What are nano fillers

1. Conductive polymers and plastics are increasingly desired for a growing number of
sophisticated end-uses. Most plastics are naturally non-conductive, hence their wide use as
electrical insulators. Because of their ease of fabrication, however, polymers are highly
desirable materials of construction. Where some transfer of electrical charge is desired
modifications to the polymer must be made to increase conductivity. This has resulted in
plastics being formulated for use in four distinct application categories of increasing
conductivity:
1. Insulating (e.g. wire coating)
2. Dissipative ("anti-static" polymers)
3. Conductive (materials capable of conducting modest amounts of electrical current)
4. Highly Conductive or Shielding (materials capable of conducting significant amounts of
electrical current)
Polymerization is the process of combining many small molecules known as monomers into a
covalently bonded chain or network. During the polymerization process, some chemical groups
may be lost from each monomer. This is the case, for example, in the polymerization of PET
polyester. The monomers are terephthalic acid (HOOC-C6H4-COOH) and ethylene glycol (HO-
CH2-CH2-OH) but the repeating unit is -OC-C6H4-COO-CH2-CH2-O-, which corresponds to the
combination of the two monomers with the loss of two water molecules. The distinct piece of
each monomer that is incorporated into the polymer is known as a repeat unit or monomer
residue.
A polymer is a chemical compound or mixture of compounds consisting of repeating structural
units created through a process of polymerization.[2] The term derives from the ancient Greek
word πολύς (polus, meaning "many, much") and μέρος (meros, meaning "parts"), and refers to a
molecule whose structure is composed of multiple repeating units, from which originates a
characteristic of high relative molecular mass and attendant properties.[3] The units composing
polymers derive, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.[4] The
term was coined in 1833 by Jöns Jacob Berzelius, though with a definition distinct from the
modern IUPAC definition. Polymers are studied in the fields of biophysics and macromolecular
science, and polymer science (which includes polymer chemistry and polymer physics).
Historically, products arising from the linkage of repeating units by covalent chemical bonds
have been the primary focus of polymer science; emerging important areas of the science now
focus on non-covalent links. Because of the stipulation as to repeating substructures, polymers
are formally a subclass of the category of macromolecules; the polyisoprene of latex rubber and
the polystyrene of styrofoam are examples of polymeric natural/biological and synthetic
polymers, respectively. In biological contexts, essentially all biological macromolecules—i.e.,
proteins (polyamides), nucleic acids (polynucleotides), and polysaccharides—are purely
polymeric, or are composed in large part of polymeric components—e.g., isoprenylated/lipid-
modified glycoproteins, where small lipidic molecule and oligosaccharide modifications occur
on the polyamide backbone of the protein.[5]
Hence, the terms polymer and polymeric material encompass very large, broad classes of
compounds, both natural and synthetic, with a wide variety of properties. Because of the

2. extraordinary range of properties of polymeric materials,[6] they play an essential and ubiquitous
roles in everyday life,[7] from those of familiar synthetic plastics and other materials of day-to-
day work and home life, to the natural biopolymers that are fundamental to biological structure
and function