This document discusses combined transport in the Regional Unity of Kavala in Greece. It finds that while safety and service frequency are relatively good, schedules between modes like buses, ships and planes are not synchronized. Terminals also lack organization and use of technology. Citizens are not concerned with combined transport, showing a need for initiatives to improve coordination between authorities and transport operators to develop combined transport further in the region.

1. Volos, 2012
Charalampidou S.
Combined transport for long and short distances, the case of
Regional Unity of Kavala
UNIVERSITY OF THESSALY
DEPARTEMENT OF PLANNING AND
REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Ν. Καβάλας

2. Outline of presentation
1. The development of combined transport
2. The European Policy for combined transport
3. The combined transport in Greece
4. Investigation of the operational level of combined transport in the Regional
Unity of Kavala
5. Conclusions
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3. 3/23
Categories of combined transport
THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMBINED TRANSPORT (1/2)
 Multimodal transport
 Intermodal transport
 Combined transport
Organization of combined transport
Initial transfer:
By road or by sea
Uploading
Main transfer:
By rail or by inland
waterway
Final transfer:
By road

4. THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMBINED TRANSPORT (2/2)
Advantages
 Reduction of the transportation’s total
cost
 Reliability & safety
 Eco-friendlier transportation
 Improvement of the capacity of railways,
maritime transport, inland waterways for
short distances
 Reduction of the management time and
freight control at all levels
 Services just-in-time & door-to-door
 Competitive prices
Disadvantages
x Trips become longer increasing the delays
x Management processes are more complex
x Absence of a single network connection
x Dissimilar technical features of the
transport modes
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5. THE EUROPEAN POLICY FOR COMBINED TRANSPORT (1/2)
 What was the need for the development of combined transport?
1957-
Treaty of
Rome
1992-Treaty
of Maastricht,
1rst White
Paper
1998-Framework for
future development
of transport policy
2001-2nd
White Paper
(combined
transport)
2011 3rd
White
Paper
The main problem: excessive & unequal growth of road transport air
pollution, traffic accidents, decrease of fuel stocks
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6. 6
Sustainable
transport networks,
environmental
protection
Efficient
transport system
between Member
States
Safety
Competitive,
efficient means of
transport
Territorial cohesion,
economic growth,
unified European
transport area
Objectives of the EU policy for transport
THE EUROPEAN POLICY FOR COMBINED TRANSPORT (2/2)
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7. THE COMBINED TRANSPORT IN GREECE
Combined transport in the corridor: Greece - Italy - Western
Europe
Dominance of road transport (Road transport is 90% of passenger
and freight transport)
Sporadic rail development according to demand
Air transportation is very important in Greek economy
Greek ships represent 40% of the capacity of the EU fleet and 20%
of the world.
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8. INVESTIGATION OF THE OPERATIONAL LEVEL OF COMBINED TRANSPORT IN THE REGIONAL UNITY OF KAVALA (1/13)
General characteristics of the Regional Unity of Kavala
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9. Road transport
- Private motor vehicles & public transport
 152 buses, 160-190 cargoes
 353 TAXI
Maritime transport
- Passenger transport: port of Kavala, port of Keramoti & Prinos in Thasos
- Freight transport: port of kavala “Philip II”, port of Nea Peramos & Keramoti
Air transport
- Passenger & freight transport: airport of Kavala “Great Alexander”
=
is very low
Rail transport
- Kavala has no railway connection with the rail network
- Passenger & freight transportation is served from the nearest stations (Drama, Stavroupoli,
Toxotes)
INVESTIGATION OF THE OPERATIONAL LEVEL OF COMBINED TRANSPORT IN THE REGIONAL UNITY OF KAVALA (2/13)
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10. Indicators by which is tested the adequacy of existing infrastructures
 Level of Transportation Service (L.T.S. = f(Xij, D, Sjλi) (D: demand for transport, Xij:
perceptual characteristics of the system by the users, Sjλi: the attitude of users for system’s
characteristics)
Factors of the L.T.S
- Frequency of service
INVESTIGATION OF THE OPERATIONAL LEVEL OF COMBINED TRANSPORT IN THE REGIONAL UNITY OF KAVALA (3/13)
buses
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11. Indicators by which is tested the adequacy of existing infrastructures
 Level of Transportation Service (L.T.S. = f(Xij, D, Sjλi) (D: demand for transport, Xij:
perceptual characteristics of the system by the users, Sjλi: the attitude of users for system’s
characteristics)
Factors of the L.T.S
- Frequency of service
buses
Ships
INVESTIGATION OF THE OPERATIONAL LEVEL OF COMBINED TRANSPORT IN THE REGIONAL UNITY OF KAVALA (4/13)
11/23

12. Indicators by which is tested the adequacy of existing infrastructures
 Level of Transportation Service (L.T.S. = f(Xij, D, Sjλi) (D: demand for transport, Xij:
perceptual characteristics of the system by the users, Sjλi: the attitude of users for system’s
characteristics)
Factors of the L.T.S
- Frequency of service
buses
Ships
Airplanes
INVESTIGATION OF THE OPERATIONAL LEVEL OF COMBINED TRANSPORT IN THE REGIONAL UNITY OF KAVALA (5/13)
12/23

13. Indicators by which is tested the adequacy of existing infrastructures
-Waiting time due to the discontinuity of transportation
 There is no complementarity & synchronization of services between buses, ships, airplanes
-Transit time at a terminal 15min. buses, 1- 2h. airplanes, 30min. ships
INVESTIGATION OF THE OPERATIONAL LEVEL OF COMBINED TRANSPORT IN THE REGIONAL UNITY OF KAVALA (6/13)
-Ticket cost
Buses Ships
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14. Indicators for testing the adequacy of existing infrastructures
 Indicators of the project CLOSER (Connecting Long and Short-distance networks for
Efficient tRansport)
- Organizational & institutional form
Fair & equal access
 Bad access to the airport (only by TAXI) & lack of
concern for disabled people
Involved authorities
 Disagreements between taxi drivers & bus
operators
- Number of transported passengers & cargoes
Year 2010
Passengers Cargoes
1.707.910 1.499.662
Passengers Cargoes
296.194 453
Maritime transport
Air transport (national and international flights)
Year 2001 9.858 road passenger transport
INVESTIGATION OF THE OPERATIONAL LEVEL OF COMBINED TRANSPORT IN THE REGIONAL UNITY OF KAVALA (7/13)
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15. - Attributes of terminal
INVESTIGATION OF THE OPERATIONAL LEVEL OF COMBINED TRANSPORT IN THE REGIONAL UNITY OF KAVALA (8/13)
Distances of cities & points of special interest from
terminals  short
Distances & travel times between terminals & the
nearest highway
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16. - Attributes of terminal
INVESTIGATION OF THE OPERATIONAL LEVEL OF COMBINED TRANSPORT IN THE REGIONAL UNITY OF KAVALA (9/13)
Distances of cities & points of special interest from
terminals  short
Distances & travel times between terminals & the
nearest highway
Ratio of transportation cost to the terminal by private
car toward public transport
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17. - Attributes of terminal
Distances of cities & points of special interest from
terminals  short
Distances & travel times between terminals & the
nearest highway
Ratio of transportation cost to the terminal by private
car toward public transport
Ratio of access to a terminal by car toward public
transport
INVESTIGATION OF THE OPERATIONAL LEVEL OF COMBINED TRANSPORT IN THE REGIONAL UNITY OF KAVALA
(10/13)
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18. - Attributes of terminal
Clarity of information for the way of transition at
each terminal
 Direct & full information (not always through internet)
INVESTIGATION OF THE OPERATIONAL LEVEL OF COMBINED TRANSPORT IN THE REGIONAL UNITY OF KAVALA
(11/13)
Distances of cities & points of special interest from
terminals  short
Distances & travel times between terminals & the
nearest highway
Ratio of transportation cost to the terminal by private
car toward public transport
Ratio of access to a terminal by car toward public
transport
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19. - Level of costumer service  information for all modes of transport while the percentage
of transport with loss or damage is low to zero
The main deficiency:
 lack of communication between the operators
 non-synchronization of routes between different modes of transport
Obstacles in the development of combined transport
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INVESTIGATION OF THE OPERATIONAL LEVEL OF COMBINED TRANSPORT IN THE REGIONAL UNITY OF KAVALA
(12/13)

20. • Questionnaire for passengers (sample 150 persons)
 They are not concerned about the existence and promotion of combined transport
 They are satisfied with the transportation services provided
 HOWEVER they suggest improvements
• Questionnaire for companies (the 15 largest import-export companies)
 100% use private vehicles for the transportation of their products
 53% are satisfied with the complementarity of modes of transport
 They consider the connection of the city to the railway, necessary
20/23
INVESTIGATION OF THE OPERATIONAL LEVEL OF COMBINED TRANSPORT IN THE REGIONAL UNITY OF KAVALA
(13/13)

21. CONCLUSIONS
• Combined transport first developed in EU
Growth of road transport
Environmental degradation
• Greece adopted the European guidelines
Regional Unity of Kavala
 Safety
 Relatively frequent service
 Proximity between terminals &
motorways
vs
x Schedules are not synchronized
x Terminals are not organized & there is no
use of telematics
x Deficiencies in the airport of Kavala
x Lack of cooperation between the
responsible authorities
x Citizens are not concerned about
combined transport NEED FOR MEASURES
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22. REFERENCES
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Sabrakos, Ε., 2005. Notes of Combined Transport, Piraeus: Department of maritime studies (in Greek).
Rassas, Ν., 2005. Community policy for Combined Transport and actions of Greece regarding this direction, Diploma
thesis, Piraeus: Department of Industrial Management and Technology (in Greek).
Mitsiopoulos, Α., 2006. The application of combined transport in bulk cargoes, Diploma thesis, Piraeus: Master
Program in Shipping (in Greek).
Iliopoulos, Κ., 2009. Logistic Centers promoting combined transport, Porto Heli: Conference of Greek association
consulting firms (in Greek).
ECMT, 1995. European Transport Trends and Infrastructure Needs, France: OECD Publications Service.
White Paper of E.E, 2001. European transport policy for 2010 Brussels: European Commission.
White Paper of E.E, 2011. Roadmap to a Single European Area – Towards a Competitive and Resource Efficient
Transport System Brussels: European Commission.
Council Directive 92/106/EEC 07/12/1992 Establishment of common rules for certain types of combined cargo
transport between the Member States (in Greek).
Lalenis, Κ., 2000. Transport Infrastructure in Kavala, TERRA CZM, European Program TERRA (in Greek).
Responsible authority for buses (KTEL).
The prefecture of kavala.
Kavala port authority.

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