Intelligent transportation systems use sensing, analysis, control and communications technologies to improve safety, mobility and efficiency in ground transportation by processing and sharing information to ease congestion, improve traffic management and increase transportation benefits for both commercial and public users. Why intelligent transportation systems are needed includes addressing inadequate road development, low speeds and high accident rates as well as making transportation more efficient, secure and safer through information and control technologies. The advantages of intelligent transportation systems include reductions in stops and delays at intersections, improved speed and travel times, better capacity management and more effective incident management.

1. Intelligent Transportation System
Intelligent transportation system is the application of sensing, analysis, control and
communications technologies to ground transportation in order to improve safety, mobility and
efficiency. Intelligent transportation system includes a wide range of applications that process
and share information to ease congestion, improve traffic management, minimize
environmental impact and increase the benefits of transportation to commercial users and the
public in general.
Why Intelligent Transportation System needed?
*Inadequate road development.
*Low speed, increased accident rates.
*It is not possible to build enough new roads or to meet the demand.
*Make transportation system more efficient, secure, and safer through the use of
information, communications and control technologies.
*Improve the attractiveness of public transport.
*Tackle rising congestion which increases travel times and industry costs.
*Reduce the environmental impacts of transport.

2. Advantages of Intelligent Transportation
System
• Reduction in stops and delays at intersections.
• Speed control & improvement.
• Travel time improvement.
• Capacity management.
• Incident management.
How Intelligent Transportation System Works?
• 1. ITS combining technologies
• The technical core of intelligent transportation system
(ITS) is the application of information and control
technologies to transportation system operations. These
technologies include communications, automatic control,
and computer hardware and software. The adaptation of
these technologies to transportation requires the
knowledge from many engineering majors for example
civil, electrical, mechanical, industrial and their related
disciplines. Majority of transportation problems are
caused by lack of timely and accurate information and
from the lack of appropriate coordination individuals in
the system. So, the positive contribution of information
technology is to offer better information to help people
involved in the system to make synergistic decisions.

3. • 2. ITS Enabling Technologies
• There is a range of information and communications technologies that
enables the development of ITS.
• For instance, fiber optics, CD-ROM, electromagnetic compasses, GPS,
laser sensors, digital map databases and display technologies. Enabling
technologies can be divided into several classes which include:
• Data Acquisition
• It is possible to monitor traffics using several means such as inductive
loop detectors, traffic sensor.
• Examples of traffic senors are ultrasonic and radar, video image detector
(VID), and Visual images from closed circuit television (CCTV) which
provide live images to help the traffic center operator monitor
complicated traffic situations and make suitable decisions.

4. • Data Processing
• Information collected at data management center required to
be processed, verified, and consolidated into a format that
useful for the operators. This can be done using data fusion
process.
• Added to that, Automatic Incident Detection (AID) may also
be used for data processing. global positioning system (GPS)
can be used on vehicle side to process data.
3. System Architecture
• Framework for planning, defining, and integrating intelligent
transportation systems.
• Benefits of Architecture
• Reduces time and resources required to integrate the
technologies to local needs.
• Helps identify agencies and jurisdictions & seeks their
participation.

5. SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION
• Sustainable Transportation refers to any means of transportation that is ‘green’ and has
low impact on the environment. Sustainable transportation is also about balancing our
current and future needs. Examples of sustainable transportation include walking,
cycling, transit, carpooling, car sharing, and green vehicles.
•
• Transportation is the single largest source of air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions
in Canada and anyone can help reduce their harmful effects by choosing sustainable
transportation over car use. Transportation accounts for about 25 percent of total
emissions, and Environment Canada has estimated that for every 2,000 litres of gasoline
consumed, the average car produces 4,720 kg of carbon dioxide, 186.6 kg of carbon
monoxide, 28 kg of volatile organic compounds and 25.6 kg of nitrogen oxides.

6. • Benefits
• Leaving your car at home and taking more sustainable modes of transportation will provide
benefits for yourself and the City. These include:
• Reduced traffic congestion
• Reduced air pollution and related risks such as asthma
• Reduced greenhouse gas emissions
• Reduced dependence on non-renewable energy sources
• Reduced transportation costs
• Increased physical activity
• Increased social interaction
• Support for local businesses and a vibrant economy
• Healthier lifestyles and a better quality of life

7. Walking Cycling
Transit

8. Applications of drone
• Initially known for their military use, drones are now being used by
individual entrepreneurs, SMEs, and large companies to accomplish various
other tasks. According to Juniper research, by the year 2020, 16 million
drones will be sold in the commercial markets of the world and several
regulations will be lifted off drone technology. Captured below are 10
stunning applications of drone technology.

9. • 1. AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY
• Drones are now being used to capture footage that would otherwise require expensive
helicopters and cranes. Fast paced action and sci-fi scenes are filmed by aerial drones, thus
making cinematography easier. These autonomous flying devices are also used in real estate
and sports photography. Furthermore, journalists are considering the use of drones for
collecting footage and information in live broadcasts.
• 2. SHIPPING AND DELIVERY
• Major companies like Amazon, UPS, and DHL are in favor of drone delivery. Drones could
save a lot of manpower and shift unnecessary road traffic to the sky. Besides, they can be used
over smaller distances to deliver small packages, food, letters, medicines, beverages and the
like.
3. GEOGRAPHIC MAPPING
• Available to amateurs and professionals, drones can acquire very high-resolution data and
download imagery in difficult to reach locations like coastlines, mountaintops, and islands.
They are also used to create 3D maps and contribute to crowd sourced mapping applications
4. DISASTER MANAGEMENT
• Drones provide quick means, after a natural or man-made disaster, to gather information and
navigate debris and rubble to look for injured victims. Its high definition cameras, sensors, and
radars give rescue teams access to a higher field of view, saving the need to spend resources on
manned helicopters. Where larger aerial vehicles would prove perilous or inefficient, drones,
thanks to their small size, are able to provide a close-up view of areas.

10. • 5. PRECISION AGRICULTURE
• Farmers and agriculturists are always looking for cheap and effective methods to regularly
monitor their crops. The infrared sensors in drones can be tuned to detect crop health, enabling
farmers to react and improve crop conditions locally, with inputs of fertilizer or insecticides. It
also improves management and effectuates better yield of the crops. In the next few
years, nearly 80% of the agricultural market will comprise of drones.
• 6. SEARCH AND RESCUE
• Presence of thermal sensors gives drones night vision and makes them a powerful tool for
surveillance. Drones are able to discover the location of lost persons and unfortunate victims,
especially in harsh conditions or challenging terrains. Besides locating victims, a drone can drop
supplies to unreachable locations in war torn or disaster stricken countries. For example, a drone
can be utilized to lower a walkie-talkie, GPS locator, medicines, food supplies, clothes, and
water to stranded victims before rescue crews can move them to some place else.
• 7. WEATHER FORECAST
• Drones are being developed to monitor dangerous and unpredictable weather. Since they are
cheap and unmanned, drones can be sent into hurricanes and tornadoes, so that scientists and
weather forecasters acquire new insights into their behavior and trajectory. Its specialized
sensors can be used to detail weather parameters, collect data, and prevent mishaps.
• 8. WILDLIFE MONITORING
• Drones have served as a deterrent to poachers. They provide unprecedented protection to
animals, like elephants, rhinos, and big cats, a favorite target for poachers. With its thermal
cameras and sensors, drones have the ability to operate during the night. This enables them to
monitor and research on wildlife without causing any disturbance and provides insight on their
patterns, behavior, and habitat.

11. • 9. LAW ENFORCEMENT
• Drones are also used for maintaining the law. They help with the surveillance of large crowds
and ensure public safety. They assist in monitoring criminal and illegal activities. In fact, fire
investigations, smugglers of migrants, and illegal transportation of drugs via coastlines, are
monitored by the border patrol with the help of drones.
• 10. ENTERTAINMENT
• Drones are being developed to provide entertainment for players so that they can be used in
fight clubs. Known as a cage match, two contenders and their drones are put up against each
other. The destruction of any of the player’s drones results in the other’s win. Moreover,
artificial drone intelligence is used in several ways to capture videos and photographs, for
example, the Dronie, which is used to take selfies.

12. GIS in transportation
• GIS is a powerful tool in the analysis and design of transport routing networks. Its
graphical display capabilities allow not only visualization of the different routes but also the
sequence in which they are built, which allows the understanding of the logic behind the
routing network design.
• As almost every field of life, GIS can help in achieving excellence in transportation as well.
It significantly aids in planning, monitoring and managing complex systems involved in
transportation planning and management more effectively. GIS helps in determining capacity
enhancements, improving operations, and identifying the most strategic investments for
keeping the transportation system in any country running optimally. Let’s understand how we
can use GIS in transportation for better management of road infrastructure.
GIS in highway management
• Highway maintenance management is a critical issue, which can be better harnessed
using GIS. Authorities in many developed countries now actively use GIS for highways and
transport management, mainly due to the benefits of falling costs and increasing ease.
• The most important objective of using GIS is visualization achieved through maps.
With visualization of real-time data, transport planners can easily identify potential issues
that can be addressed more efficiently and economically than with the prevailing methods.
Through detailed GIS maps, this information can be easily conveyed to decision-makers and
the public.

13. Radar survey in Transportation Engineering
• Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is a geophysical method that uses radar pulses to image
the subsurface. This nondestructive method uses electromagnetic radiation in the
microwave band (UHF/VHF frequencies) of the radio spectrum, and detects the reflected
signals from subsurface structures.
• GPR uses high-frequency (usually polarized) radio waves, usually in the range 10 MHz to
2.6 GHz. A GPR transmitter emits electromagnetic energy into the ground. When the
energy encounters a buried object or a boundary between materials having different
permittivity, it may be reflected or refracted or scattered back to the surface. A receiving
antenna can then record the variations in the return signal.

14. • The electrical conductivity of the ground, the transmitted center frequency, and the
radiated power all may limit the effective depth range of GPR investigation.
Increases in electrical conductivity lessen the introduced electromagnetic wave, and
thus the penetration depth decreases. Because of frequency-dependent restriction
mechanisms, higher frequencies do not penetrate as far as lower frequencies.
However, higher frequencies may provide improved resolution.
• Thus, operating frequency is always a trade-off between resolution and penetration.
Optimal depth of subsurface penetration is achieved in ice where the depth of
penetration can achieve several thousand meters (to bedrock in Greenland) at low
GPR frequencies. Dry sandy soils or massive dry materials such as granite,
limestone, and concrete tend to be resistive rather than conductive, and the depth of
penetration could be up to 15 metres (49 ft). However, in moist or clay-laden soils
and materials with high electrical conductivity, penetration may be as little as a few
centimeters. Engineering applications include nondestructive testing (NDT) of
structures and pavements, locating buried structures and utility lines, and studying
soils and bedrock.