Here are the answers:
1. Occurs when something is instantly concluded to be true just because it is not proven to be false, and vice versa - Appeal to Ignorance
2. Occurs when an argument is considered to be valid because it is what the majority thinks - Bandwagon
3. Occurs when two or more points are rolled into one and the reader is expected to accept or reject both at the same time, when one point may be satisfactory while the other is not - Complex Question
4. Occurs when an arguer presents his/her argument as one of only two options despite the presence of multiple possibilities - False Dilemma
5. Occurs when a series of increasingly
Case Study 10.1 Introduction to the Case Study Introduction to.docxtidwellveronique
Case Study / 10.1 Introduction to the Case Study
Introduction to the Case Study
This last chapter is different from the others. Instead of introducing a new area of critical thinking, it is a capstone activity in which you will apply the skills you've learned to one contemporary, controversial issue.
The topic for this case study is global climate change. Because it is beyond the scope of this course to thoroughly evaluate a complex scientific topic, you will not be expected to form a position or offer your opinion on this topic. Rather, the material in this chapter is presented for you to practice evaluating arguments, identifying fallacies, and questioning sources—with the hope that you will continue to apply these skills whenever you encounter material aimed to persuade.
This chapter won't present any new exposition. Instead, we provide some relevant review notes that have been excerpted from the earlier chapters. You can consult these notes if you need a refresher as you work through the final videos, articles, and questions in the course.
REVIEW NOTES
Arguments
To say that something is true is to make a claim. But to give reasons to believe that it is true is to make an argument. Thus all arguments consist of at least two parts:
1. premise – one or more reasons to support the claim
2. conclusion – the claim being supported
Common Fallacies
Fallacy:a type of flawed reasoning
1. Begging the question: fallacy where the argument relies on a premise that resembles the conclusion, depends on the conclusion, or is as controversial as the conclusion.
2. Appeal to popularity: fallacy where the arguer attempts to bolster his or her argument by mentioning that "everybody" (or a large group of people) shares the same belief, preference, or habit.
3. Post hoc ergo propter hoc: fallacy where the arguer assumes that because there is a correlation between two events (i.e., one preceded the other), then the first must have caused the second. The phrase is Latin for "after this, therefore because of this."
4. Appeal to ignorance: fallacy where the arguer claims that because something cannot be proven false, it must be true unless the opponent can disprove the conclusion.
5. Appeal to emotion: fallacy where the arguer tries to persuade the audience by arousing feelings such as pity, fear, patriotism, flattery, etc. in lieu of presenting rational arguments.
6. Unqualified authority: fallacy where the arguer tries to get people to agree by appealing to the reputation of someone who is not an expert in the field or otherwise qualified to prove that something is true.
7. Ad hominem: fallacy where the arguer attacks his or her opponent's personal characteristics, qualifications, or circumstances instead of the argument presented. The phrase is Latin for "to the man."
8. False dichotomy: fallacy where the arguer inaccurately portrays a circumstance as having a limited number of possible outcomes, thus setting up an either-or situation with the intent of prese ...
WRITING ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAYSFor most people, the true testsarantatersall
WRITING ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAYS
For most people, the true test of their critical thinking skills comes when they write an argumentative essay, one that takes a stand on an issue and uses logic and evidence to convince readers. When you write an argument, you follow the same process you use when you write any essay. However, because the purpose of an argument is to change the way readers think, you need to use some additional strategies to present your ideas to your audience.
A)
Planning an Argumentative Essay
1) Choosing a Debatable Topic
Because an argumentative essay attempts to change the way people think, it must focus on a
debatable topic
, one about which reasonable people may disagree. Factual statements—verifiable assertions about which reasonable people do not disagree—are, therefore, not suitable as topics for argument.
Fact:
First-year students are not required to purchase a meal plan from the university.
Debatable Topic:
First-year students should be required to purchase a meal plan from the university.
Your topic should be narrow enough so that you can write about it within your page limit. Remember, in your argumentative essay, you will have to develop your own ideas and present convincing support while also pointing out the strengths and weaknesses of opposing arguments. If your topic is too broad, you will not be able to treat it in enough detail.
In addition, your topic should be interesting to you and to your readers. Keep in mind that some topics—such as “The Need for Gun Control” or “The Fairness of the Death Penalty”—have been discussed and written about so often that you may not be able to say anything new or interesting about them. Instead of relying on an overused topic, choose one that enables you to contribute something to the debate.
2) Developing an Argumentative Thesis
After you have chosen a topic, your next step is to state your position in an
argumentative thesis
, one that takes a strong stand. Properly worded, this thesis statement lays the foundation for the rest of your argument. One way to make sure that your thesis statement actually does take a stand is to formulate an
antithesis
, a statement that takes the opposite position. If you can state an antithesis, your thesis statement takes a stand.
Thesis Statement:
Term limits would improve government by bringing people with fresh ideas into office every few years.
Antithesis:
Term limits would harm government because elected officials would always be inexperienced.
To make sure your argumentative thesis is effective, ask the following questions:
Is your thesis one with which reasonable people would disagree?
Can you formulate an antithesis?
Can your thesis be supported by evidence?
Does your thesis make clear to readers what position you are taking?
3) Defining Your Terms
You should always define the key terms you use in your argument— especially those you use in your thesis statement. After all, the soundness of an ...
Case Study 10.1 Introduction to the Case Study Introduction to.docxtidwellveronique
Case Study / 10.1 Introduction to the Case Study
Introduction to the Case Study
This last chapter is different from the others. Instead of introducing a new area of critical thinking, it is a capstone activity in which you will apply the skills you've learned to one contemporary, controversial issue.
The topic for this case study is global climate change. Because it is beyond the scope of this course to thoroughly evaluate a complex scientific topic, you will not be expected to form a position or offer your opinion on this topic. Rather, the material in this chapter is presented for you to practice evaluating arguments, identifying fallacies, and questioning sources—with the hope that you will continue to apply these skills whenever you encounter material aimed to persuade.
This chapter won't present any new exposition. Instead, we provide some relevant review notes that have been excerpted from the earlier chapters. You can consult these notes if you need a refresher as you work through the final videos, articles, and questions in the course.
REVIEW NOTES
Arguments
To say that something is true is to make a claim. But to give reasons to believe that it is true is to make an argument. Thus all arguments consist of at least two parts:
1. premise – one or more reasons to support the claim
2. conclusion – the claim being supported
Common Fallacies
Fallacy:a type of flawed reasoning
1. Begging the question: fallacy where the argument relies on a premise that resembles the conclusion, depends on the conclusion, or is as controversial as the conclusion.
2. Appeal to popularity: fallacy where the arguer attempts to bolster his or her argument by mentioning that "everybody" (or a large group of people) shares the same belief, preference, or habit.
3. Post hoc ergo propter hoc: fallacy where the arguer assumes that because there is a correlation between two events (i.e., one preceded the other), then the first must have caused the second. The phrase is Latin for "after this, therefore because of this."
4. Appeal to ignorance: fallacy where the arguer claims that because something cannot be proven false, it must be true unless the opponent can disprove the conclusion.
5. Appeal to emotion: fallacy where the arguer tries to persuade the audience by arousing feelings such as pity, fear, patriotism, flattery, etc. in lieu of presenting rational arguments.
6. Unqualified authority: fallacy where the arguer tries to get people to agree by appealing to the reputation of someone who is not an expert in the field or otherwise qualified to prove that something is true.
7. Ad hominem: fallacy where the arguer attacks his or her opponent's personal characteristics, qualifications, or circumstances instead of the argument presented. The phrase is Latin for "to the man."
8. False dichotomy: fallacy where the arguer inaccurately portrays a circumstance as having a limited number of possible outcomes, thus setting up an either-or situation with the intent of prese ...
WRITING ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAYSFor most people, the true testsarantatersall
WRITING ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAYS
For most people, the true test of their critical thinking skills comes when they write an argumentative essay, one that takes a stand on an issue and uses logic and evidence to convince readers. When you write an argument, you follow the same process you use when you write any essay. However, because the purpose of an argument is to change the way readers think, you need to use some additional strategies to present your ideas to your audience.
A)
Planning an Argumentative Essay
1) Choosing a Debatable Topic
Because an argumentative essay attempts to change the way people think, it must focus on a
debatable topic
, one about which reasonable people may disagree. Factual statements—verifiable assertions about which reasonable people do not disagree—are, therefore, not suitable as topics for argument.
Fact:
First-year students are not required to purchase a meal plan from the university.
Debatable Topic:
First-year students should be required to purchase a meal plan from the university.
Your topic should be narrow enough so that you can write about it within your page limit. Remember, in your argumentative essay, you will have to develop your own ideas and present convincing support while also pointing out the strengths and weaknesses of opposing arguments. If your topic is too broad, you will not be able to treat it in enough detail.
In addition, your topic should be interesting to you and to your readers. Keep in mind that some topics—such as “The Need for Gun Control” or “The Fairness of the Death Penalty”—have been discussed and written about so often that you may not be able to say anything new or interesting about them. Instead of relying on an overused topic, choose one that enables you to contribute something to the debate.
2) Developing an Argumentative Thesis
After you have chosen a topic, your next step is to state your position in an
argumentative thesis
, one that takes a strong stand. Properly worded, this thesis statement lays the foundation for the rest of your argument. One way to make sure that your thesis statement actually does take a stand is to formulate an
antithesis
, a statement that takes the opposite position. If you can state an antithesis, your thesis statement takes a stand.
Thesis Statement:
Term limits would improve government by bringing people with fresh ideas into office every few years.
Antithesis:
Term limits would harm government because elected officials would always be inexperienced.
To make sure your argumentative thesis is effective, ask the following questions:
Is your thesis one with which reasonable people would disagree?
Can you formulate an antithesis?
Can your thesis be supported by evidence?
Does your thesis make clear to readers what position you are taking?
3) Defining Your Terms
You should always define the key terms you use in your argument— especially those you use in your thesis statement. After all, the soundness of an ...
---- Please Follow the instructions ----
Essay #5
Argument Essay
Purpose:
To demonstrate our ability to write a well-supported essay; to show our ability to do accurate works cited pages; to demonstrate our ability to cite sources using MLA format.
Audience:
people who may be unfamiliar with this topic
Paper format:
typed, double-spaced using Times New Roman and 12 pt. font; 1" margins all round; original title; name and date; separate Works Cited page; correct essay formatting and indentation of paragraphs. I will provide you with the correct Works Cited page. All you will have to do is copy it.
Note:
This paper
must
be handed in by the due date.
I will not accept any late papers.
Grade Distribution:
Rough Draft: 30 points
Accurate Works Cited Page: 20 points
Essay: 500 points
Assignment:
Write a 4-5 page argumentative paper on the following topic: Who Needs Privacy? You
must
use the following articles which are in your Week 12 Module to support your thesis and claims: "Tracking Is an Assault on Liberty" by Nicolas Carr; "Web Users Get as Much as They Give" by Jim Harper; and
"Facebook
Is Using You" by Lori Andrews. You
must
have two quotes from each of the three articles related to your topic. I will not accept any other sources that the three mentioned above.
You may not use I believe, I think, or In my opinion anywhere in your essay!
Essay Specifics:
Before you begin writing your essay, it would help if you created an outline to follow. The type of outline you create will depend on whether your readers primarily agree or disagree with you. Below are two examples:
Readers Primarily Agree with You
Strengthen their convictions by organizing your argument around a series of reasons backed by supporting evidence or by refuting opposing arguments point by point.
I. Present the Issue
II. Provide a thesis statement -
a direct statement of your position
III. Present your most plausible reasons and evidence
IV. Concede or refute opposing reasons or objections to your argument
V. Conclude:
Reaffirm your position
Readers Primarily Disagree with You
Begin by emphasizing common ground, and make a concession to show that you have considered the opposing position carefully and with an open mind.
I. Present the Issue:
Reframe the issue in terms of common values
II. Concede:
Acknowledge the wisdom of an aspect of the opposing position
III. Provide a thesis statement
- a direct statement of your position, qualified as necessary
IV. Present your most plausible reasons and evidence
V. Conclude:
Reiterate shared values
Whatever organizational strategy you adopt, do not hesitate to change your outline as necessary while drafting and revising. For instance, you might find it more effective to hold back on presenting your own position until you have discussed unacceptable alternatives. or you might if find a more powerful way to order the reasons for supporting your position. Th.
Those 3 journal entries are a minimum of 250 words for each id.docxVannaJoy20
Those 3 journal entries are a minimum of 250 words for each idea
reflection per idea reflection. You can go longer on text or video if needed.
If you are doing text it would run about 2000 words for the three weeks of
reflections and about 2750 words in the final journal which will cover four
weeks.
The format is your choice depending on your comfort level with technology
and what you feel best fits your topic and creative inspiration. It could be a
written Word doc. It could be a video. You could include your own creative
work such as photographs, memes, graphics, artwork, poems, songs,
graphs, diagrams, and tables. You can also use PowerPoint (link from
Google Drive in your assignment post), Prezi, or an audio file. Include links
to what is being discussed in your reflections when its from something
other than our course. If you are using video and it is a file smaller than 500
mb you can upload it directly to Canvas.
This can be a painless and enjoyable learning process if you do it regularly.
If an idea grabs you as you are reading the Canvas site or the Our Own
Worst Enemy book, do a short write-up. If you wait until a day before it’s
due, or worse, the day of, it will be unpleasant.
Credible sources are a must
As you analyze the different ideas, your evaluation of the pluses and
minuses of each idea is up to you. You will not be graded or judged
on your beliefs and values. This course is about reflecting on critical
political questions and issues and learning how to think, not what to
think. You are required to include citations and supporting evidence
for all your views. See the next page for definitions of credible
sources. Use it as a checklist. If it meets all the criteria use the
source. If it doesn't meet all criteria don't use it. You are responsible
for vetting your sources before using them in this course!
https://ucdenver.instructure.com/courses/488814/pages/how-to-get-a-better-grade-on-an-assignment
https://ucdenver.instructure.com/courses/488814/pages/how-to-get-a-better-grade-on-an-assignment
How to Get a Better Grade on an
Assignment
To improve your grade on assignments use the following list of things to do
and things to avoid. Use it as a checklist as you edit your assignment. The
more checks the better your grade will be.
Above all remember as you analyze different perspectives, your
evaluation of the relative strengths and weaknesses of any political
position is up to you. You will not be graded or judged on your beliefs
and values. This course is about teaching you HOW to think, not
WHAT to think. I do not care if you are Republican, Democrat, Right or
Left or none of the above. What is important is to make the best
possible argument you can for your position. The tips on this page
will help you do just that. It begins with the six most common
mistakes that I've seen in assignments.
A) The Big Six:
1: Thoroughly read through the assignment prompt and mak.
Research Paper---A Clear Line of ReasoningHere is a model oumyrljjcpoarch
Research Paper---A Clear Line of Reasoning
Here is a model outline for a research paper on Latinos and low graduation rates put together by a student named Susana. While Susana was required to submit an essay outline before submitting her essay, I decided not to require an essay outline from you for your research assignment
As you review Susana, keep in mind that no matter your controversial topic, your line of reasoning as you begin to write your essay should be as clear as the one evident in the model outline she has created. When Susana writes her research essay, she will follow her outline to make sure her line of reasoning is clear and adheres to the required pattern of argumentation we appropriated from Aristotle and which was used by Cicero--this outline was given earlier in the semester.
Susana Zumbado
Professor Munoz
English 101
10 November 2016
Research Paper Outline
Main Claim:
In this essay I will argue that charter schools can solve the problem of the low high school graduation rates of Latino males.
I. Introduction
Opening general statement regarding Latinos in education.
Focused thesis statement regarding charter schools as an answer to low high school graduation rates among Latino males..
II. Historical or Intellectual Background
Brief history of Latinos in American history.
Brief history of Latinos in education and past failed attempts to improve Latino student graduation rates.
III. Support for Main Claim
First of all, charter schools have the freedom to implement innovative teaching strategies that take into consideration Latino male learning styles.
Secondly, charter schools have the flexibility to create small learning communities such as career academies for professions Latino males are interested in..
Finally, charter schools have the freedom to implement character formation programs that cultivate personal values necesary for academic success..
IV. Counterargument and Refutation
Critics of my view would argue that irresponsible parents and a home environment hostile to education are the problem and that public schools work just fine.
However, this view is wrong because it is rooted in cultural and racial stereotyping.
V. Conclusion
Repeat main claim
Closing statement regarding the need for justice and equality in education.
Checklist for Research Paper
I. Have you adhered to MLA format?
Make sure that your essay is formated according to the Modern Language Association's guidelines. The information at the top needs to be complete, and the spacing, centering and margins have to be correct. Refer to Hacker's A Pocket Style Manual for MLA guidelines.
II. Have you offered a general introduction and a clear claim?
Make sure that your opening paragraph starts with
a general introduction
and ends with
a clear claim
that needs to be supported by reasons and evidence in the rest of your essay. It should be not be ambiguous or vague or awkward--it should be crystal clear a ...
Confronting Fake News
I was invited to be the keynote speaker at the LIRT Summit in Fort Worth, TX on September 21, 2018. I invited one of my English professor colleagues to join me so he could discuss his experience with using fake news throughout the first semester English composition class.
---- Please Follow the instructions ----
Essay #5
Argument Essay
Purpose:
To demonstrate our ability to write a well-supported essay; to show our ability to do accurate works cited pages; to demonstrate our ability to cite sources using MLA format.
Audience:
people who may be unfamiliar with this topic
Paper format:
typed, double-spaced using Times New Roman and 12 pt. font; 1" margins all round; original title; name and date; separate Works Cited page; correct essay formatting and indentation of paragraphs. I will provide you with the correct Works Cited page. All you will have to do is copy it.
Note:
This paper
must
be handed in by the due date.
I will not accept any late papers.
Grade Distribution:
Rough Draft: 30 points
Accurate Works Cited Page: 20 points
Essay: 500 points
Assignment:
Write a 4-5 page argumentative paper on the following topic: Who Needs Privacy? You
must
use the following articles which are in your Week 12 Module to support your thesis and claims: "Tracking Is an Assault on Liberty" by Nicolas Carr; "Web Users Get as Much as They Give" by Jim Harper; and
"Facebook
Is Using You" by Lori Andrews. You
must
have two quotes from each of the three articles related to your topic. I will not accept any other sources that the three mentioned above.
You may not use I believe, I think, or In my opinion anywhere in your essay!
Essay Specifics:
Before you begin writing your essay, it would help if you created an outline to follow. The type of outline you create will depend on whether your readers primarily agree or disagree with you. Below are two examples:
Readers Primarily Agree with You
Strengthen their convictions by organizing your argument around a series of reasons backed by supporting evidence or by refuting opposing arguments point by point.
I. Present the Issue
II. Provide a thesis statement -
a direct statement of your position
III. Present your most plausible reasons and evidence
IV. Concede or refute opposing reasons or objections to your argument
V. Conclude:
Reaffirm your position
Readers Primarily Disagree with You
Begin by emphasizing common ground, and make a concession to show that you have considered the opposing position carefully and with an open mind.
I. Present the Issue:
Reframe the issue in terms of common values
II. Concede:
Acknowledge the wisdom of an aspect of the opposing position
III. Provide a thesis statement
- a direct statement of your position, qualified as necessary
IV. Present your most plausible reasons and evidence
V. Conclude:
Reiterate shared values
Whatever organizational strategy you adopt, do not hesitate to change your outline as necessary while drafting and revising. For instance, you might find it more effective to hold back on presenting your own position until you have discussed unacceptable alternatives. or you might if find a more powerful way to order the reasons for supporting your position. Th.
Those 3 journal entries are a minimum of 250 words for each id.docxVannaJoy20
Those 3 journal entries are a minimum of 250 words for each idea
reflection per idea reflection. You can go longer on text or video if needed.
If you are doing text it would run about 2000 words for the three weeks of
reflections and about 2750 words in the final journal which will cover four
weeks.
The format is your choice depending on your comfort level with technology
and what you feel best fits your topic and creative inspiration. It could be a
written Word doc. It could be a video. You could include your own creative
work such as photographs, memes, graphics, artwork, poems, songs,
graphs, diagrams, and tables. You can also use PowerPoint (link from
Google Drive in your assignment post), Prezi, or an audio file. Include links
to what is being discussed in your reflections when its from something
other than our course. If you are using video and it is a file smaller than 500
mb you can upload it directly to Canvas.
This can be a painless and enjoyable learning process if you do it regularly.
If an idea grabs you as you are reading the Canvas site or the Our Own
Worst Enemy book, do a short write-up. If you wait until a day before it’s
due, or worse, the day of, it will be unpleasant.
Credible sources are a must
As you analyze the different ideas, your evaluation of the pluses and
minuses of each idea is up to you. You will not be graded or judged
on your beliefs and values. This course is about reflecting on critical
political questions and issues and learning how to think, not what to
think. You are required to include citations and supporting evidence
for all your views. See the next page for definitions of credible
sources. Use it as a checklist. If it meets all the criteria use the
source. If it doesn't meet all criteria don't use it. You are responsible
for vetting your sources before using them in this course!
https://ucdenver.instructure.com/courses/488814/pages/how-to-get-a-better-grade-on-an-assignment
https://ucdenver.instructure.com/courses/488814/pages/how-to-get-a-better-grade-on-an-assignment
How to Get a Better Grade on an
Assignment
To improve your grade on assignments use the following list of things to do
and things to avoid. Use it as a checklist as you edit your assignment. The
more checks the better your grade will be.
Above all remember as you analyze different perspectives, your
evaluation of the relative strengths and weaknesses of any political
position is up to you. You will not be graded or judged on your beliefs
and values. This course is about teaching you HOW to think, not
WHAT to think. I do not care if you are Republican, Democrat, Right or
Left or none of the above. What is important is to make the best
possible argument you can for your position. The tips on this page
will help you do just that. It begins with the six most common
mistakes that I've seen in assignments.
A) The Big Six:
1: Thoroughly read through the assignment prompt and mak.
Research Paper---A Clear Line of ReasoningHere is a model oumyrljjcpoarch
Research Paper---A Clear Line of Reasoning
Here is a model outline for a research paper on Latinos and low graduation rates put together by a student named Susana. While Susana was required to submit an essay outline before submitting her essay, I decided not to require an essay outline from you for your research assignment
As you review Susana, keep in mind that no matter your controversial topic, your line of reasoning as you begin to write your essay should be as clear as the one evident in the model outline she has created. When Susana writes her research essay, she will follow her outline to make sure her line of reasoning is clear and adheres to the required pattern of argumentation we appropriated from Aristotle and which was used by Cicero--this outline was given earlier in the semester.
Susana Zumbado
Professor Munoz
English 101
10 November 2016
Research Paper Outline
Main Claim:
In this essay I will argue that charter schools can solve the problem of the low high school graduation rates of Latino males.
I. Introduction
Opening general statement regarding Latinos in education.
Focused thesis statement regarding charter schools as an answer to low high school graduation rates among Latino males..
II. Historical or Intellectual Background
Brief history of Latinos in American history.
Brief history of Latinos in education and past failed attempts to improve Latino student graduation rates.
III. Support for Main Claim
First of all, charter schools have the freedom to implement innovative teaching strategies that take into consideration Latino male learning styles.
Secondly, charter schools have the flexibility to create small learning communities such as career academies for professions Latino males are interested in..
Finally, charter schools have the freedom to implement character formation programs that cultivate personal values necesary for academic success..
IV. Counterargument and Refutation
Critics of my view would argue that irresponsible parents and a home environment hostile to education are the problem and that public schools work just fine.
However, this view is wrong because it is rooted in cultural and racial stereotyping.
V. Conclusion
Repeat main claim
Closing statement regarding the need for justice and equality in education.
Checklist for Research Paper
I. Have you adhered to MLA format?
Make sure that your essay is formated according to the Modern Language Association's guidelines. The information at the top needs to be complete, and the spacing, centering and margins have to be correct. Refer to Hacker's A Pocket Style Manual for MLA guidelines.
II. Have you offered a general introduction and a clear claim?
Make sure that your opening paragraph starts with
a general introduction
and ends with
a clear claim
that needs to be supported by reasons and evidence in the rest of your essay. It should be not be ambiguous or vague or awkward--it should be crystal clear a ...
Confronting Fake News
I was invited to be the keynote speaker at the LIRT Summit in Fort Worth, TX on September 21, 2018. I invited one of my English professor colleagues to join me so he could discuss his experience with using fake news throughout the first semester English composition class.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
1. Defends a stand on an issue by presenting
reasonable arguments supported by properly
cited factual evidences
2. “Which would you follow, the decision
that your mind is saying or the choice
that your
heart is dictating?”
3. Fallacy Description Example
False Dilemma Occurs when an arguer
presents
his/her argument as one of only
two options despite the
presence of multiple
possibilities
Either you fully devote
yourself to company or
you quit.
Appeal to Ignorance Occurs when something is
instantly concluded to be true
just because it is not proven to
be false, and vice versa
The writer does not talk
about the connection
between the victim’s killer
and his sister, so there
must be none.
Slippery Slope Occurs when a series of
increasingly superficial and
unacceptable consequences is
drawn
If we ban computer shops,
then students will not be
able to do research. And if
they do not have tools for
research, these students
will fail their subjects.
4. Complex Question Occurs when two or more
points are rolled into one and
the reader is expected to accept
or reject both at the same time,
when one point may be
satisfactory while the other is
not
“Have you stopped
cheating on exams?”
Appeal to Force Occurs when a threat, instead
of
reasoning is used to argue
If you do not admit that
evolution is not real, we
will isolate you from the
group.
Appeal to Pity Occurs when the element of
pity is used instead of logical
reasoning
Please do not fire me for
being absent all month; I
have a sick mother and a
special child to support.
5. Appeal to
Consequences
Occurs when unpleasant
consequences of believing
something are pointed out to
show that the belief is false
You can’t believe that
colonialism is bad,
because if it were, then we
would not be civilized.
Bandwagon Occurs when an argument is
considered to be valid because
it is what the majority thinks
Most Filipinas want to
have fair skin because
they think they look
beautiful. Therefore,
having fair skin must be
the real standard of
beauty.
Attacking the Person Occurs when someone tries to
refute an argument by attacking
the character of a person instead
of attacking the ideas of the
argument
I cannot accept your
argument because, unlike
me, you were not educated
at Harvard University.
6. Appeal to Authority Occurs when the argument
quotes an expert who’s not
qualified in the particular
subject matter
Bill Gates, the co-founder
of Microsoft, recommends
the effective fabric
softening properties of
Downy fabric softener.
Anonymous
Authority
The authority in question is not
mentioned or named
Experts claim that eating
peanuts causes pimples.
Hasty Generalization Occurs when a sample is not
significant enough to support a
generalization about a
population
Martha, the foreigner from
France is very impolite.
French people are mean
and rude.
False Analogy Occurs when a writer assumes
that two concepts that are
similar in some ways are also
similar in other ways
Drugs are like massages:
they make you feel good.
7. Accident Occurs when a general rule is
applied to a situation, even
when it should be an exception
Jaywalking is not allowed,
so you should not have
done that even when you
were being chased by
terrorists.
Post Hoc It is an informal fallacy that
states: “Since event A followed
event B, event A must have
been caused by event B.”
Dina saw cat when they
went home. Along the
way, they crashed into a
tree. The black cat must be
the reason why they met
an accident.
Wrong Direction Occurs when the direction
between cause and effect is
reversed
Liver damage leads to
alcoholism.
Complex Cause Occurs when the explanation
for an event is reduced to one
thing when there are other
factors which also contributed
to the event
We were not able to solve
the problem because of
limited time, even if all the
other groups were able to
do so.
8. Irrelevant Conclusion Occurs when an argument
which is supposed to prove
something concludes
something else instead
We must support the fight
for gender equality between men
and women.
Women have suffered
enough violence at home.
Violence against women
must be stopped.
Straw Man Occurs when the position of the
opposition is twisted so that it is
easier to refute
Opponent: We should
relax the law governing
the allowed smoking areas
in the city.
Fallacy: We should not do
so, because the number of
smokers might increase.
Affirming the
Consequent
Any argument of the form: If A
is true then B is true; If B is true
therefore A is true
If you are drinking wine,
you have a problem.
Therefore, if you have a
problem, you are drinking
wine.
9. Denying the
Antecedent
Any argument of the form: If A
is true then B id true; If A is not
true then B is not true
If you are drinking wine,
you have a problem.
Therefore, if you are not
drinking wine, you do not
have a problem.
Inconsistency Occurs when arguments
contradict one another
Frank is older than Jake,
Jake is older than Noli and
Noli is older than Frank.
10. B. FACTORS ON AUTHENTICITY AND VALIDITY OF
EVIDENCES/INFORMATION
1. Relevance of the Source
• ● How well does the source support your stand?
• ● You can check the title, table of contents, summary, introduction or
• headings of the text to have a sense of its content.
2. Authority/Author’s Qualifications
● Is the author’s name identified?
● Is the author’s background, education or training related to the topic?
● If the source does not have an author, think twice before using it.
● Legitimate academic texts must include citations. Citations demonstrate
• that the writer has thoroughly researched the topic and is not plagiarizing
• the material.
11. B. FACTORS ON AUTHENTICITY AND VALIDITY OF
EVIDENCES/INFORMATION
3. Currency/Date of Publication
● What is the date of the publication?
● In most fields, the data from the older publications may no longer be valid.
• As much as possible, the date pf publication should be at most five years
earlier.
4. Contents/Accuracy of Information
● Does the author have a lot of citations in his or her text and/or bibliography
or works cited section?
● You do not want to use source that is disputable, so make sure to verify your
findings with multiple sources.
12. 5. Location of Sources
● Where was the source published? Was it published digitally or in print?
● Is it a book, an academic journal or a reputable news source as
www.nytimes.com or www.economist.com?
● Does it provide complete publication information such as author/s, editor/s,
title, date of publication and publisher?
● What is the URL of the website?
● Avoid using blogs or personal homepage and wiki sites (Wikipedia,
Wiktionary, Wikiquotes)
● If the URL includes the top-level domain .edu, then that means that it has
been published by an academic institution such as university
● Common URLs include .gov (government), .org (organizations), .com
(commercial sites) and .net (network infrastructures). In academic writing,
reputable sites are those with .edu, .gov, .net and .org in URL.
13. C. PRESENTATION OF REASONABLE ARGUMENTS
AND FACTUAL
EVIDENCES TO DEFEND A STAND
Guidelines in presentation of reasonable arguments and factual
evidences to defend a stand:
● C - ontains a clear proposition or statement that must be defended
● A - ssesses conflicting opinions or opposing views on the issue
● T - akes a firm stand on the issue
● L - ists arguments in an organized manner to defend the stand
● C -onsider your audience/reader
14.
15. Instructions: Read each statement below and identify what it describes by
choosing the word in the word pool. Write your answers in a separate sheet
of paper.
