SlideShare a Scribd company logo
Migration performs two functions-
Event positioning
 Focusing to achieve image sharpness.
Why migration?
The CMP gather performs poor because of-
 Dipping reflector
 Focusing due to syncline structure
 Diffraction through sharp edges.
MIGRATION
• Migration is a process, which repositions the reflected energy from
its CMP to true subsurface locations.
• After migration the seismic section appears to be the geologic
section.
• Migration moves dipping events in up dip direction to their true
subsurface position and collapses diffraction to a point.
• To understand why seismic expression does not show the true
position of events, consider the following figures. At the surface the
common mid point (CMP) lies at the middle of shot and receiver
positions. For a horizontal bed the common depth point (CDP) lies
exactly below the CMP.
Migration process
Cour
©An introduction to Geophysical Exploration Philp
Kerry at all.
Dipping Reflector
 Usually for horizontal reflectors
the reflection point is vertically
below the source/receiver.
For dipping layers the reflection
comes from a point up dip.
Therefore, a travel-time section
will always show a reduced dip.
 tan αt = Sin αs
©An introduction to Geophysical Exploration , Philp Kerry at
all.
Depth model Time representation
Diffracting point Diffraction hyperbola.
Dipping reflector Shifted down dip and dip
decreased.
Tight syncline “Bow tie” shape
Geophysicists know well the simple examples of images in time deformed or displaced in relation to the depth
model
TYPES OF MIGRATION
PRE STACK MIGRATION
TIME
DEPTH
POST STACK MIGRATION
TIME
DEPTH
TYPES OF MIGRATION(CONTD…)
• POST STACK MIGRATION:
Post-stack migration operates on the stacked section. Post stack- is much faster than Pre
stack, because stacking reduces by an order of magnitude the number of traces that must
be processed.
• For post stack migration to be successful the assumptions made in stacking must be
satisfied: the amplitude of the stacked trace and reflected arrivals must be approximately
hyperbolic. These suppositions are valid only when variations in lithology and fluid
content over the span of the gathered traces can be ignored and when the structure is
simple.
• PRE STACK MIGRATION:
When the subsurface structure is complex the various traces in a CMP are not actually
coming from same point in subsurface. These situations can be solved by pre-stack
migration. It avoids the stacking process by migration the unstacked data directly.
TIME AND DEPTH MIGRATION
DEPTH MIGRATION-
 Needed when -stacked section contains
structural dip.
Stacked section contains large velocity
gradients.
Successfully used in areas with lateral velocity
variations, which tend to be the areas that are
most interesting to petroleum geologists.
Some of the popularly used depth migration
algorithms are: Kirchhoff depth migration,
Reverse Time Migration(RTM), Gaussian Beam
Migration and Wave- equation Migration.
Time Migration-
 Needed when stacked section
contains structural dip or diffractions.
 Valid for vertically varying velocity.
 Acceptable to mild lateral velocity
variations
 Some popularly used time migration
algorithms are: Stolt migration,
Gazdag and Finite-difference
migration.
Diffraction Events
Structural events

More Related Content

Similar to Presentationoil.pptx

Seismic Imaging using wave theory
Seismic Imaging using wave theorySeismic Imaging using wave theory
Seismic Imaging using wave theory
Yasir Bashir
 
At seismic survey
At seismic surveyAt seismic survey
At seismic survey
Asrar Hussain
 
Subsidence in coal mines
Subsidence in coal minesSubsidence in coal mines
Subsidence in coal mines
Aakash deep Singhal
 
Introduction to Seismic Method
Introduction to Seismic Method Introduction to Seismic Method
Introduction to Seismic Method
Ahmed Younhais Tariq
 
ISEE_CJP_2016_Version FINAL_Return
ISEE_CJP_2016_Version FINAL_ReturnISEE_CJP_2016_Version FINAL_Return
ISEE_CJP_2016_Version FINAL_Return
Stroma Service Consulting
 
Lecture on seismic reflection
Lecture  on seismic reflection Lecture  on seismic reflection
Lecture on seismic reflection
Alina Arshad
 
TOTAL EARTH SOLUTIONS - PETROLEUM EXPLORATION SERVICES
TOTAL EARTH SOLUTIONS - PETROLEUM EXPLORATION SERVICESTOTAL EARTH SOLUTIONS - PETROLEUM EXPLORATION SERVICES
TOTAL EARTH SOLUTIONS - PETROLEUM EXPLORATION SERVICES
Brett Johnson
 
Cam mech
Cam mechCam mech
Basics of peroleum engineering
Basics of peroleum engineeringBasics of peroleum engineering
Basics of peroleum engineering
Shivam Yadav
 
Age seismic refr
Age seismic refrAge seismic refr
Age seismic refr
Jose Costa
 
ch3 cams and follower.pdf
ch3 cams and follower.pdfch3 cams and follower.pdf
ch3 cams and follower.pdf
EliasLibay
 
CFD evaluation of lime addition in AMD
CFD evaluation of lime addition in AMD CFD evaluation of lime addition in AMD
CFD evaluation of lime addition in AMD
Nabin Khadka
 
Vessel Traffic Model
Vessel Traffic ModelVessel Traffic Model
Vessel Traffic Model
Safak Ozkan
 
Lecture 23 april29 static correction
Lecture 23 april29 static correctionLecture 23 april29 static correction
Lecture 23 april29 static correction
Amin khalil
 
Velocity analysis and depth conversion in the offshre kaboudia permit
Velocity analysis and depth conversion in the offshre kaboudia permitVelocity analysis and depth conversion in the offshre kaboudia permit
Velocity analysis and depth conversion in the offshre kaboudia permit
Guizani Aymen
 
Dragline Planning
Dragline PlanningDragline Planning
Dragline Planning
VR M
 
Comments_on_Paper_Mufti_1983
Comments_on_Paper_Mufti_1983Comments_on_Paper_Mufti_1983
Comments_on_Paper_Mufti_1983
Benjamin Seive
 
Cam & Profile
Cam & Profile Cam & Profile
Cam & Profile
Manthan Chavda
 
Testing of bored_pile_inclination
Testing of bored_pile_inclinationTesting of bored_pile_inclination
Testing of bored_pile_inclination
Jorge Genes Forcadell
 
N0175496100
N0175496100N0175496100
N0175496100
IOSR Journals
 

Similar to Presentationoil.pptx (20)

Seismic Imaging using wave theory
Seismic Imaging using wave theorySeismic Imaging using wave theory
Seismic Imaging using wave theory
 
At seismic survey
At seismic surveyAt seismic survey
At seismic survey
 
Subsidence in coal mines
Subsidence in coal minesSubsidence in coal mines
Subsidence in coal mines
 
Introduction to Seismic Method
Introduction to Seismic Method Introduction to Seismic Method
Introduction to Seismic Method
 
ISEE_CJP_2016_Version FINAL_Return
ISEE_CJP_2016_Version FINAL_ReturnISEE_CJP_2016_Version FINAL_Return
ISEE_CJP_2016_Version FINAL_Return
 
Lecture on seismic reflection
Lecture  on seismic reflection Lecture  on seismic reflection
Lecture on seismic reflection
 
TOTAL EARTH SOLUTIONS - PETROLEUM EXPLORATION SERVICES
TOTAL EARTH SOLUTIONS - PETROLEUM EXPLORATION SERVICESTOTAL EARTH SOLUTIONS - PETROLEUM EXPLORATION SERVICES
TOTAL EARTH SOLUTIONS - PETROLEUM EXPLORATION SERVICES
 
Cam mech
Cam mechCam mech
Cam mech
 
Basics of peroleum engineering
Basics of peroleum engineeringBasics of peroleum engineering
Basics of peroleum engineering
 
Age seismic refr
Age seismic refrAge seismic refr
Age seismic refr
 
ch3 cams and follower.pdf
ch3 cams and follower.pdfch3 cams and follower.pdf
ch3 cams and follower.pdf
 
CFD evaluation of lime addition in AMD
CFD evaluation of lime addition in AMD CFD evaluation of lime addition in AMD
CFD evaluation of lime addition in AMD
 
Vessel Traffic Model
Vessel Traffic ModelVessel Traffic Model
Vessel Traffic Model
 
Lecture 23 april29 static correction
Lecture 23 april29 static correctionLecture 23 april29 static correction
Lecture 23 april29 static correction
 
Velocity analysis and depth conversion in the offshre kaboudia permit
Velocity analysis and depth conversion in the offshre kaboudia permitVelocity analysis and depth conversion in the offshre kaboudia permit
Velocity analysis and depth conversion in the offshre kaboudia permit
 
Dragline Planning
Dragline PlanningDragline Planning
Dragline Planning
 
Comments_on_Paper_Mufti_1983
Comments_on_Paper_Mufti_1983Comments_on_Paper_Mufti_1983
Comments_on_Paper_Mufti_1983
 
Cam & Profile
Cam & Profile Cam & Profile
Cam & Profile
 
Testing of bored_pile_inclination
Testing of bored_pile_inclinationTesting of bored_pile_inclination
Testing of bored_pile_inclination
 
N0175496100
N0175496100N0175496100
N0175496100
 

Recently uploaded

Lifelines of National Economy chapter for Class 10 STUDY MATERIAL PDF
Lifelines of National Economy chapter for Class 10 STUDY MATERIAL PDFLifelines of National Economy chapter for Class 10 STUDY MATERIAL PDF
Lifelines of National Economy chapter for Class 10 STUDY MATERIAL PDF
Vivekanand Anglo Vedic Academy
 
Standardized tool for Intelligence test.
Standardized tool for Intelligence test.Standardized tool for Intelligence test.
Standardized tool for Intelligence test.
deepaannamalai16
 
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPLAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
RAHUL
 
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two Hearts
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsA Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two Hearts
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two Hearts
Steve Thomason
 
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) Curriculum
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumPhilippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) Curriculum
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) Curriculum
MJDuyan
 
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
GeorgeMilliken2
 
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
PECB
 
Wound healing PPT
Wound healing PPTWound healing PPT
Wound healing PPT
Jyoti Chand
 
spot a liar (Haiqa 146).pptx Technical writhing and presentation skills
spot a liar (Haiqa 146).pptx Technical writhing and presentation skillsspot a liar (Haiqa 146).pptx Technical writhing and presentation skills
spot a liar (Haiqa 146).pptx Technical writhing and presentation skills
haiqairshad
 
Film vocab for eal 3 students: Australia the movie
Film vocab for eal 3 students: Australia the movieFilm vocab for eal 3 students: Australia the movie
Film vocab for eal 3 students: Australia the movie
Nicholas Montgomery
 
Mule event processing models | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #47
Mule event processing models | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #47Mule event processing models | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #47
Mule event processing models | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #47
MysoreMuleSoftMeetup
 
Traditional Musical Instruments of Arunachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh - RAYH...
Traditional Musical Instruments of Arunachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh - RAYH...Traditional Musical Instruments of Arunachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh - RAYH...
Traditional Musical Instruments of Arunachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh - RAYH...
imrankhan141184
 
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfWalmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
TechSoup
 
The History of Stoke Newington Street Names
The History of Stoke Newington Street NamesThe History of Stoke Newington Street Names
The History of Stoke Newington Street Names
History of Stoke Newington
 
BÀI TẬP DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 7 CẢ NĂM FRIENDS PLUS SÁCH CHÂN TRỜI SÁNG TẠO ...
BÀI TẬP DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 7 CẢ NĂM FRIENDS PLUS SÁCH CHÂN TRỜI SÁNG TẠO ...BÀI TẬP DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 7 CẢ NĂM FRIENDS PLUS SÁCH CHÂN TRỜI SÁNG TẠO ...
BÀI TẬP DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 7 CẢ NĂM FRIENDS PLUS SÁCH CHÂN TRỜI SÁNG TẠO ...
Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
 
HYPERTENSION - SLIDE SHARE PRESENTATION.
HYPERTENSION - SLIDE SHARE PRESENTATION.HYPERTENSION - SLIDE SHARE PRESENTATION.
HYPERTENSION - SLIDE SHARE PRESENTATION.
deepaannamalai16
 
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryHow to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
Celine George
 
Stack Memory Organization of 8086 Microprocessor
Stack Memory Organization of 8086 MicroprocessorStack Memory Organization of 8086 Microprocessor
Stack Memory Organization of 8086 Microprocessor
JomonJoseph58
 
مصحف القراءات العشر أعد أحرف الخلاف سمير بسيوني.pdf
مصحف القراءات العشر   أعد أحرف الخلاف سمير بسيوني.pdfمصحف القراءات العشر   أعد أحرف الخلاف سمير بسيوني.pdf
مصحف القراءات العشر أعد أحرف الخلاف سمير بسيوني.pdf
سمير بسيوني
 
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptx
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxBeyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptx
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptx
EduSkills OECD
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Lifelines of National Economy chapter for Class 10 STUDY MATERIAL PDF
Lifelines of National Economy chapter for Class 10 STUDY MATERIAL PDFLifelines of National Economy chapter for Class 10 STUDY MATERIAL PDF
Lifelines of National Economy chapter for Class 10 STUDY MATERIAL PDF
 
Standardized tool for Intelligence test.
Standardized tool for Intelligence test.Standardized tool for Intelligence test.
Standardized tool for Intelligence test.
 
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPLAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
 
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two Hearts
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsA Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two Hearts
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two Hearts
 
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) Curriculum
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumPhilippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) Curriculum
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) Curriculum
 
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
What is Digital Literacy? A guest blog from Andy McLaughlin, University of Ab...
 
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
 
Wound healing PPT
Wound healing PPTWound healing PPT
Wound healing PPT
 
spot a liar (Haiqa 146).pptx Technical writhing and presentation skills
spot a liar (Haiqa 146).pptx Technical writhing and presentation skillsspot a liar (Haiqa 146).pptx Technical writhing and presentation skills
spot a liar (Haiqa 146).pptx Technical writhing and presentation skills
 
Film vocab for eal 3 students: Australia the movie
Film vocab for eal 3 students: Australia the movieFilm vocab for eal 3 students: Australia the movie
Film vocab for eal 3 students: Australia the movie
 
Mule event processing models | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #47
Mule event processing models | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #47Mule event processing models | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #47
Mule event processing models | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #47
 
Traditional Musical Instruments of Arunachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh - RAYH...
Traditional Musical Instruments of Arunachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh - RAYH...Traditional Musical Instruments of Arunachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh - RAYH...
Traditional Musical Instruments of Arunachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh - RAYH...
 
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfWalmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
 
The History of Stoke Newington Street Names
The History of Stoke Newington Street NamesThe History of Stoke Newington Street Names
The History of Stoke Newington Street Names
 
BÀI TẬP DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 7 CẢ NĂM FRIENDS PLUS SÁCH CHÂN TRỜI SÁNG TẠO ...
BÀI TẬP DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 7 CẢ NĂM FRIENDS PLUS SÁCH CHÂN TRỜI SÁNG TẠO ...BÀI TẬP DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 7 CẢ NĂM FRIENDS PLUS SÁCH CHÂN TRỜI SÁNG TẠO ...
BÀI TẬP DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 7 CẢ NĂM FRIENDS PLUS SÁCH CHÂN TRỜI SÁNG TẠO ...
 
HYPERTENSION - SLIDE SHARE PRESENTATION.
HYPERTENSION - SLIDE SHARE PRESENTATION.HYPERTENSION - SLIDE SHARE PRESENTATION.
HYPERTENSION - SLIDE SHARE PRESENTATION.
 
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryHow to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
 
Stack Memory Organization of 8086 Microprocessor
Stack Memory Organization of 8086 MicroprocessorStack Memory Organization of 8086 Microprocessor
Stack Memory Organization of 8086 Microprocessor
 
مصحف القراءات العشر أعد أحرف الخلاف سمير بسيوني.pdf
مصحف القراءات العشر   أعد أحرف الخلاف سمير بسيوني.pdfمصحف القراءات العشر   أعد أحرف الخلاف سمير بسيوني.pdf
مصحف القراءات العشر أعد أحرف الخلاف سمير بسيوني.pdf
 
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptx
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxBeyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptx
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptx
 

Presentationoil.pptx

  • 1. Migration performs two functions- Event positioning  Focusing to achieve image sharpness. Why migration? The CMP gather performs poor because of-  Dipping reflector  Focusing due to syncline structure  Diffraction through sharp edges.
  • 2. MIGRATION • Migration is a process, which repositions the reflected energy from its CMP to true subsurface locations. • After migration the seismic section appears to be the geologic section. • Migration moves dipping events in up dip direction to their true subsurface position and collapses diffraction to a point.
  • 3. • To understand why seismic expression does not show the true position of events, consider the following figures. At the surface the common mid point (CMP) lies at the middle of shot and receiver positions. For a horizontal bed the common depth point (CDP) lies exactly below the CMP.
  • 4. Migration process Cour ©An introduction to Geophysical Exploration Philp Kerry at all.
  • 5. Dipping Reflector  Usually for horizontal reflectors the reflection point is vertically below the source/receiver. For dipping layers the reflection comes from a point up dip. Therefore, a travel-time section will always show a reduced dip.  tan αt = Sin αs ©An introduction to Geophysical Exploration , Philp Kerry at all.
  • 6. Depth model Time representation Diffracting point Diffraction hyperbola. Dipping reflector Shifted down dip and dip decreased. Tight syncline “Bow tie” shape Geophysicists know well the simple examples of images in time deformed or displaced in relation to the depth model
  • 7. TYPES OF MIGRATION PRE STACK MIGRATION TIME DEPTH POST STACK MIGRATION TIME DEPTH
  • 8. TYPES OF MIGRATION(CONTD…) • POST STACK MIGRATION: Post-stack migration operates on the stacked section. Post stack- is much faster than Pre stack, because stacking reduces by an order of magnitude the number of traces that must be processed. • For post stack migration to be successful the assumptions made in stacking must be satisfied: the amplitude of the stacked trace and reflected arrivals must be approximately hyperbolic. These suppositions are valid only when variations in lithology and fluid content over the span of the gathered traces can be ignored and when the structure is simple. • PRE STACK MIGRATION: When the subsurface structure is complex the various traces in a CMP are not actually coming from same point in subsurface. These situations can be solved by pre-stack migration. It avoids the stacking process by migration the unstacked data directly.
  • 9. TIME AND DEPTH MIGRATION DEPTH MIGRATION-  Needed when -stacked section contains structural dip. Stacked section contains large velocity gradients. Successfully used in areas with lateral velocity variations, which tend to be the areas that are most interesting to petroleum geologists. Some of the popularly used depth migration algorithms are: Kirchhoff depth migration, Reverse Time Migration(RTM), Gaussian Beam Migration and Wave- equation Migration. Time Migration-  Needed when stacked section contains structural dip or diffractions.  Valid for vertically varying velocity.  Acceptable to mild lateral velocity variations  Some popularly used time migration algorithms are: Stolt migration, Gazdag and Finite-difference migration.