This document discusses various types of biomarkers for spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), including their definitions, examples, and validity. It provides details on prognostic biomarkers like SMN2 copy number, disease progression biomarkers like compound muscle action potential amplitude, predictive biomarkers for response to therapy, pharmacodynamic biomarkers that monitor therapeutic effects, and surrogate endpoints. The document also summarizes data on biomarker studies in SMA mice and human patients. Longitudinal changes in biomarkers like osteopontin, dipeptidyl peptidase IV, and tetranectin in SMA mice treated with antisense oligonucleotides are described.
Her2Neu positive breast cancer is comprises of about 15-20% of all breast cancer. Among them quite a few number of patients present as de novo metastasis . In this presentation you ll find a guide how to manage it with relevant evidences. Presentation is meant for Oncology trainees.
Her2Neu positive breast cancer is comprises of about 15-20% of all breast cancer. Among them quite a few number of patients present as de novo metastasis . In this presentation you ll find a guide how to manage it with relevant evidences. Presentation is meant for Oncology trainees.
Preclinical Screening for Neurodegenerative Disease (Parkinsonism)Drx Burade
This file includes the general introduction of Parkinson's, sign and symptoms of Parkinson's, treatment of Parkinson's and the main content that is the Preclinical Screening models for Neurodegenerative disease like Parkinson's
Baseline Analysis of PXT3003 Phase 2 Data Reveals Two Blood Early Candidate B...Pharnext
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease Type 1A (CMT1A) is a rare inherited peripheral neuropathy associated with duplication of the gene encoding the peripheral myelin protein PMP22. Patients develop slowly progressive, distally pronounced muscle atrophy along with weakness, walking disability and sensory defect.
Despite promising experimental data, following therapy trials based on acid ascorbic intake failed (Verhamme et al. 2009, Micallef et al. 2009, Burns et al. 2009, Toth 2009, Pareyson et al. 2011, Lewis et al. 2013). Beside the observed lack of efficacy, it has been hypothesized that established clinical outcome measures might not be sensitive enough to detect short-term amelioration within preliminary studies. Therefore, discovery of surrogate biomarkers of disease severity are urgently needed.
Dietary Administration of Diquat for 13 Weeks Does Not Result in a Loss of Do...EPL, Inc.
Dietary Administration of Diquat for 13 Weeks Does Not Result in a Loss of Dopaminergic Neurons in the Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta (SNpc) of C57BL/6J Mice
Targeting Progession: The Progressive MS AllianceMS Trust
This presentation by Alan Thompson looks at defining progressive MS, exploring interventions, current studies and future international direction.
It was presented at the MS Trust Annual Conference in November 2013.
Preclinical Screening for Neurodegenerative Disease (Parkinsonism)Drx Burade
This file includes the general introduction of Parkinson's, sign and symptoms of Parkinson's, treatment of Parkinson's and the main content that is the Preclinical Screening models for Neurodegenerative disease like Parkinson's
Baseline Analysis of PXT3003 Phase 2 Data Reveals Two Blood Early Candidate B...Pharnext
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease Type 1A (CMT1A) is a rare inherited peripheral neuropathy associated with duplication of the gene encoding the peripheral myelin protein PMP22. Patients develop slowly progressive, distally pronounced muscle atrophy along with weakness, walking disability and sensory defect.
Despite promising experimental data, following therapy trials based on acid ascorbic intake failed (Verhamme et al. 2009, Micallef et al. 2009, Burns et al. 2009, Toth 2009, Pareyson et al. 2011, Lewis et al. 2013). Beside the observed lack of efficacy, it has been hypothesized that established clinical outcome measures might not be sensitive enough to detect short-term amelioration within preliminary studies. Therefore, discovery of surrogate biomarkers of disease severity are urgently needed.
Dietary Administration of Diquat for 13 Weeks Does Not Result in a Loss of Do...EPL, Inc.
Dietary Administration of Diquat for 13 Weeks Does Not Result in a Loss of Dopaminergic Neurons in the Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta (SNpc) of C57BL/6J Mice
Targeting Progession: The Progressive MS AllianceMS Trust
This presentation by Alan Thompson looks at defining progressive MS, exploring interventions, current studies and future international direction.
It was presented at the MS Trust Annual Conference in November 2013.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2. Type of Biomarker Definition
Actual or Potential
Examples in SMA
Validation
Dependent Upon
Effective
Therapy?
Prognostic Predicts a future clinical
outcome
SMN2 copy number
→ Disease severity
No
Disease Progression Identifies the severity of
disease impact
Compound muscle action
potential amplitude
→ Motor neuron loss
SMA-MAP panel
No
Predictive Predicts a future clinical
response to therapy and
helps stratify therapies
Reduced CMAP amplitude →
Less response to SMN
restoring therapies
Yes
Pharmacodynamic Monitors or quantifies a
therapeutic effect
Increased full-length SMN
transcripts
Increased SMN protein
→Effective induction of
SMN2 gene
Yes
Surrogate Endpoint Predicts a future clinical
response to therapy and a
change in the endpoint is
associated with the future
clinical response
Increased MUNE
→ Improved physical
function
Yes
Table 1: Types of Biomarkers. Compound Muscle Action Potential (CMAP),
Motor Unit Number Estimation (MUNE), SMA-MAP panel of biomarkers developed
by the SMA-Foundation which correlate with the Hammersmith motor function scale
Arnold et al. Development and Testing of Biomarkers in SMA. in Spinal Muscular Atrophy
editors Sumner, C.J., Pauskin, S. Ko, C-P, Academic Press Nov 15 (2016)
3. Prognostic Biomarker SMN2 copy number
B. American population Swoboda and Prior
A.German population Feldkotter, et al Am J Hum Genet 70,
358-368 (2002).
C. Spanish population Bernal, S. et al.. J Med Genet
47, 640-642, 2010).
D. Combined data
4. Points on SMN2 prognostic
1) SMN2 copy number exceptions between type 1 (2 copies of SMN2) and Type 2 ( 3copies
of SMN2) are relatively rare (5-10%) of type 2 cases have 2 copies of SMN2. Type 1s
with 3 copies of SMN2 do have early onset but seem to have milder progression. ?
modifier of onset
2) The variant SMNG859C increases the amount of full length SMN mRNA. The variant
SMNG859C has a frequency of .00348 in SMN2 genes in the ExAC data base so is a rare
variant. In the Spanish population (?US) it accounts for 50% of the type 2 and 3 case
with 2 copies of SMN2. (Bernal et al J Med Genet 47: 640-642, 2010, Prior, T. W. et al Am J Hum Genet
85, 408-413 2009)
3) All cases diagnosed before the age of 6 months with symptoms and two copies of SMN2
have type 1 SMA.
4) The variant SMNG859C is not found in type 1 SMA.
5) The majority of type 2 cases have 3 copies of SMN2 but 50% of type 3s also have 3
copies. When the type 3 cases are divided into 3a and 3b the milder case have 4 copies
of SMN2.
6. Multi-Analyte Panel Summary
Analytes that changed over time differently
in the healthy and SMA (SMN2 = 2) cohorts
IGFBP6
Myoglobin
Osteopontin
Peptidase D
Chitinase-3-like Protein 1
Analytes that DID NOT change over time differently in
the healthy and SMA (SMN2 = 2) cohorts, however had
significantly (p= <0.05) different levels between groups
AXL Receptor Tyrosine Kinase
Cadherin-13
COMP
C1qR1
Dipeptidyl peptidase IV
Endoglin
HER2
Tetranectin
Thrombospondin-4
Neuro Next Data
But which if any of these markers responds to therapy?
Only have data in mice for change with therapy.
(Catapano et al. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids. 2016 5(7):e331.)
Serum levels of miR 9 and 132 altered in
levels between healthy age matched controls and SMA.
No significant correlation to motor function scale
Other serum biomarkers Micro RNAs
(Kolb et al in preparation)
7. A
S
O
-
S
M
A
S
M
A
A
S
O
-
H
e
t
H
e
t
0
1 ×1 0 0 5
2 ×1 0 0 5
3 ×1 0 0 5
4 ×1 0 0 5
5 ×1 0 0 5
O s te o p o n tin
p
g
/
m
L
***
A
S
O
-
S
M
A
S
M
A
A
S
O
-
H
e
t
H
e
t
0
1 ×1 0 0 5
2 ×1 0 0 5
3 ×1 0 0 5
4 ×1 0 0 5
D P P IV
p
g
/
m
L
***
A
S
O
-
S
M
A
S
M
A
A
S
O
-
H
e
t
H
e
t
0
5 .0 ×1 0 0 3
1 .0 ×1 0 0 4
1 .5 ×1 0 0 4
2 .0 ×1 0 0 4
T e tra n e c tin
p
g
/
m
L
**
A
S
O
-
S
M
A
S
M
A
A
S
O
-
H
e
t
H
e
t
0
5 .0 ×1 0 0 7
1 .0 ×1 0 0 8
1 .5 ×1 0 0 8
F e tu in A
p
g
/
m
L
*
S
O
-
S
M
A
S
M
A
A
S
O
-
H
e
t
H
e
t
0
1 ×1 0 0 5
2 ×1 0 0 5
3 ×1 0 0 5
4 ×1 0 0 5
5 ×1 0 0 5
V itro n e c tin
p
g
/
m
L
***
Suzan M. Hammond et al.
PNAS 2016;113:10962-10967
IGF levels at PND7 in treated
and untreated Taiwanese SMA
mice
SMA-MAP Serum markers
altered at P12 in delta 7
SMA mice and responsive
to ASO therapy delivered at P0.
5 out of ten markers tested
Responded.
SMA-MAP and Biomarkers panel analytes that can be tested in mice and are altered in SMA mice
Catapano et al.
Mol Ther Nucleic Acids.
2016 5(7):e331
miR132 response to
treatment at P0 measured
at P2.
8. A
S
O
-
S
M
A
A
S
O
-
H
e
t
H
e
t
A
S
O
-
S
M
A
A
S
O
-
H
e
t
H
e
t
S
M
A
0
1 ×1 0 0 5
2 ×1 0 0 5
3 ×1 0 0 5
4 ×1 0 0 5
D P P IV
3 0 d a y s 9 0 d a y s
p
g
/
m
L
A
S
O
-
S
M
A
A
S
O
-
H
e
t
H
e
t
A
S
O
-
S
M
A
A
S
O
-
H
e
t
H
e
t
0
5 .0 ×1 0 0 3
1 .0 ×1 0 0 4
1 .5 ×1 0 0 4
T e tra n e c tin
3 0 d a y s 9 0 d a y s
p
g
/
m
L
* *
A
S
O
-
S
M
A
A
S
O
-
H
e
t
H
e
t
A
S
O
-
S
M
A
A
S
O
-
H
e
t
H
e
t
0
5 ×1 0 0 4
1 ×1 0 0 5
2 ×1 0 0 5
2 ×1 0 0 5
O s te o p o n tin
3 0 d a y s 9 0 d a y s
p
g
/
m
L
*
A
S
O
-
S
M
A
A
S
O
-
H
e
t
H
e
t
A
S
O
-
S
M
A
A
S
O
-
H
e
t
H
e
t
0
1 ×1 0 0 7
2 ×1 0 0 7
3 ×1 0 0 7
4 ×1 0 0 7
5 ×1 0 0 7
F e tu in A
3 0 d a y s 9 0 d a y s
p
g
/
m
L
A
S
O
-
S
M
A
A
S
O
-
H
e
t
H
e
t
A
S
O
-
S
M
A
A
S
O
-
H
e
t
H
e
t
0
2 ×1 0 0 5
4 ×1 0 0 5
6 ×1 0 0 5
8 ×1 0 0 5
1 ×1 0 0 6
V itro n e c tin
3 0 d a y s 9 0 d a y s
p
g
/
m
L
*
Longitudinal Measures of SMN-corrected
biomarkers. Delta 7 SMA mice treated at P0
with ASO and then the biomarker followed
with blood samples. DPPIV and fetuin A
showed no statistically significant change
compared to ASO-Het and Het mice at either
P30 or P90. The other 3 analytes, tetranectin,
osteopontin, and vitronectin, showed no
change at P30 but were all altered at P90. *
<0.05, ** <0.01. > ? Respond to SMN levels
decaying.
Biomarker response over time
miR132 response in Taiwanese SMA mice is lost
at P10. Catapano et al. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids.
2016 5(7):e331
9. Table 3: Biomarkers in SMA Mice, SMN-restored Mice, and Human SMA
Biomarker
Change in
SMA mice
Normalized
with SMN
Correlation with
MHFMS
(Kobayashi et al.
2013)
Change in SMA
(<6 months)
(Kolb et al. 2015)
Changed in SMA mice compared with control mice and normalized with SMN
Osteopontin ↑ Yes Direct No ∆
DPPIV ↑ Yes Direct ↑
Tetranectin ↑ Yes Direct ↑
Fetuin A ↓ Yes Inverse No ∆
Vitronectin ↓ Yes Inverse Not performed
Arnold et al Plos One2016 in press
10. Pharmacodynamic Markers
1) Both SMN protein and full length SMN levels should a wide variation of levels in blood
and do not correlate with muscle function score or SMN2 copy number. Not a good
prognostic marker.
2) Increased full length SMN mRNA in blood can be used if therapeutic agent gets there.
Measure increase of full length from initial sample taken. Shows treatment effects SMN2
ability to produce full length SMN. Same can be applied to SMN protein. Increased
full-length SMN transcripts, Increased SMN protein→Effective induction of SMN2 gene
3) Increased full length SMN mRNA in CSF could be measured but not reported.
4) Increased SMN levels in CSF in trial of nusinersen. CSF samples in the 9-mg group the
baseline SMN levels were, 0.31 ± 0.18 pg/mL; after treatment the levels were
0.59 ± 0.22 pg/mL; p = 0.06; 161% mean increase. Using a sensitive ELISA. Indicates a trend
but not significant. ( Ciriboga et al. Neurology. 2016 Mar 8;86(10):890-7)
11. Disease Progression and Predictive
Compound muscle
Action Potential CMAP.
Type 1 SMA above 1mV
on start of treatment
predict strong response.
Once motor neurons lost
Can only get benefit from
remaining.
Finkel et al 2013
Neuromuscul Disord.
(2):112-5
12. Intrathecal injection of scAAV9-shRNA in 5 day old piglets
to create large animal model of SMA what does it predict
Time course of symptoms progression
PND5
injection
PND24-34
1st sign of weakness
Splayed gait
PND33-47
Mainly sitting
PND46-69
sacrifice
PND38-55
Mainly crawling
and sitting
Smn mRNA levels from laser captured
motor neurons
Axons labelled
Duque et al Ann Neurol. 2015 77(3):399-414
H1 promoter
shRNA1 ITR
mut ITR GFP
CBA promoter Intron
scAAV9-shRNA
ITR
mut ITR SMN
CBA promoter
scAAV9-SMN Intron
13. Group
number of
animal
Age at
sacrifice
Immunosuppressive
treatment
Age at injection Dose vector (vg/kg)
scAAV9-shRNA scAAV9-SMN scAAV9-shRNA scAAV9-SMN
Control 6 79 ± 3 - - - - -
shRNA 5 61 ± 7 Prograf PND5 - 6.5x1012
-
SMN early 5 71 ± 2 Prograf + Cellcept PND5 PND6 6.5x1012
8x1012
SMN late 5 73 ± 3 Prograf + Cellcept PND5 PND33-36 6.5x1012
8x1012
Transduction profile in scAAV9-SMN treated piglets
Spinal cord section from lumbar 6 segment stained for GFP and
human SMN (human specific antibody)
Merge
SMN GFP
SMN GFP Merge
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
early late
SMN
GFP
%
of
motor
neurons
(Prograf = tacrolymus, FK506. Cellcept = Mycophenolate mofetil. Block T-cell response)
Duque et al Ann Neurol. 2015 Mar;77(3):399-414
16. 0
5
10
15
20
25
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
CMAP
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
control shRNA early late
Dorsa
l
MUNE
Pig SMN levels in motor neurons
Correlation of MUNE, CMAP and Motor Neuron loss with SMN
restoration in the pig.
Normal
shRNA
Early
rescue
Late
rescue
Early = day after shRNA
Late = First symptoms
Motor neuron path also improved
Ann Neurol. 2015 Mar;77(3):399-414
Group
Fibrillation
s
Percentage
shRNA (5pigs) 5 100%
Control (6pigs) 0 0%
17. Summary
1) SMN2 copy number is a prognostic marker. 2 copies of SMN2 and onset before 6 months
does indicate type 1 SMA. 3 copy type 1 SMA cases do occur and are milder but have an
earlier onset.
2) There are serum biomarker panels available that correlate with motor function scores
and are changes in SMA in the NeuroNext trial
3) The amount of blood full length SMN mRNA or SMN protein does not correlate with SMN2
copy number or motor function score.
4) The level of full length SMN from SMN2 in blood can be used as a pharmacodynamic
marker but it is important to measure from the baseline of a particular patient i.e. increase
relative to baseline.
5) SMN levels can be measured in CSF using a sensitive ELISA.
6) Presence oh a reasonable CMAP can be used as a predictive biomarker in that presence
of a reasonable CMAP prior to therapeutic intervention predicts maximum effect
7) In pig models and mice the SMN inducing therapies protect the motor neurons remaining
but loss of motor neurons has occurred as the disease progresses