The document discusses polymers and biopolymers. It defines polymers as large molecules composed of repeating monomer units, and notes their widespread uses. Biopolymers are polymers produced by living organisms, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. The effects of temperature on polymers are discussed, noting that higher temperatures decrease a polymer's Young's modulus and elasticity. Thermoplastic polymers soften when heated, unlike thermoset polymers which maintain their rigid structure due to cross-linking.

1. SUBMITTED TO: DR.MUHAMMAD
HUSSAIN
SUBMITTED BY: GHULAM AYESHA
(ROLL NO 16)
FAIZA MAJID
(ROLL NO 19)
MATERIAL SCIENCE
BS.PHYSICS 8TH SEMESTER

2. Topic
Effect of Temperature and Time
on Polymers

3. Presentation Outline
 What are polymers
 History of Polymers
 Types of Polymers
 Classification of Polymers
 Uses of Polymers
 What are Biopolymers
 Uses of Biopolymers
 Biopolymers made of
 Diff b/w Polymers and Biopolymers
 Effect of temperature on Polymers
 Elasticity of Polymers

4. What are Polymers?
A polymer is any of a class of natural or
synthetic substances composed of very
large molecules, called macromolecules,
which are multiples of simpler chemical
units called monomers.

6. History of Polymers
In 1907 Leo Baekeland invented the first polymer
which is Called “BaKelite”
 Bakelite is the synthetic polymer
Created form a mixture of
phenol-formaldihyde resin called
BaKelite

7. Types Of Polymers
 There are two types of polymers:
Synthetic Polymers
Natural Polymers
Synthetic Polymers
Synthetic polymers are derived from petroleum oil, and made by
scientists and engineers.
Examples of synthetic polymers include nylon, polyethylene, polyester, Teflon,
and epoxy.

8. Natural Polymers
Natural polymers occur in nature and can be
extracted.

9. Classification of Polymers
 Natural Polymers: They occur naturally and are found in
plants and animals. ...
 Semi-synthetic Polymers: ...
 Synthetic Polymers: ...
 Linear Polymers. ...
 Branched-chain Polymers. ...
 Cross-linked Polymers. ...
 Classification Based on Polymerization. ...
 Classification Based on Monomers.

11. Uses of Polymers
 Polymers are used in almost every area of modern living. Grocery
bags, soda and water bottles, textile fibers, phones, computers,
food packaging, auto parts, and toys all contain polymers.

13. What are Biopolymers
 Biopolymers are polymers that are produced by or derived
from living organisms
Examples of biopolymers are protein, starch,
cellulose, DNA, RNA, lipids, collagen,
carbohydrates etc.

14. What is Biopolymers made of?
Biopolymers include proteins (polymers of
amino acids), genetic material (polymers
of nucleic acids), glycoforms
(carbohydrates and glycosylated
molecules), metabolites, and other
structural molecules.

15. Uses of Biopolymers
Biopolymers are currently used in food
coatings, food packaging materials, and
encapsulation matrices for functional
foods.

16. What is the difference between polymers
and biopolymers?
Polymers are large molecules that have the same
structural unit repeating over and over while
biopolymers are polymer materials that form in
living organisms. The key difference between
polymer and biopolymer is that most of the
polymers are non-degradable whereas
biopolymers are degradable.

17. Effect of temperature on Polymers
Higher temperatures lead to lower young
modulus of the material.
Weak points of every polymeric material are the
secondary bonds between molecules of your
polymer. With increasing temperatures, the
molecules have more kinetic energy, thus the
weak secondary bonds have less and less effect.

18. Elasticity of Polymers
Polymers, including rubber, may exhibit
elasticity as polymer chains are stretched
and then subsequently return to their
original form when the force is removed.
Metals may display elasticity as atomic lattices
change shape and size, again, returning to their
original form once energy is removed.

19. Young’s Modulus of Elasticity Change
with rise in temperature
With rise in Temperature the
length of the Material Increase
Which decreases its stiffness .
Thus, we can say that with rise in
Temperature , the Young’s
Modulus Decrease

20. Why does Polymer not Soften When
Heated?
Thermoset polymers do not soften when
heated because the molecules are
cross-linked together and remain rigid.
The chemical bonding formed within a
polymer, and the shape of the resulting
polymer, affect its properties

21. What Polymers Soften when Heated
Polythene, polyvinyls and
polystyrene soften on heating and
harden on cooling. Such polymers are
called thermoplastic polymers. These
polymers are linear or slightly branched
long chain molecules.