Many configurations/energy management/control strategies
• Analytical solution difficult
• Prototyping and testing is expensive & time consuming
Need vehicle modeling because of following reasons
SIMPLEV : fuel economy, emissions and several other variables;
MARVEL : optimize size of ICE & battery…cannot predict fuel economy, max. speed
acceleration…;
V-Elph : in-depth analysis on plant configurations, sizing, energy management, and
optimization of important component parameters;
ADVISOR: forward/backward approach/ menu interface, different configurations, fuel
economy, consumption, emissions, performance;
Others: PSAT, CarSim, OSU-HEVSim, Hybrid Vehicle Evaluation code (HVEC);
Simulations tools
8. 8/21/2022 8
Parallel Hybrid Vehicle Design
• hierarchical design starting at the system level ending at component level;
• define the performance criterion to be met
acceleration from 0 to 100 km/h (rated vehicle speed) in 16 seconds
gradeability of 5 deg at 100 km/h and maximum of 25 deg at 60 km/h
speed of 160 km/h (ICE only) and 140 km/h (motor only)
• single gear ratio and ideal loss-free gears is taken for simplicity;
Road load: A resistive force in the direction opposite to the movement of the vehicle
rg
ad
rr
RL F
F
F
F
RL
F
Where is the road load
rr
F is the rolling resistance = Cf mg
ad
F is the aerodynamic drag = 0.5CdAv2sgn(v)
rg
F is the road grade =
180
sin
mg
• 0 – 27.78 m/s (0 – 100 km/h) in 16 s;
• vehicle mass (m) 1767 kg;
• rolling resistance coefficient (Cf ) 0.015;
• aerodynamic drag coefficient (Cd) 0.35;
• wheel radius 0.2794 m (11 in);
• zero head-wind conditions;
parameters and constants
9. 8/21/2022 9
• Road load dependence on the vehicle speed
for various road grade angles is shown on the
right
• Tractive force is the actual force needed to
drive the vehicle at a velocity v.
)
/
(
)
( dt
dv
F
v
F
F acc
RL
te
acc
F is the acceleration force needed to
accelerate the vehicle
Electric Motor design: Motor is designed to meet the acceleration and road load
requirements during initial acceleration
Motor operates in three regions
• constant torque region
• constant power region
• natural mode
Vrm – rated motor speed Vrv – rated veh. speed Vn- max. veh. speed
Characteristics of a motor
10. 8/21/2022 10
Differential equation governing the system is:
m
K
F
F
dt
dv
a
m
RL
Splitting the equation in to two constant torque
and constant power region, we get
f
Vrv
Vrm RL
Vrm
RL
rm
t
F
v
Pm
dv
m
F
v
Pm
dv
m
0
From the figures, electric motor is to be sized at 95 kW to
meet the 16 sec. acceleration performance and max.
velocity requirement (140 km/h)
F - available force
Km - mass factor
11. 8/21/2022 11
Effect of extending the constant power ratio )
/
( rv
rm v
v on the power requirement
The power requirement decreases
as the constant power ratio increases
Increasing the ratio above 1:4, gives
diminishing results.
12. 8/21/2022 12
ICE design: The ICE is designed to provide the average load power during the drive
cycle.
To meet the maximum velocity requirement of 160 km/h, the ICE is to rated at approx.
45 kW. An additional 10 kW for hotel loads, a 55 kW ICE is to be needed.
ICE torque-speed characteristics
generated using a 2-D lookup table
approach in Simulink
...... Internal Combustion Engine design
13. 8/21/2022 13
...... Gradeability requirements
From the figure in the right hand side, it is
seen that the vehicle requires approx. 62 kW
to climb a grade of 5 degrees at 100 km/h
and approx. 140 kW to climb a grade of
25 degrees at 60 km/h.
The maximum available power in the
vehicle is the sum of available power from
the motor and ICE which is equal to 150
kW. The available power is clearly greater
than the two power requirements of
gradeability.
14. 8/21/2022 14
Energy Management System
• Electrical loads in an EV/HEV like cranking system, communications equipment, hotel
loads like electronic loads, a.c. etc and control systems like drive train control, chassis
control must be managed effectively in order to get better efficiency;
• EMS is basically a control algorithm which determines how the power is produced in a
powertrain and distributed as a function of vehicle parameters;
The main functions of EMS would be
• optimize energy flow for better efficiency;
• predict available energy and driving range;
• propose a suitable battery charging algorithm;
• use regenerative breaking to charge the batteries;
• suggest more efficient driving behavior;
• report any malfunctions and corrects them;
15. 8/21/2022 15
Comparison of various HEV control strategies
Control strategy Description Advantages Disadvantages
Electrically peaking
hybrid concept
•electric motor provides
acc’n and dec’n power
•ICE provides average
load power in drive cycle
•IC at high speeds reduces
emissions and optimizes
fuel economy
• performance comparable
to conventional vehicles
•The power provided by
the batteries is significant,
requiring more batteries
thus more weight
Thermostat or
‘on/off’ strategy
•Propulsion depends on
SOC
•High SOC- motor
•Low SOC-ICE
• Increases fuel economy
of a series hybrid vehicle
•Produces deep cycles in
the battery damaging the
battery
Power-follower
series hybrid control
strategy
•The ICE power varies
directly with the tractive
motor power, but it is
higher by a SOC
dependent factor to allow
for losses in the gen./batt.
•Better fuel economy
•ICE immediately follows
tractive power
requirements, giving
better performance
•No emissions benefit
over ICEVs, and is chosen
only for its fuel economy
characteristics
Fuzzy logic control •ICE operated in limited
fuel use strategy or
efficiency strategy
•Motor operated at low
speeds
•SOC in limits
•Tolerant to imprecise
measurements and
component variability
•High fuel consumption
because ICE is operated in
high torque region
16. 8/21/2022 16
Battery
Terminology
• Capacity is the amount of charge the battery can supply. SI unit is Amphour
• Specific energy is a measure of electrical energy stored for every kilogram of battery mass.
SI unit is Wh/kg
• Energy density is the amount of electrical energy stored per cubic meter of battery volume.
SI unit is Wh/m3
• Specific power is the amount of power obtained per kilogram of battery. SI unit is W/kg.
• Energy efficiency is the ratio of electrical energy supplied to the amount of energy required
to return it to the state before discharge. Energy efficiency of a battery is in the range of
55 – 75 %.
• State of Charge (SOC) is a key parameter, indicates the residual capacity of a battery.
Typically, the SOC is maintained between 20% and 95%.
• Depth of Discharge (DOD) is the percentage of battery capacity to which the battery is
discharged.
17. 8/21/2022 17
Battery modeling
• commonly used model
• consists of an ideal battery with open-circuit voltage
Voc, a constant equivalent circuit Rint and battery
terminal voltage Vt.
Vt=Voc-IRint
• not a dynamic model
• internal resistance is different for charging and
discharging cycles.
• resistance Rc comes in to play when battery is
charging and Rd when discharging
• disadvantage of not being dynamic
18. 8/21/2022 18
...... Battery modeling continued
• adding a capacitor across the voltage source
gives it the dynamic behavior
• RC model
• resistances are modeled as a function of temp-
erature and battery SOC
• Cb is large enough to hold the capacity of the
battery and Cc is small to reflect the dynamic
changes in the battery
• maintains the battery output voltage within
the high and low voltage limits
19. 8/21/2022 19
Battery Electric vehicle simulation
• Block level BEV and energy flows are shown
• ECE-47 cycle is used for simulation
• The algorithm is to find the battery power by
calculating the power at the input and output
of each block using the efficiencies.
• The battery power is then used to find the
battery current and then DOD.
• check whether the battery is discharged
otherwise do one more cycle.
21. 8/21/2022 21
Hybrid Electric Vehicle simulation
• HONDA Insight is simulated in ADVISOR
• The following performance criterion is set
0 – 60 mph in 12 seconds
40– 60 mph in 6 seconds
0 – 85 mph in 24 seconds
maximum speed limit was set at 120 mph.
6 % grade at 55 mph constraint was set for the gradeability test.
• A 50 kW ICE , 10 kW electric motor , a 20kW NiMH energy storage system, a 5
gear manual transmission is selected and the ‘insight’ power control strategy is
selected. The combined mass the vehicle was set to be 962 kg and the drive cycle
‘CYC_UDDS’ is chosen.
• Simulation results are shown below:
0 – 60 mph in 11.5 seconds
40 – 60 mph in 5.3 seconds
0 – 85 mph in 23.5 seconds
Maximum speed is 120 mph
6% gradeability at 55 mph is achieved.
24. 8/21/2022 24
References
[1] Chan C. C. and Chau K. T., “Modern Electric Vehicle Technology,” Oxford Uni. Press, 2001.
[2] Riezenman M. J., “Electric Vehicles,” IEEE Spectrum, Nov. 1992
[3] Chan C.C., “The state of the Art of Electric and Hybrid vehicles,” Proc. of the IEEE, vol. 90, no. 2, Feb. 2002.
[4] I. Husain, “Electric and hybrid vehicles: Design Fundamentals,” CRC Press, New York, 2003.
[5] K. M. Stevens, “ A versatile computer model for the design of the design and analysis of electric and hybrid drive trains,” Master’s thesis, Texas
A&M Univ., 1996.
[6] K. B. Wipke, M. R. Cuddy, and S. D. Burch, “ADVISOR 2.1: A User-Friendly Advanced Powertrain Simulation Using a Combined
Backward/Forward Approach,” NREL/JA-540-26839, Sep. 1999.
[7] N. Schouten, M. Salman, and N. Kheir, “Fuzzy logic control for parallel hybrid vehicles,” IEEE Trans. Contr. Syst. Technol., vol. 10, pp. 460-468,
May 2002.
[8] ADVISOR 2002 Documentation
[9] J. Larminie and J. Lowry, “Electric vehicle technology explained,” John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., England, 2003.
[10] K. L. Butler, M. Ehsani, and P. Kamath, “A Matlab-Based Modeling and Simulation Package for Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicle Design,”
IEEE Trans. on Veh. Tech., vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 1770-1778, Nov. 1999.