This document provides an introduction to discourse analysis. Discourse analysis deals with the study of language use and overlaps with pragmatics. A text can be seen as a subcategory of discourse, as it must be coherent both internally and with respect to the context of the situation. Cohesion refers to relationships between linguistic elements in a text, such as words and phrases. For a text to have coherence, it must have an identifiable topic, function, and structure that is consistent with the discourse situation. Conversation analysis examines principles such as turn-taking that govern spoken, interactive discourse. Discourse analysis covers approaches to studying language beyond the sentence level and how it relates to social practices and systems of thought.

1. Submitted To:
Mam Madiha Neelam
Prepared By:
Sadia Naimat Ali
Roll No: 06

2. Discourse Analysis

3. INTRODUCTION
Discourse analysis is
one of the disciplines that deals with the
study of language use and it therefore in part
overlaps with pragmatics.

4. TEXT CAN BE SEEN AS A SUBCATEGORY OF DISCOURSE: "A TEXT IS A
PASSAGE OF DISCOURSE WHICH IS COHERENT WITH RESPECT TO THE
CONTEXT OF SITUATION [...]; AND IT IS COHERENT WITH RESPECT TO ITSELF,
AND THEREFORE COHESIVE" (HALLIDAY & HASAN. 1976. COHESION IN
ENGLISH).
Text & Discourse

5. COHESION REFERS TO RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE
LINGUISTIC ELEMENTS IN A TEXT, I.E. BETWEEN WORDS,
PHRASES, AND CLAUSES.
IF ANY TEXT IS THEMATICALLY CONNECTED THEN IT HAS
COHESION.
Cohesion

6. Coherence
● A text has to have (external) coherence,
i.e. it has to be consistent with the
discourse situation in which it takes
place. This implies:
● having a recognisable discourse topic
● having a recognisable discourse
function, and
● having a plausible discourse structure.

7. Coherence implies;
● Having a recognisable discourse topic
●
● Having a recognisable discourse
function
And
● Having a plausible discourse structure

8. ● Information structure
● Topic
● Comment
● Focus
● Communicative Structure

9. Non-canonical construction as
discourse strategies
● English being an analytic language with a
fixed, canonical word order (SVO) leaves
little room for marking textual
coherence and information structure
through word order variation.

10. Conversation analysis
● Apart from these general principles of
discourse organisation that apply to
both spoken and written discourse,
some organisational principles govern
only in interactive, which is usually
spoken, conversational discourse.

11. Conversation analysis
● turn-taking
● getting and holding the (conversational)
floor
● adjacency pairs
● closing sequences
● pausing

12. Conclusion
DISCOURSE ANALYSIS (DA) is a modern
discipline of the social sciences that covers a wide
variety of different sociolinguistic approaches.It
aims to study and analyse the use of discourse in
at least one of the three ways as follows:
● Language beyond the level of a sentence
● Language behaviours linked to social practices
● Language as a system of thought