Aspects of the ecology of fruit flies in ugandaBrian Isabirye
Fruit flies cause about 40% fruit loss in Africa, and about 73% in Uganda. Design of IPM strategies for fruit flies requires knowledge of their biology. Was limited to Nakasinga, 2002; Nemeye, 2005; Okullokwany, 2006. It is not clear how: Diversity has been shaped by hosts, distribution and envital variability.
Highly cryptic and inter-intra-specific morphological variation (Clarke et al., 2005; Drew et al., 2008) among Bactrocera spp. turns out.
Will change in climate alter the suitability and distribution of species?
Extrapolation suitability for improved vegetable technologies in Babati Distr...africa-rising
Presented by Francis Muthoni, Justus Ochieng, Jean-Marc Delore, Phillipo J. Lukumay, and Inviolata Dominic at the Power on Your Plate Summit, Arusha, Tanzania, 25-28 January 2021.
Aspects of the ecology of fruit flies in ugandaBrian Isabirye
Fruit flies cause about 40% fruit loss in Africa, and about 73% in Uganda. Design of IPM strategies for fruit flies requires knowledge of their biology. Was limited to Nakasinga, 2002; Nemeye, 2005; Okullokwany, 2006. It is not clear how: Diversity has been shaped by hosts, distribution and envital variability.
Highly cryptic and inter-intra-specific morphological variation (Clarke et al., 2005; Drew et al., 2008) among Bactrocera spp. turns out.
Will change in climate alter the suitability and distribution of species?
Extrapolation suitability for improved vegetable technologies in Babati Distr...africa-rising
Presented by Francis Muthoni, Justus Ochieng, Jean-Marc Delore, Phillipo J. Lukumay, and Inviolata Dominic at the Power on Your Plate Summit, Arusha, Tanzania, 25-28 January 2021.
Impact of Frontline Demonstration (Fld’s) On Adoption Behavior of Soybean Gro...iosrjce
The main objective of the FLD is to demonstrate newly released crop production and protection
technology and its management practices on the farmer‟s field by the scientists themselves before taking it into
main extension system of State Department of Agriculture under different agro-climatic regions and in real
farming system. Presently the FLDs are mainly conducted through KVKs in all over the country. This is the
mandatory function of KVK to remove lack of knowledge and constraints in the adoption of improved soybean
production technology. Keeping all these views in mind, the present investigation entitled “Study on knowledge
and adoption level of soybean growers through Front Line Demonstrations (FLDs‟) in Ujjain district of M.P.”
For this purpose the data collected on a well prepared interview schedule. through personal interview method
by the investigator. The major findings of the study is majority of the respondents (beneficiaries of FLD
programme and non-beneficiaries) possessed medium level of adoption level. The „t‟ test indicated that there is
a significant difference between scores mean of both the group. Thus, it can be stated that, there is an impact of
FLD programme on the adoption level of the soybean growers.
Attitudes of Vegetable Farmers towards Risk In Al-Mafraq Governorate – JordanEditor IJAIEM
Ebraheem Suliman Yousef AL-Tahat
Jerash University, 26150 Jerash, Jerash, Jordan
ABSTRACT
The main objective of this study is to examine vegetable farmers’ attitudes towards risk in Al-Mafraq Governorate. A random
sample of 68 vegetable farmers in Al-Mafraq Governorate was selected. In order to measure risk attitudes, utility functions for
vegetable farmers in Al-Mafraq Governorate were estimated. For this purpose, Von Neumann– Morgenstern model was used.
Based on the estimated utility functions, risk attitudes coefficient for each farmer was measured. Studying farmer’s attitudes
towards risk is very important in the decision-making process. These attitudes are considered to be the main constraints to the
adoption rates of vegetable technology by farmers. Consequently, vegetable production is affected by these attitudes. Of the total
random sample of 68 farmers in Al-Mafraq Governorate, a purpose sample of 30 vegetable farmers was selected, i.e. 12
farmers (40%), 14 farmers (47%), and 4 farmers (13%) were falling into three categories: risk avert, risk neutral and risk taker,
respectively. They gave answers, which can be used for the purpose of utility function estimation. It is believed that those
farmers took the subject seriously so that their decisions are good indications of their preferred choices. To analyze the
relationship between farmers' personal characteristics such as age, education, farm size, family size, and experience in
agriculture and their risk attitudes, a multiple linear regression model was used, The risk – coefficient is taken as the
dependent variable, while the farmers' characteristics are taken as independent variables. The regression results of the study
indicated that the coefficient of the intercept, the coefficient of age (X1), the coefficient of educational level (X2), were
statistically significant at 5% of the significance level. The coefficient of family size (X5), the coefficient of farm size (X3), were
statistically significant at 10% of the significance level. The coefficient of agricultural experience (X4) was not statistically
significant.
Sources of Risk and Management Strategies among Farmers in Rice Post Harvest ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The study examined sources of risk and management strategies among farmers in rice post harvest management in Niger State. The research was undertaken in five Local Government Areas of Niger State, namely Katcha, Lavun, Paikoro, Shiroro and Wushishi. Data obtained for the research was achieved through questionnaires administered to 200 farmers selected using multi-stage sampling techniques. Descriptive statistics was used for data analysis. The study showed that rice post harvest management is carried out by subsistence farmer with average farm size of 2.7ha and are of active productive age of 31-50 years, who have 24 years farming experience in the rice post harvest management. The study revealed that farmers in the study area are affected by production risk, financial risk, human or personal risk, market or price risk and technological risk sources. The farmers have adopted prevention, mitigation and coping with risk as management strategies. Based on the findings the study recommended provision of credit facilities, rice post harvest machineries at subsidized rate, rural infrastructures, cooperative formation, use of extension officer and proper storage facilities.
Capsicum (Capsicum annuum L.) commonly known as bhede khursani or sweet pepper or Shimla mirch belongs to solanaceae family.
It is native to Mexico with secondary centre of origin at Guatemala and Bulgaria (Safford, 1926).
It is a high value crop and its fruits are highly nutritious.
Hundred gram of edible portion of capsicum provides 24 k cal of energy, 1.3 g of protein 4.3 g of carbohydrate and 0.3 g of fat (Anon. 2001)
Agricultural Restructuring in Vietnamese Mekong Delta: Economic Analysis of R...IJEABJ
The study examined the economic analysis of sesame production compliant withagricultural restructuring plan in rural areas of Vietnamese Mekong Delta. Conditional non-probability sampling technique was employed to select 90 respondents who have produced sesame rotationally on rice field in summer-autumn crop season. Primary data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics including percentage, frequency and farm budget model. Gross Margin analysis was used to estimate cost, returns sesame production in the study area. The study revealed that the average cost, revenue, gross margins of production per hectare was 17.60, 37.38 and 20.56 million VND, respectively.Moreover,the average rate of returnsalsoindicated that with every 1,000 VND invested to sesame production, a farmer made a profit of 1,390 VND. As a result, it can be concluded that sesame farming is profitable in the context of agricultural restructuring strategy from rice to other crops in Mekong Delta region. It is recommended that smallholders should take initiative in participation in sesame cooperatives and ‘big field’ model to be more beneficial to inputs price, harvested machine and formal credit in the beginning of each season.
Practices and Knowledge on Environmental and Health Hazards of Pesticides Use...Kenneth Barrientos
An Undergraduate Thesis presented during the Philippine Association of State Universities and Colleges-Region VI Student Research Symposium held at Iloilo City, Philippines on February 2013.
A Critical Analysis of Banana Cultivation in Thoothukudi District of Tamil Naduijtsrd
Banana is a very popular fruit due to its low price and high nutritive value. The study was conducted at Thoothukudi district of Tamil Nadu. Two blocks in Thoothukudi were selected for this study and 120 respondents were selected from two villages in each block by proportionate random sampling method to assess the extent of knowledge and adoption of banana cultivation technologies by banana growers and also 40 banana growing farmers who adopted drip-irrigation system were selected as purposively for assessing the performance of drip-irrigation in banana cultivation. The study here explored the extent of knowledge and adoption level of banana growers and performance of drip-irrigation in banana cultivation. With respect to knowledge and adoption level of banana growers, majority of the respondents 54.17 per cent had high level of knowledge on banana cultivation technologies and 87.50 per cent had medium to high level of adoption of banana cultivation technologies. With regard to the performance of drip-irrigation in banana cultivation, the benefits as perceived by the drip adopted banana growers were reduced weed growth, less labour requirement for irrigation, weed management, fertilizer application and also increases the water use efficiency. These studies also suggested that necessary follow up help should be given to the drip adopted banana growers after installation by the company and impart trainings to banana growers on maintenance of drip-irrigation equipment. N. Amaladeepan | J. Pushpa"A Critical Analysis of Banana Cultivation in Thoothukudi District of Tamil Nadu" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd15816.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/social-science/15816/a-critical-analysis-of-banana-cultivation-in-thoothukudi-district-of-tamil-nadu/n-amaladeepan
Control of Mites and Thrips and its Impact on the Yield of Avocado cv. “Hass”...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— For social and economic reasons Avocado is an important crop; however, some arthropods, of which mites are especially important, can limit its production, as is the case in the state of Guerrero. In order to determine which treatment is the best for controlling these pests, an experiment was carried out in Filo de Caballos, Guerrero, where five treatments were applied, together with an absolute control. Sampling was continuous, and the mites found in each treatment were counted. The treatment was applied when the economic threshold of 10 mites/leaf/tree was reached. The best treatments for controlling mites were T1 (abamectin and azadirachtin), and T3 (abamectin and imidacloprid), with 8 and 10 applications each. The population of thrips never reached the economic threshold; their densities were low throughout the experiment. Treatments 4, 1, 3, 2, and 5 had higher weights and they were classified into the “Extra” caliber. The fruits with the greatest length were those from treatments 4, 1, 3, 2 and 5, ordered decreasingly according to their size. Regarding fruit quality, the differences were not well marked among the treatments. The choice of control to be used is left to the farmers; however, it is necessary to remember that there are alternatives to the control of mites and thrips that help to increase caliber, size, and fruit quality.
New dryland legume and cereal varieties for genetic intensification in semi-a...africa-rising
Poster prepared by Wills Munthali, Peter Ngowi, Elirehema Swai, James Mwololo, Bekunda Mateete and Patrick Okori for the Africa RISING ESA Project Review and Planning Meeting, Lilongwe, Malawi, 3–5 October 2018.
Challenges in Pineapple Cultivation A Case Study of Pineapple Orchards in Tri...ijtsrd
Pineapple is an important fruit crop in Tripura. Pineapple production in Tripura has been ups and downs in the past decades due to several reasons. Therefore, in the present study an attempt has been made to look into to the problems encountered by the pineapple growers. The study is set in four 4 districts of Tripura, with 300 sample surveyed by multi stage sampling technique. The data thus obtained is analysed by Likert scale and rank method. The findings point that there are as many as 7 major heads of problems, out which no adequate labourer, especially for harvesting is the main challenge faced by the growers. P C Nunfela Darlong "Challenges in Pineapple Cultivation: A Case Study of Pineapple Orchards in Tripura" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd61350.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/economics/61350/challenges-in-pineapple-cultivation-a-case-study-of-pineapple-orchards-in-tripura/p-c-nunfela-darlong
1.Wireless Communication System_Wireless communication is a broad term that i...JeyaPerumal1
Wireless communication involves the transmission of information over a distance without the help of wires, cables or any other forms of electrical conductors.
Wireless communication is a broad term that incorporates all procedures and forms of connecting and communicating between two or more devices using a wireless signal through wireless communication technologies and devices.
Features of Wireless Communication
The evolution of wireless technology has brought many advancements with its effective features.
The transmitted distance can be anywhere between a few meters (for example, a television's remote control) and thousands of kilometers (for example, radio communication).
Wireless communication can be used for cellular telephony, wireless access to the internet, wireless home networking, and so on.
Impact of Frontline Demonstration (Fld’s) On Adoption Behavior of Soybean Gro...iosrjce
The main objective of the FLD is to demonstrate newly released crop production and protection
technology and its management practices on the farmer‟s field by the scientists themselves before taking it into
main extension system of State Department of Agriculture under different agro-climatic regions and in real
farming system. Presently the FLDs are mainly conducted through KVKs in all over the country. This is the
mandatory function of KVK to remove lack of knowledge and constraints in the adoption of improved soybean
production technology. Keeping all these views in mind, the present investigation entitled “Study on knowledge
and adoption level of soybean growers through Front Line Demonstrations (FLDs‟) in Ujjain district of M.P.”
For this purpose the data collected on a well prepared interview schedule. through personal interview method
by the investigator. The major findings of the study is majority of the respondents (beneficiaries of FLD
programme and non-beneficiaries) possessed medium level of adoption level. The „t‟ test indicated that there is
a significant difference between scores mean of both the group. Thus, it can be stated that, there is an impact of
FLD programme on the adoption level of the soybean growers.
Attitudes of Vegetable Farmers towards Risk In Al-Mafraq Governorate – JordanEditor IJAIEM
Ebraheem Suliman Yousef AL-Tahat
Jerash University, 26150 Jerash, Jerash, Jordan
ABSTRACT
The main objective of this study is to examine vegetable farmers’ attitudes towards risk in Al-Mafraq Governorate. A random
sample of 68 vegetable farmers in Al-Mafraq Governorate was selected. In order to measure risk attitudes, utility functions for
vegetable farmers in Al-Mafraq Governorate were estimated. For this purpose, Von Neumann– Morgenstern model was used.
Based on the estimated utility functions, risk attitudes coefficient for each farmer was measured. Studying farmer’s attitudes
towards risk is very important in the decision-making process. These attitudes are considered to be the main constraints to the
adoption rates of vegetable technology by farmers. Consequently, vegetable production is affected by these attitudes. Of the total
random sample of 68 farmers in Al-Mafraq Governorate, a purpose sample of 30 vegetable farmers was selected, i.e. 12
farmers (40%), 14 farmers (47%), and 4 farmers (13%) were falling into three categories: risk avert, risk neutral and risk taker,
respectively. They gave answers, which can be used for the purpose of utility function estimation. It is believed that those
farmers took the subject seriously so that their decisions are good indications of their preferred choices. To analyze the
relationship between farmers' personal characteristics such as age, education, farm size, family size, and experience in
agriculture and their risk attitudes, a multiple linear regression model was used, The risk – coefficient is taken as the
dependent variable, while the farmers' characteristics are taken as independent variables. The regression results of the study
indicated that the coefficient of the intercept, the coefficient of age (X1), the coefficient of educational level (X2), were
statistically significant at 5% of the significance level. The coefficient of family size (X5), the coefficient of farm size (X3), were
statistically significant at 10% of the significance level. The coefficient of agricultural experience (X4) was not statistically
significant.
Sources of Risk and Management Strategies among Farmers in Rice Post Harvest ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The study examined sources of risk and management strategies among farmers in rice post harvest management in Niger State. The research was undertaken in five Local Government Areas of Niger State, namely Katcha, Lavun, Paikoro, Shiroro and Wushishi. Data obtained for the research was achieved through questionnaires administered to 200 farmers selected using multi-stage sampling techniques. Descriptive statistics was used for data analysis. The study showed that rice post harvest management is carried out by subsistence farmer with average farm size of 2.7ha and are of active productive age of 31-50 years, who have 24 years farming experience in the rice post harvest management. The study revealed that farmers in the study area are affected by production risk, financial risk, human or personal risk, market or price risk and technological risk sources. The farmers have adopted prevention, mitigation and coping with risk as management strategies. Based on the findings the study recommended provision of credit facilities, rice post harvest machineries at subsidized rate, rural infrastructures, cooperative formation, use of extension officer and proper storage facilities.
Capsicum (Capsicum annuum L.) commonly known as bhede khursani or sweet pepper or Shimla mirch belongs to solanaceae family.
It is native to Mexico with secondary centre of origin at Guatemala and Bulgaria (Safford, 1926).
It is a high value crop and its fruits are highly nutritious.
Hundred gram of edible portion of capsicum provides 24 k cal of energy, 1.3 g of protein 4.3 g of carbohydrate and 0.3 g of fat (Anon. 2001)
Agricultural Restructuring in Vietnamese Mekong Delta: Economic Analysis of R...IJEABJ
The study examined the economic analysis of sesame production compliant withagricultural restructuring plan in rural areas of Vietnamese Mekong Delta. Conditional non-probability sampling technique was employed to select 90 respondents who have produced sesame rotationally on rice field in summer-autumn crop season. Primary data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics including percentage, frequency and farm budget model. Gross Margin analysis was used to estimate cost, returns sesame production in the study area. The study revealed that the average cost, revenue, gross margins of production per hectare was 17.60, 37.38 and 20.56 million VND, respectively.Moreover,the average rate of returnsalsoindicated that with every 1,000 VND invested to sesame production, a farmer made a profit of 1,390 VND. As a result, it can be concluded that sesame farming is profitable in the context of agricultural restructuring strategy from rice to other crops in Mekong Delta region. It is recommended that smallholders should take initiative in participation in sesame cooperatives and ‘big field’ model to be more beneficial to inputs price, harvested machine and formal credit in the beginning of each season.
Practices and Knowledge on Environmental and Health Hazards of Pesticides Use...Kenneth Barrientos
An Undergraduate Thesis presented during the Philippine Association of State Universities and Colleges-Region VI Student Research Symposium held at Iloilo City, Philippines on February 2013.
A Critical Analysis of Banana Cultivation in Thoothukudi District of Tamil Naduijtsrd
Banana is a very popular fruit due to its low price and high nutritive value. The study was conducted at Thoothukudi district of Tamil Nadu. Two blocks in Thoothukudi were selected for this study and 120 respondents were selected from two villages in each block by proportionate random sampling method to assess the extent of knowledge and adoption of banana cultivation technologies by banana growers and also 40 banana growing farmers who adopted drip-irrigation system were selected as purposively for assessing the performance of drip-irrigation in banana cultivation. The study here explored the extent of knowledge and adoption level of banana growers and performance of drip-irrigation in banana cultivation. With respect to knowledge and adoption level of banana growers, majority of the respondents 54.17 per cent had high level of knowledge on banana cultivation technologies and 87.50 per cent had medium to high level of adoption of banana cultivation technologies. With regard to the performance of drip-irrigation in banana cultivation, the benefits as perceived by the drip adopted banana growers were reduced weed growth, less labour requirement for irrigation, weed management, fertilizer application and also increases the water use efficiency. These studies also suggested that necessary follow up help should be given to the drip adopted banana growers after installation by the company and impart trainings to banana growers on maintenance of drip-irrigation equipment. N. Amaladeepan | J. Pushpa"A Critical Analysis of Banana Cultivation in Thoothukudi District of Tamil Nadu" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd15816.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/social-science/15816/a-critical-analysis-of-banana-cultivation-in-thoothukudi-district-of-tamil-nadu/n-amaladeepan
Control of Mites and Thrips and its Impact on the Yield of Avocado cv. “Hass”...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— For social and economic reasons Avocado is an important crop; however, some arthropods, of which mites are especially important, can limit its production, as is the case in the state of Guerrero. In order to determine which treatment is the best for controlling these pests, an experiment was carried out in Filo de Caballos, Guerrero, where five treatments were applied, together with an absolute control. Sampling was continuous, and the mites found in each treatment were counted. The treatment was applied when the economic threshold of 10 mites/leaf/tree was reached. The best treatments for controlling mites were T1 (abamectin and azadirachtin), and T3 (abamectin and imidacloprid), with 8 and 10 applications each. The population of thrips never reached the economic threshold; their densities were low throughout the experiment. Treatments 4, 1, 3, 2, and 5 had higher weights and they were classified into the “Extra” caliber. The fruits with the greatest length were those from treatments 4, 1, 3, 2 and 5, ordered decreasingly according to their size. Regarding fruit quality, the differences were not well marked among the treatments. The choice of control to be used is left to the farmers; however, it is necessary to remember that there are alternatives to the control of mites and thrips that help to increase caliber, size, and fruit quality.
New dryland legume and cereal varieties for genetic intensification in semi-a...africa-rising
Poster prepared by Wills Munthali, Peter Ngowi, Elirehema Swai, James Mwololo, Bekunda Mateete and Patrick Okori for the Africa RISING ESA Project Review and Planning Meeting, Lilongwe, Malawi, 3–5 October 2018.
Challenges in Pineapple Cultivation A Case Study of Pineapple Orchards in Tri...ijtsrd
Pineapple is an important fruit crop in Tripura. Pineapple production in Tripura has been ups and downs in the past decades due to several reasons. Therefore, in the present study an attempt has been made to look into to the problems encountered by the pineapple growers. The study is set in four 4 districts of Tripura, with 300 sample surveyed by multi stage sampling technique. The data thus obtained is analysed by Likert scale and rank method. The findings point that there are as many as 7 major heads of problems, out which no adequate labourer, especially for harvesting is the main challenge faced by the growers. P C Nunfela Darlong "Challenges in Pineapple Cultivation: A Case Study of Pineapple Orchards in Tripura" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd61350.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/economics/61350/challenges-in-pineapple-cultivation-a-case-study-of-pineapple-orchards-in-tripura/p-c-nunfela-darlong
1.Wireless Communication System_Wireless communication is a broad term that i...JeyaPerumal1
Wireless communication involves the transmission of information over a distance without the help of wires, cables or any other forms of electrical conductors.
Wireless communication is a broad term that incorporates all procedures and forms of connecting and communicating between two or more devices using a wireless signal through wireless communication technologies and devices.
Features of Wireless Communication
The evolution of wireless technology has brought many advancements with its effective features.
The transmitted distance can be anywhere between a few meters (for example, a television's remote control) and thousands of kilometers (for example, radio communication).
Wireless communication can be used for cellular telephony, wireless access to the internet, wireless home networking, and so on.
ER(Entity Relationship) Diagram for online shopping - TAEHimani415946
https://bit.ly/3KACoyV
The ER diagram for the project is the foundation for the building of the database of the project. The properties, datatypes, and attributes are defined by the ER diagram.
This 7-second Brain Wave Ritual Attracts Money To You.!nirahealhty
Discover the power of a simple 7-second brain wave ritual that can attract wealth and abundance into your life. By tapping into specific brain frequencies, this technique helps you manifest financial success effortlessly. Ready to transform your financial future? Try this powerful ritual and start attracting money today!
Multi-cluster Kubernetes Networking- Patterns, Projects and GuidelinesSanjeev Rampal
Talk presented at Kubernetes Community Day, New York, May 2024.
Technical summary of Multi-Cluster Kubernetes Networking architectures with focus on 4 key topics.
1) Key patterns for Multi-cluster architectures
2) Architectural comparison of several OSS/ CNCF projects to address these patterns
3) Evolution trends for the APIs of these projects
4) Some design recommendations & guidelines for adopting/ deploying these solutions.
1. SURVEY AND MONITORING OF FRUIT FLY
(DIPTERA:TEPRHITIDAE) IN MANDARIN
ORCHARDS OF JAJARKOT, NEPAL
Presenter
ARPAN PARAJULI
Agriculture and Forestry University
Rampur, Chitwan
2. I
N
T
R
O
D
U
C
T
I
O
N
Background information
• Citrus covers 28,406 ha with the production of 2,71,908Mt/ha in Nepal
(MOALD,2019)
• Among citrus crops mandarin orange occupies major portion of citrus growing
area followed by sweet orange and lime (Gupta, 2018).
• The total area, productive area, production and productivity of Mandarin in
Nepal is 27,951 ha, 17,220 ha, 1,17,381 mt and 10.3 mt/ha
respectively(MOALD, 2019).
• The productive area, production and yield of mandarin in Jajarkot is 610 ha, 164
ha, 1674 mt and 10.21 mt/ha respectively(MOALD, 2019)
• Mandarin production in Jajarkot contributes 0.014% to the national mandarin
production.
3. I
N
T
R
O
D
U
C
T
I
O
N
Background information
• Fruit flies is one of the largest and most diversified families of Diptera.
Tephritidae includes about 4000 species arranged in 500 genera(White et al.,
1992).
• It has been recognized as a serious pest of commercial mandarin and is
considered one of the major limiters of citrus production (Gautam, Singh, &
Kumar, 2015).
4. I
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T
R
O
D
U
C
T
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N
Problem statement
• Despite the well accepted value and importance of Mandarin production in terms
of income and climatic suitability, the production of Mandarin is still low in
Jajarkot (MOALD, 2019).
• Fruit drop at early stage due to insect infestation is the major problem of
mandarin production in Jajarkot.
• Among the different pest problem of Mandarin, fruit fly is found to be an
important pest causing damage to the fruits
• For 3-4 years fruit fly has been found to be problematic pest causing economic
loss of mandarin produced in Jajarkot.
• Farmers have been using different preventive measures like Bordeaux mixture,
pheromone traps and protein baits to protect their crops but in spite of all those
efforts, none of the measures have shown significant result for the solution of the
problem.
5. I
N
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R
O
D
U
C
T
I
O
N
Rationale of study
• The species composition of fruit fly in mandarin orchards of Jajarkot are
still unknown
• Farmers mostly use cultural practices like destruction of fallen fruits for
the control of fruit fly but they lack the knowledge regarding the major
time of infestation and the species that affect the Mandarin crop.
• According to the report of ADO (2019) fruit fly is one of the major insect
pest affecting the mandarin crop and for the control of it, farmers are not
using proper trapping and management techniques.
• The documentation of different management practices used by farmers in
Jajarkot is
6. I
N
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O
D
U
C
T
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N
Objectives
Broad objective of this study was to identify the species of fruit fly, study
their occurrence in mandarin orchard and devise the management practices
applicable to the on-farm condition in general.
Specific Objectives
• To assess the awareness status of fruit fly among mandarin growers in Jajarkot
and find the factors affecting the awareness status.
• To document the different techniques of the management of fruit flies as
adopted by farmers and recommend for their further improvements
• To identify the species of fruit fly present in mandarin orchards of the district.
• To study the population dynamics of fruit fly in mandarin at different altitudes
of the district.
• To study population dynamics of fruit fly in mandarin in different time.
7. L
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A
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U
R
E
R
E
V
I
E
W
• Introduction to mandarin
• Fruit fly species and its distribution
• Quarantine fruit fly species
• Life cycle of fruit fly
• Fruit fly damage and crop losses
• Types of traps
• Monitoring of fruit fly using methyl eugenol and
protein bait
• Management practices for fruit fly
• Field characters of economically important fruit flies
8. M
E
T
H
O
D
O
L
O
G
Y
This study consists of two parts viz. farmer’s survey and monitoring
Farmer’s Survey
Figure 1. Site of study
Study site
command areas (2
municipalities and 1 Rural
municipality) of citrus zone
of Jajarkot district
• Kushe Rural municipality
• Bheri Municipality
• Nalgad municipality
9. Sample and sampling technique
• A sampling frame of mandarin growers whose orchards were at least five
years old were collected from Program Implementation Unit, Citrus and bee
zone, Jajarkot
• 60 farmers were randomly selected
• The sample size was determined using sample size calculator by Raosoft, Inc
incorporating a margin of error of 5 percent.
Data collection
• Primary data : Household survey, Key informant Survey (KIS), Focus Group
Discussion (FGD)
• Secondary data: published journals, research articles, proceedings of various
NGOs and INGOs, annual reports of District Agriculture Development Office
(DADO), Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development, Central Bureau
of Statistics, Fruit Development Directorate, Food and Agriculture
Organization
M
E
T
H
O
D
O
L
O
G
Y
10. Data Analysis Technique
M
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T
H
O
D
O
L
O
G
Y
• Collected data were coded and entered using SPSS version 26
and analysed using STATA version 17 and Microsoft excel
2016.
• Means, standard deviation, frequencies and percentage were
computed using descriptive statistics.
• Preferential ranking and indexing was carried out using five
point scaling techniques .Index was calculated using formula
11. M
E
T
H
O
D
O
L
O
G
Y
Iprob=
𝑆𝑖
𝑓𝑖
𝑁
Where,
Iprob = Index value for intensity of problem
∑ = Summation
Si = Scale value of ith intensity
fi = Frequency of ith response
N= total number of observation
• Factors affecting awareness status of fruit fly were studied
by using Binary Logistic Regression Model
Continued…..
12. M
E
T
H
O
D
O
L
O
G
Y
Logit(Y) = α+∑ β1X1 +∑β2X2 +∑βn Xn +εi…………………. (3)
Where, Y= dependent variable (awareness) with 1= aware and 0= otherwise
α = intercept
εi= error index
β1…… βn= coefficient of independent variables
X1……. Xn= the independent variables
P (p) = probability of being aware of fruit fly and its damage symptoms
1-p= probability that a farmer is not aware of fruit fly and its damage symptoms
ln= natural log
Model Specification
13. M
E
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H
O
D
O
L
O
G
Y
Model Specification
Variable Type Description Value
Dependent variable
Awareness of fruit fly
and its damage
symptoms (Y)
Dummy Farmer is aware or unaware of fruit
fly and its damage symptoms
1if aware, 0 if
unaware
Independent variables
Age(X1) Continuous Age of the respondent Years
Education(X2) Continuous Education status of respondent Years
Household size(X3) Continuous Household size of respondent Persons
Farm size(X4) Continuous Total farm size of respondent Ropani
Experience of mandarin
farming(X5)
Continuous Experience of mandarin farming of
respondent
Years
Table 1 :Description of variables used in binary logit regression model
14. M
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H
O
D
O
L
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G
Y
Monitoring
Location Altitude(metres above
sea level)
Latitude Longitude
Location 1 1350 284425.562N 821131.181E
Location 2 1550 284317.757N 821114.965E
Location 3 1750 284744.194N 82101.495E
Site selection
Three mandarin orchards from Bheri Municipality and Kushe Rural Municipality
were selected
Installaion of traps
• Fruit fly male lures viz methyl eugenol and Cue lure and Great protein bait was
installed in three different trees of each mandarin orchard.
• Great protein biat [ protein hydrolysate (25%) + abamectin (0.1%) ] was kept in
Mcphail trap filling 1cm from the bottom, diluted with water such that 33ml
protein bait was mixed with 66 ml water.
Table 2 :Description of fruit fly monitoring locations of study
15. • Cue lure (1ml) and Methyl eugenol (1ml) were soaked in cotton and kept in their
respective steiner trap at the top and 1ml Malathion 50 EC soaked in cotton was
kept at the bottom of each steiner trap to knock-down the fruit flies.
• Traps were placed 1.5 m above the ground at least 50 metres apart. The lures were
changed at every 15 days interval for more effective luring capacity.
Counting of fruit fly
• The trapped fruit flies was counted at every 7 days interval.
• The trapped fruit flies was pinned for the species identification purpose
Identification of fruit fly
• Fruit flies’ morphological traits except setae locations on body were investigated in
each specimen to identify it to species level using hand lens was used to observe
the morphological traits on the body of a fruit fly, and the identified specimen was
photographed and displayed in the paper.
• Distinguishing morphological characters of adult fruit fly dealt in Singh (2015a)
and a diagnostic key to the pest species of fruit flies dealt in Singh (2015b) were
used to identify them.
M
E
T
H
O
D
O
L
O
G
Y
16. M
E
T
H
O
D
O
L
O
G
Y
Data recording parameters
The number of fruit flies trapped in each trap and the species of the fruit fly
trapped was recorded in every counting.
Data analysis
All the data of monitoring will be analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2016. The result will
be interpreted and presented on the graphs and tables wherever necessary
17. R
E
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U
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Gender Frequency Percentage
Male 42 70
Female 18 30
Table 3 Distribution of gender of the respondents
Source: Field Survey, 2021
Age category Frequency Standard Deviation Range
Economically active population (15-59) 58 (96.67)
8.15 33-77
Old (60 and above) 2(3.33)
Table 4. Distribution of age of the respondents
Note: Figures in parentheses represent percentage of respondents
Source: Field Survey, 2021
Socio-economic and demographic profile of respondents
18. R
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Mean Standard deviation Range
Family size 6.27 2.29 4-16
Number of males 3.05 1.47 1-8
Number of females 3.32 1.53 1-8
Economically active members 1.63 0.76 1-4
Educated members 1.91 1.04 0-5
Table 5. Distribution of household size of the respondents
Source: Field Survey, 2021
Level of education Frequency Percentage
Illiterate (0) 6 10
Literate (0) 6 10
Primary (1-5) 15 25
Lower Secondary (6-8) 15 25
Secondary (9-10) 11 18.33
Higher Secondary (11-12) 5 8.33
Bachelors 2 3.33
Table 6. Distribution of education level of the respondents
Source: Field Survey, 2021
20. 55%
45%
Nuclear Joint
8%
47%
42%
3%
Brahmin Chhetri Janajati Dalit
Figure 3. Distribution of family type of the
respondents
Figure 4. Distribution of ethnicity of the respondents
R
E
S
U
L
T
S Source: Field Survey, 2021
21. R
E
S
U
L
T
S
Table 7. Distribution of landholding size of the respondents
Source: Field Survey, 2021
Table 8. Distribution of farming experience of the respondents
Source: Field Survey, 2021
Mean Standard deviation Range
Land holding size (ropani) 19.08 11.59 4-45
Total cultivated area (ropani) 15.31 9.69 3-45
Mandarin cultivated area (ropani) 8.33 5.47 2-26
Variables Mean Standard Deviation Minumum
Farming experience 18.82 6.61 10-40
Mandarin cultivation experience (years) 11.68 6.77 5-40
Years of commercial cultivation 5.78 4.49 1-25
22. Figure 5. Planting materials used by respondents
Table 9. Sources of planting materials used by respondents
R
E
S
U
L
T
S
9
25
26
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Seedling Vegetative Both
Number
of
respondents
Planting materials used
Responses Own PMAMP Other farmers Private firms
Yes 10(16.67) 22(36.67) 38(63.33) 35(58.33)
No 50(83.33) 38(63.33) 22(36.67) 25(41.67)
Source: Field survey, 2021
Cultivation practices followed by respondents
Note: Figures in parentheses represent percentage of respondents
23. Figure 6. Cropping pattern followed by respondents
R
E
S
U
L
T
S
23
37
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
monocropping intercropping
Number
of
respondents
Cropping pattern followed
Source: Field survey, 2021
24. R
E
S
U
L
T
S
Major diseases and insects in mandarin orchards of the respondents
Insects Scores Total Index Rank
1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
Fruit fly 41 15 4 0 0 55.4 0.92 1
leaf miner 5 8 3 7 37 23.4 0.39 5
Aphid 6 23 19 12 0 40.6 0.68 2
Mealy bug 0 2 16 29 13 25.4 0.42 4
Citrus stink bug 8 12 18 12 10 35.2 0.59 3
Disease Scores Total Index Rank
1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
PM 31 17 11 1 0 51.6 0.86 1
Canker 12 19 20 7 2 42.4 0.71 2
Foot rot 13 13 15 18 1 39.8 0.66 3
Greening 3 10 8 21 18 27.8 0.46 4
Scab 1 1 6 13 39 18.4 0.31 5
Table 10. Farmer’s ranking on major insects of mandarin
Table 11. Farmer’s ranking on major insects of mandarin
Source: Field survey, 2021
Source: Field survey, 2021
25. Awareness status among respondents about fruit fly and its damage in mandarin
70%
30%
Aware Unaware
Figure 7. Awareness status of fruit fly and its damage among mandarin growers
R
E
S
U
L
T
S Source: Field survey, 2021
26. R
E
S
U
L
T
S
Response Other farmers Extension officers Mass media
Yes 14(77.78) 10(55.56) 7(38.89)
No 4(22.22) 8(44.44) 11(61.11)
Reasons Yes No
Lack of self-interest to know 10(23.81) 32(76.19)
Lack of technical knowhow 28(66.67) 14(33.33)
Lack of government led activities 27(64.29) 15(35.71)
Lack of communication efforts from government and non-government
agencies
16(38.10) 26(61.90)
Note: Figures in parentheses represent percentage of respondents
Note: Figures in parentheses represent percentage of respondents
Source: Field survey, 2021
Source: Field survey, 2021
Table 12. Sources of information about fruit fly among the respondents
Table 13. Reasons behind lack of information about fruit fly among the respondents
27. R
E
S
U
L
T
S
Response Fruit drop Distorted and
malformed fruits
Fruit leisons Presence of
maggots
Yes 14(77.78) 10(55.56) 11(61.11) 9(50)
No 4(22.22) 8(44.44) 7(38.89) 9(50)
Table 14. Description of fruit fly damage given by aware respondents
Note: Figures in parentheses represent percentage of respondents
Source: Field survey, 2021
28. R
E
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U
L
T
S
Damage level Frequency Percentage
Low (0-25%) 5 8.33
Medium(25-50%) 18 30
High(50-75%) 22 36.67
Very high75-100%) 15 25
Total 60 100
29
31
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Fruiting Ripening
Number
of
respondents
Damaging stage
Table 15. Extent of damage caused by fruit fly in mandarin
Source: Field survey, 2021
Figure 8. Damaging stage of fruit fly in mandarin
Source: Field survey, 2021
29. R
E
S
U
L
T
S
Response Yes No
Poor orchard sanitation 45 (75) 15 (25)
Lack of knowledge on insect biology 30 (50) 30 (50)
Unavailability of appropriate chemical pesticide 36 (60) 24 (40)
Lack of awareness on use of traps 32(53.33) 28(46.67)
Inadequate support from service providers 38(63.33) 22(36.67)
Table 16. Reasons of increasing fruit fly infestation in mandarin
Note: Figures in parentheses represent percentage of respondents
Source: Field survey, 2021
30. R
E
S
U
L
T
S
17
43
Inspect Doesn't inspect
Response Frequency Percentage Cumulative
percentage
A couple of times a week 7 41.18 41.8
Once a week 7 41.18 82.35
Not very often 3 17.65 100
Total 17 100
Figure 9 . Status of inspection of field for fruit fly damage
Table 17. Assessment of the degree of field inspection
Source: Field survey, 2021
31. R
E
S
U
L
T
S
Management practices of farmers for fruit fly control
Response Pruning Bordeaux
mixture
Pesticide
use
Fallen fruit
management
Use of
traps
Yes 53(88.33) 45(75) 14(23.33) 47(78.33) 17(28.33)
No 7(11.67) 15(25) 46(76.67) 13(21.67) 43(71.67)
Source: Field survey, 2021
Table 18. Farmer’s practices on management of fruit fly in mandarin
Note: Figures in parentheses represent percentage of respondents
32. Response Kept in plastic
bag
Dumped in a pit Mixed in
manure pit
Fed to livestock
Yes 24(51.06) 21(44.68) 18(38.30) 31(65.96)
No 23(48.94) 26(55.32) 29(61.70) 16(34.04)
Response Cue Lure Methyl Eugenol Protein Hydrolysate
Yes 16(94.12) 7(41.18) 6(35.29)
No 1(5.88) 10(58.82) 11(64.71)
Table 19. Farmer’s response on different practices adopted to manage fallen fruits
Table 20. Farmer’s response on types of traps used to control fruit fly
Note: Figures in parentheses represent percentage of respondents
Note: Figures in parentheses represent percentage of respondents
Source: Field survey, 2021
Source: Field survey, 2021
R
E
S
U
L
T
S
33. R
E
S
U
L
T
S
Response Agrovet DADO/PMAMP Friends Mass media
Yes 14(82.35) 12(70.59) 6(35.29) 7(41.18)
No 3(17.65) 5(29.41) 11(64.71) 10(58.82)
12
5
Agrovet PMAMP/DADO
Table 21. Farmer’s response on information sources of trap used
Note: Figures in parentheses represent percentage of respondents
Source: Field survey, 2021
Source: Field survey, 2021
Figure 10 . Source of traps used by respondents
35. R
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S
Composition of trapped species
76.39
18.51
5.09
Bactrocera nigrofemoralis
Zeugodacus tau
Zeugodacus scutellaris
45.74
54.26
Bactrocera nigrofemoralis
Zeugodacus tau
36. Population dynamics of fruit fly in different altitudes during the study period
Population dynamics of fruit fly species captured in cue lure
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Number
of
fruit
flies
Date
Altitude 1350 Altitude 1550 Altitude 1750