The document analyzes banana cultivation in Thoothukudi district of Tamil Nadu, India. It finds that the majority (54.17%) of 120 surveyed banana growers had high knowledge of cultivation technologies, and 87.5% had medium-to-high adoption levels. It also assessed 40 growers using drip irrigation and found benefits like reduced weeds, less labor for irrigation and fertilizing, and increased water efficiency. The study suggests providing continued support to drip-adopting farmers after installation and training growers on drip maintenance.
Sub-Saharan Africa is comprised of four sub-regions: West Africa, Central Africa, East Africa, and Southern Africa. The land is mostly high plateaus with escarpments along the edges, and lowlands bordering the coasts. Notable landforms include the Great Rift Valley, which stretches over 4,000 miles from Asia to Africa, and contains lakes and the beginnings of major river systems. Climate varies from tropical rainforest along the equator to savannah, steppe, and desert farther south, and is influenced by elevation and proximity to the coast.
This document provides an overview of agriculture and farming practices in India. It discusses the types of farming (primitive subsistence, intensive subsistence, commercial), major crops grown (rice, wheat, millets, pulses, sugarcane, oilseeds, tea, coffee), and cropping patterns (rabi, kharif, zaid). It also describes India's public distribution system and buffer stocks which aim to ensure national food security by making food grains available at subsidized prices.
This document provides an overview of the physical, cultural, and economic geography of North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia. Some key points:
1) The region is defined by its deserts and mountains, populations that practice Islam, Christianity or Judaism, and large oil reserves.
2) The landscape was shaped by tectonic activity, with mountain ranges like the Atlas and coastal plains supporting some agriculture. Water systems like the Nile and Tigris-Euphrates were cradles of civilization.
3) Culturally, the region has been influenced by Arab, European and other invaders. Oil discoveries transformed economies, though water scarcity remains a challenge.
This document outlines a study evaluating guava nectar prepared from different guava pulp concentrations during storage. The study aims to determine the suitable pulp concentration and storage condition for guava nectar by assessing chemical changes under refrigerated and ambient storage conditions. The methodology involves preparing guava nectar from 5 pulp concentrations (14-22%) stored under refrigerated and ambient conditions. Observations recorded chemical properties like TSS, acidity, sugars and ascorbic acid as well as sensory attributes of color, taste, flavor and overall acceptability.
The document discusses the history and importance of agriculture. It covers ancient agriculture practices like nomadic herding and the origins of farming. The agricultural revolution led to new techniques and crops. The green revolution in the 20th century introduced high-yielding varieties and mechanization, increasing food production. Modern agriculture remains important for meeting the world's growing food demand and employing many people.
The document summarizes silvopastoral systems used in tropical dryland and highland areas for diversifying banana plantations in Guadeloupe, West French Indies. It defines silvopastoral systems as those integrating trees, shrubs, and pasture for livestock grazing or fodder production. It then describes how small farms in Capesterre-belle-eau, Guadeloupe practice silvopastoralism by grazing livestock on fallows after banana plantations or growing flowers and trees, using species like Alpinia purpurata as edgerows and living fences.
A Project report on agricultural sector of ManipurNeeraj Yumnam
Manipur has some of the most indigenious varieties of plants and food out of which mushroom,passion fruit,U- morok (raja mircha), maroi nakuppi is one the favourites.A field trip and attachments with 2 farmers with on site discussion was done and the information gathered from the farmers an agriculture facilities of Manipur is thoroughly discussed.The hills and the valleys of the state have extended from the Himalayan region and are a part of the Himalayan ranges. Thus the climate supports the greenery here and the rich flora is a result of the climatic conditions that prevail in this region. The hills comprise of 90% of the land of Manipur. There are five hill districts and these five hilly district accounts of about 38% of population of Manipur. In these hilly regions there are around 33 scheduled tribes and minor tribes. The mountain ranges prevent the cold winds blowing into the valley and are a strong barrier that prevents the cyclonic storms that blow from the Bay of Bengal. The diverse variety of flora in Manipur is characteristic of the climatic conditions and the geographical location.The hills are full of various types of flowers, plants and trees that adorn the exquisite hills which make it a paradise on earth. This treasure house of exotic plants and flowers are perched between hills and lie to the extreme north east of the country. However, almost 67% of land in under forest. With the varying temperature and climatic conditions of Manipur, you can see varied flora add to the charm and beauty of the region. The variety of flora and the plant life thriving here has earned the top 10 bio-diversity hot spots in the world. The fauna is worth watching and you can find many endangered as well as local species of animals here. The climate can be categorized as a tropical and sub alpine and varies according to the hills and mountains. Due to this variety of climate you can find animals of different spices in abundance, that thrive happily given the climatic condition.Manipur is famous for its fauna.
Depending on the altitude of hill ranges, the climatic condition varies from tropical to sub-alpine. The wet forests and the pine forests occur between 900-2700 m above MSL and they together sustain a host of rare and endemic plant and animal life. Coveted the world over as some of the most beautiful and precious blooms, orchids have an aura of exotic, mysteries about them.In Manipur, they are abound in their natural habitat growing in soil or on trees and shrubs speaking their beauty and colour, stunning the eye that is not used to seeing them. in such profusion. Gifted with suitable agro-climatic conditions, Manipur is home to various food and cash crops, fruits and vegetables. The soil is fertile and suited more particularly in the hills for growing of different fruits and vegetables. Organic farming is the most sought-after practice in the hill areas. Pineapple, passion fruit and mushroom naturally grow.
B.sc. agri i po h unit 4.3 cultivation practices of grapeRai University
This document provides information on cultivation practices of grapes. It discusses the botany of grapes, varieties commonly grown in India such as Thompson Seedless and Anab-e-Shahi, and cultivation methods including propagation, training, pruning, fertilization and pest/disease management. Climate and soil requirements are also outlined. Major grape growing regions in India are described.
Sub-Saharan Africa is comprised of four sub-regions: West Africa, Central Africa, East Africa, and Southern Africa. The land is mostly high plateaus with escarpments along the edges, and lowlands bordering the coasts. Notable landforms include the Great Rift Valley, which stretches over 4,000 miles from Asia to Africa, and contains lakes and the beginnings of major river systems. Climate varies from tropical rainforest along the equator to savannah, steppe, and desert farther south, and is influenced by elevation and proximity to the coast.
This document provides an overview of agriculture and farming practices in India. It discusses the types of farming (primitive subsistence, intensive subsistence, commercial), major crops grown (rice, wheat, millets, pulses, sugarcane, oilseeds, tea, coffee), and cropping patterns (rabi, kharif, zaid). It also describes India's public distribution system and buffer stocks which aim to ensure national food security by making food grains available at subsidized prices.
This document provides an overview of the physical, cultural, and economic geography of North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia. Some key points:
1) The region is defined by its deserts and mountains, populations that practice Islam, Christianity or Judaism, and large oil reserves.
2) The landscape was shaped by tectonic activity, with mountain ranges like the Atlas and coastal plains supporting some agriculture. Water systems like the Nile and Tigris-Euphrates were cradles of civilization.
3) Culturally, the region has been influenced by Arab, European and other invaders. Oil discoveries transformed economies, though water scarcity remains a challenge.
This document outlines a study evaluating guava nectar prepared from different guava pulp concentrations during storage. The study aims to determine the suitable pulp concentration and storage condition for guava nectar by assessing chemical changes under refrigerated and ambient storage conditions. The methodology involves preparing guava nectar from 5 pulp concentrations (14-22%) stored under refrigerated and ambient conditions. Observations recorded chemical properties like TSS, acidity, sugars and ascorbic acid as well as sensory attributes of color, taste, flavor and overall acceptability.
The document discusses the history and importance of agriculture. It covers ancient agriculture practices like nomadic herding and the origins of farming. The agricultural revolution led to new techniques and crops. The green revolution in the 20th century introduced high-yielding varieties and mechanization, increasing food production. Modern agriculture remains important for meeting the world's growing food demand and employing many people.
The document summarizes silvopastoral systems used in tropical dryland and highland areas for diversifying banana plantations in Guadeloupe, West French Indies. It defines silvopastoral systems as those integrating trees, shrubs, and pasture for livestock grazing or fodder production. It then describes how small farms in Capesterre-belle-eau, Guadeloupe practice silvopastoralism by grazing livestock on fallows after banana plantations or growing flowers and trees, using species like Alpinia purpurata as edgerows and living fences.
A Project report on agricultural sector of ManipurNeeraj Yumnam
Manipur has some of the most indigenious varieties of plants and food out of which mushroom,passion fruit,U- morok (raja mircha), maroi nakuppi is one the favourites.A field trip and attachments with 2 farmers with on site discussion was done and the information gathered from the farmers an agriculture facilities of Manipur is thoroughly discussed.The hills and the valleys of the state have extended from the Himalayan region and are a part of the Himalayan ranges. Thus the climate supports the greenery here and the rich flora is a result of the climatic conditions that prevail in this region. The hills comprise of 90% of the land of Manipur. There are five hill districts and these five hilly district accounts of about 38% of population of Manipur. In these hilly regions there are around 33 scheduled tribes and minor tribes. The mountain ranges prevent the cold winds blowing into the valley and are a strong barrier that prevents the cyclonic storms that blow from the Bay of Bengal. The diverse variety of flora in Manipur is characteristic of the climatic conditions and the geographical location.The hills are full of various types of flowers, plants and trees that adorn the exquisite hills which make it a paradise on earth. This treasure house of exotic plants and flowers are perched between hills and lie to the extreme north east of the country. However, almost 67% of land in under forest. With the varying temperature and climatic conditions of Manipur, you can see varied flora add to the charm and beauty of the region. The variety of flora and the plant life thriving here has earned the top 10 bio-diversity hot spots in the world. The fauna is worth watching and you can find many endangered as well as local species of animals here. The climate can be categorized as a tropical and sub alpine and varies according to the hills and mountains. Due to this variety of climate you can find animals of different spices in abundance, that thrive happily given the climatic condition.Manipur is famous for its fauna.
Depending on the altitude of hill ranges, the climatic condition varies from tropical to sub-alpine. The wet forests and the pine forests occur between 900-2700 m above MSL and they together sustain a host of rare and endemic plant and animal life. Coveted the world over as some of the most beautiful and precious blooms, orchids have an aura of exotic, mysteries about them.In Manipur, they are abound in their natural habitat growing in soil or on trees and shrubs speaking their beauty and colour, stunning the eye that is not used to seeing them. in such profusion. Gifted with suitable agro-climatic conditions, Manipur is home to various food and cash crops, fruits and vegetables. The soil is fertile and suited more particularly in the hills for growing of different fruits and vegetables. Organic farming is the most sought-after practice in the hill areas. Pineapple, passion fruit and mushroom naturally grow.
B.sc. agri i po h unit 4.3 cultivation practices of grapeRai University
This document provides information on cultivation practices of grapes. It discusses the botany of grapes, varieties commonly grown in India such as Thompson Seedless and Anab-e-Shahi, and cultivation methods including propagation, training, pruning, fertilization and pest/disease management. Climate and soil requirements are also outlined. Major grape growing regions in India are described.
This document discusses different types of agriculture practiced around the world. It begins by explaining how agriculture originated as nomadic pastoralism before the development of sedentary farming. Nomadic pastoralism remains an important form of agriculture in many developing regions. The document then categorizes agriculture as either subsistence or commercial and practiced in developing or developed countries. It provides examples of different agricultural practices in different world regions, including nomadic pastoralism, transhumance, shifting cultivation, plantations, and various crop and livestock systems. The prevalence of different agricultural types varies globally depending on environmental and cultural factors.
1) This document provides an overview of early African societies from 400-1450 CE, including the development of agriculture, kingdoms in West Africa like Ghana and Mali, and the Christian kingdom of Axum in Ethiopia.
2) Major kingdoms like Ghana and Mali grew into powerful states due to strong agriculture and trade along trans-Saharan routes, with cities like Timbuktu becoming centers of learning.
3) While cultures and environments varied significantly across the vast African continent, settled agriculture, powerful kingdoms, and religion heavily influenced many societies during this time period.
Indian agriculture: Mechanization to DigitizationICRISAT
India is characterized by small farm holdings. More than 80% of the land holdings are less than 2 ha (5 acres). About 55% of India’s population is engaged in Agriculture with 40% farm mechanization. Due to non-remunerative nature of farming, more than 50% farmers in India are in debt. This situation has constrained farmers from investing in mechanization and other technologies.
-> ICRISAT Director General Dr David Bergvinson's presentation at the CII Agri business and Mechanization Summit held in New Delhi, India on 01 Sep 2015.
- Agriculture in India ranks second worldwide in farm output and is the largest producer of milk, cashew nuts, coconuts, tea, ginger, turmeric and black pepper. It also has the world's largest cattle population.
- Indian agriculture has made rapid progress since independence, becoming self-sufficient and even a exporter, moving from subsistence farming to intensive, technology-led cultivation.
- The WTO aims to promote international trade and ensure trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible by setting rules and resolving disputes. However, critics argue it favors large, powerful nations over small countries and can negatively impact labor rights, public services and the environment.
When we think of agriculture we think of cultivation,
plant life, soil fertility, types of crops, terrestrial environment,
etc. But in today’s world we associate with agriculture terms
like climate change, irrigation facilities, technological
advancements, synthetic seeds, advanced machinery etc. In
short we are interested in how science of today can help us in
the field of agriculture. And so comes into the picture
Precision Agriculture (PA).
The general definition is information and technology
based farm management system to identify, analyze and
manage spatial and temporal variability within fields for
optimum productivity and profitability, sustainability and
protection of the land resource by minimizing the production
costs. Simply put, precision farming is an approach where
inputs are utilized in precise amounts to get increased average
yields compared to traditional cultivation techniques. Hence it
is a comprehensive system designed to optimize production
with minimal adverse impact on our terrestrial system. [1]
The three major components of precision agriculture
are information, technology and management. Precision
farming is information-intense. Precision Agriculture is a
management strategy that uses information technologies to
collect valuable data from multiple sources. This type of analyzing data gives idea what to do in upcoming years to tackle the situations.
Apple is known as the king of temperate fruits and is cultivated worldwide. The common apple, Malus domestica, is diploid with 34 chromosomes, though some varieties are triploid. Apples originated in Southwest Asia and belong to the Rosaceae family. Major apple producing regions are temperate. India's Himachal Pradesh is known as the Apple Bowl of India. Apples have a long storage life and sorbitol is their major sugar. Through conventional breeding techniques like introduction, selection, hybridization and mutation breeding, many new apple varieties have been developed with traits like disease resistance, early maturity, and adaptation to different climatic conditions. Biotechnology is also being used to develop new apple varieties.
The document discusses population trends and challenges related to food security in the Philippines. It notes that the Philippines has one of the highest population growth rates in the world at 2.36% annually, with the population projected to reach 118.4 million in 2025 and 147.3 million in 2050. Nearly 33% of the population is below the poverty line and faces challenges of food insecurity. Unplanned pregnancies are also a significant issue, with 400,000 women risking their lives from illegal abortions each year. Improving access to family planning services and modern contraception is needed to address these social and health problems.
This document provides an overview of the geography and history of North and Sub-Saharan Africa. It describes the major geographic regions of Africa including the Sahara Desert and Atlas Mountains in North Africa, the Nile River Valley, East Africa's Great Rift Valley, West Africa's Sahel region and rainforests, Central Africa's Congo Basin rainforest, and the southern plateaus and basins. It then discusses Egypt's ancient civilization, the Bantu migrations that spread across Africa, African empires that formed, the Atlantic slave trade that devastated the population, European colonization following the Berlin Conference, and the late 20th century independence movements.
hello everyone
here i am going to upload ppt on Agriculture in India chapter '4' from CBSE Geography Class 10
Two-thirds of India’s population is engaged in agricultural activities. Agriculture is a primary activity, which produces most of the food raw material for various industries.
In this presentation of Agriculture, I have studied the various types of farming, cropping patterns , major crops grown in India, crops of our own town or District 'Jalpaiguri' (it can be edited), In the end. I have added slides about reforms and impact of globalisation .
Before the 16th century, western Africa consisted of many independent states and kingdoms. The people lived in villages and towns and farmed crops like millet, rice, and yams. They traded goods like salt, gold, and cloth between communities. Powerful states developed with kings, governments, and large towns connected by trade routes. The culture included diverse ethnic groups with their own languages and religious and social customs.
The document summarizes a seminar on biodiversity and conservation of fruit crops. It defines key terms like biodiversity and germplasm. It describes India's biodiversity hotspots and status as a center of diversity for many fruit crops. It outlines principles and practices for germplasm collection, including exploration, sampling methods, and collection of wild relatives. It also discusses evaluation and documentation of collected germplasm.
The document discusses key concepts in population geography, including population density, distribution, growth rates, and population structures. It provides data on population statistics globally and for various countries and regions. Maps show the distribution and concentration of populations worldwide, and in countries like the United States and China. Charts illustrate population growth and changing growth rates over time.
Yemen is located in the Middle East on the southern end of the Arabian Peninsula. It has diverse geographic features including coastal plains, western and eastern highlands, and desert areas. Yemen's history involves occupation and influence from various empires and it was divided into northern and southern regions until unifying in 1990. Today it faces economic and political challenges as one of the poorest countries in the region.
The document provides an overview of rural development and Indian agriculture from pre-independence to present day. It discusses various farming systems and types of agriculture practiced in India such as arable, pastoral, mixed, etc. It then outlines the key stages in the development of Indian agriculture including the pre-independence period focused on cash crops for British trade, post-independence initiatives like land reform and irrigation projects, the Green Revolution of the 1960s which introduced high-yielding varieties and boosted food grain production, and more recent developments in dairy, fisheries, and challenges facing Indian agriculture today.
This document discusses several types of agriculture including plantation agriculture, dairy farming, orchard farming, and horticulture. Plantation agriculture involves growing commercial crops like coffee, tea, rubber on large estates in tropical regions and requires importing skilled labor. Dairy farming focuses on rearing cattle for milk and milk products near urban areas using modern machinery. Orchard farming develops where winter rain and summer drought occur, especially in Mediterranean regions, and involves growing fruits in large orchards. Horticulture includes cultivating fruits, flowers, and crops like tulips, roses, and marigolds.
DRYLAND AGRICULTURE - CURRENT STATUS AND CHALLENGESAshokh Aravind S
Dryland farming, current status, issues, practices, types of dryland agriculture, methods of dryland farming, water conservation, management of dryland, improving dryland productivity
The document analyzes different farming systems in Hassan District of Karnataka, India. It identifies the existing systems as rainfed and irrigated cultivation and studies the socioeconomic characteristics of farmers in each system. The objectives are to identify farming systems, study associated farmer characteristics, analyze adoption of improved practices, compare profitability, and identify constraints faced. Data was collected through personal interviews with 120 farmers using variables like age, education, landholding, media/extension contact, and economic motivation. The results found crop production combined with animal husbandry and coconut gardens were common integrated systems. Irrigated farms used various water sources like canals, tanks, wells. Adoption of improved practices varied by crop and system. Key constraints under rainf
Adoption of production technologies and post harvest management in papayaDevegowda S R
1. The document discusses production technologies and post-harvest management of papaya in India. It provides information on leading papaya producing states, varieties recommended for cultivation, production practices like nursery operations, cultivation methods, and pest and disease management.
2. It also discusses post-harvest management practices for papaya like grading, packing, storage, transportation and marketing. It notes that post-harvest losses reduce the supply of fruits and vegetables.
3. Several studies summarized examine technological gaps in papaya cultivation, constraints faced by farmers in adopting improved practices, and problems in production and marketing of papaya. High pest incidence, lack of knowledge about fertilizer use and insecticides, and small landholdings were key
The study was carried out in Nagaon district of Assam to identify the key problems farmers face in adopting recommended practices for cultivating greengram. The survey found that the top three problems were the lack of availability of quality seeds, insufficient irrigation facilities, and lack of knowledge about scientific cultivation methods. Other significant issues included high rates of pests and diseases, post-harvest storage challenges, fluctuating market prices, and flood damage to crops. The study concludes that making quality seeds and irrigation more accessible to farmers, along with improving extension services to educate farmers on scientific techniques, could help address the major constraints limiting greengram production.
This document discusses different types of agriculture practiced around the world. It begins by explaining how agriculture originated as nomadic pastoralism before the development of sedentary farming. Nomadic pastoralism remains an important form of agriculture in many developing regions. The document then categorizes agriculture as either subsistence or commercial and practiced in developing or developed countries. It provides examples of different agricultural practices in different world regions, including nomadic pastoralism, transhumance, shifting cultivation, plantations, and various crop and livestock systems. The prevalence of different agricultural types varies globally depending on environmental and cultural factors.
1) This document provides an overview of early African societies from 400-1450 CE, including the development of agriculture, kingdoms in West Africa like Ghana and Mali, and the Christian kingdom of Axum in Ethiopia.
2) Major kingdoms like Ghana and Mali grew into powerful states due to strong agriculture and trade along trans-Saharan routes, with cities like Timbuktu becoming centers of learning.
3) While cultures and environments varied significantly across the vast African continent, settled agriculture, powerful kingdoms, and religion heavily influenced many societies during this time period.
Indian agriculture: Mechanization to DigitizationICRISAT
India is characterized by small farm holdings. More than 80% of the land holdings are less than 2 ha (5 acres). About 55% of India’s population is engaged in Agriculture with 40% farm mechanization. Due to non-remunerative nature of farming, more than 50% farmers in India are in debt. This situation has constrained farmers from investing in mechanization and other technologies.
-> ICRISAT Director General Dr David Bergvinson's presentation at the CII Agri business and Mechanization Summit held in New Delhi, India on 01 Sep 2015.
- Agriculture in India ranks second worldwide in farm output and is the largest producer of milk, cashew nuts, coconuts, tea, ginger, turmeric and black pepper. It also has the world's largest cattle population.
- Indian agriculture has made rapid progress since independence, becoming self-sufficient and even a exporter, moving from subsistence farming to intensive, technology-led cultivation.
- The WTO aims to promote international trade and ensure trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible by setting rules and resolving disputes. However, critics argue it favors large, powerful nations over small countries and can negatively impact labor rights, public services and the environment.
When we think of agriculture we think of cultivation,
plant life, soil fertility, types of crops, terrestrial environment,
etc. But in today’s world we associate with agriculture terms
like climate change, irrigation facilities, technological
advancements, synthetic seeds, advanced machinery etc. In
short we are interested in how science of today can help us in
the field of agriculture. And so comes into the picture
Precision Agriculture (PA).
The general definition is information and technology
based farm management system to identify, analyze and
manage spatial and temporal variability within fields for
optimum productivity and profitability, sustainability and
protection of the land resource by minimizing the production
costs. Simply put, precision farming is an approach where
inputs are utilized in precise amounts to get increased average
yields compared to traditional cultivation techniques. Hence it
is a comprehensive system designed to optimize production
with minimal adverse impact on our terrestrial system. [1]
The three major components of precision agriculture
are information, technology and management. Precision
farming is information-intense. Precision Agriculture is a
management strategy that uses information technologies to
collect valuable data from multiple sources. This type of analyzing data gives idea what to do in upcoming years to tackle the situations.
Apple is known as the king of temperate fruits and is cultivated worldwide. The common apple, Malus domestica, is diploid with 34 chromosomes, though some varieties are triploid. Apples originated in Southwest Asia and belong to the Rosaceae family. Major apple producing regions are temperate. India's Himachal Pradesh is known as the Apple Bowl of India. Apples have a long storage life and sorbitol is their major sugar. Through conventional breeding techniques like introduction, selection, hybridization and mutation breeding, many new apple varieties have been developed with traits like disease resistance, early maturity, and adaptation to different climatic conditions. Biotechnology is also being used to develop new apple varieties.
The document discusses population trends and challenges related to food security in the Philippines. It notes that the Philippines has one of the highest population growth rates in the world at 2.36% annually, with the population projected to reach 118.4 million in 2025 and 147.3 million in 2050. Nearly 33% of the population is below the poverty line and faces challenges of food insecurity. Unplanned pregnancies are also a significant issue, with 400,000 women risking their lives from illegal abortions each year. Improving access to family planning services and modern contraception is needed to address these social and health problems.
This document provides an overview of the geography and history of North and Sub-Saharan Africa. It describes the major geographic regions of Africa including the Sahara Desert and Atlas Mountains in North Africa, the Nile River Valley, East Africa's Great Rift Valley, West Africa's Sahel region and rainforests, Central Africa's Congo Basin rainforest, and the southern plateaus and basins. It then discusses Egypt's ancient civilization, the Bantu migrations that spread across Africa, African empires that formed, the Atlantic slave trade that devastated the population, European colonization following the Berlin Conference, and the late 20th century independence movements.
hello everyone
here i am going to upload ppt on Agriculture in India chapter '4' from CBSE Geography Class 10
Two-thirds of India’s population is engaged in agricultural activities. Agriculture is a primary activity, which produces most of the food raw material for various industries.
In this presentation of Agriculture, I have studied the various types of farming, cropping patterns , major crops grown in India, crops of our own town or District 'Jalpaiguri' (it can be edited), In the end. I have added slides about reforms and impact of globalisation .
Before the 16th century, western Africa consisted of many independent states and kingdoms. The people lived in villages and towns and farmed crops like millet, rice, and yams. They traded goods like salt, gold, and cloth between communities. Powerful states developed with kings, governments, and large towns connected by trade routes. The culture included diverse ethnic groups with their own languages and religious and social customs.
The document summarizes a seminar on biodiversity and conservation of fruit crops. It defines key terms like biodiversity and germplasm. It describes India's biodiversity hotspots and status as a center of diversity for many fruit crops. It outlines principles and practices for germplasm collection, including exploration, sampling methods, and collection of wild relatives. It also discusses evaluation and documentation of collected germplasm.
The document discusses key concepts in population geography, including population density, distribution, growth rates, and population structures. It provides data on population statistics globally and for various countries and regions. Maps show the distribution and concentration of populations worldwide, and in countries like the United States and China. Charts illustrate population growth and changing growth rates over time.
Yemen is located in the Middle East on the southern end of the Arabian Peninsula. It has diverse geographic features including coastal plains, western and eastern highlands, and desert areas. Yemen's history involves occupation and influence from various empires and it was divided into northern and southern regions until unifying in 1990. Today it faces economic and political challenges as one of the poorest countries in the region.
The document provides an overview of rural development and Indian agriculture from pre-independence to present day. It discusses various farming systems and types of agriculture practiced in India such as arable, pastoral, mixed, etc. It then outlines the key stages in the development of Indian agriculture including the pre-independence period focused on cash crops for British trade, post-independence initiatives like land reform and irrigation projects, the Green Revolution of the 1960s which introduced high-yielding varieties and boosted food grain production, and more recent developments in dairy, fisheries, and challenges facing Indian agriculture today.
This document discusses several types of agriculture including plantation agriculture, dairy farming, orchard farming, and horticulture. Plantation agriculture involves growing commercial crops like coffee, tea, rubber on large estates in tropical regions and requires importing skilled labor. Dairy farming focuses on rearing cattle for milk and milk products near urban areas using modern machinery. Orchard farming develops where winter rain and summer drought occur, especially in Mediterranean regions, and involves growing fruits in large orchards. Horticulture includes cultivating fruits, flowers, and crops like tulips, roses, and marigolds.
DRYLAND AGRICULTURE - CURRENT STATUS AND CHALLENGESAshokh Aravind S
Dryland farming, current status, issues, practices, types of dryland agriculture, methods of dryland farming, water conservation, management of dryland, improving dryland productivity
The document analyzes different farming systems in Hassan District of Karnataka, India. It identifies the existing systems as rainfed and irrigated cultivation and studies the socioeconomic characteristics of farmers in each system. The objectives are to identify farming systems, study associated farmer characteristics, analyze adoption of improved practices, compare profitability, and identify constraints faced. Data was collected through personal interviews with 120 farmers using variables like age, education, landholding, media/extension contact, and economic motivation. The results found crop production combined with animal husbandry and coconut gardens were common integrated systems. Irrigated farms used various water sources like canals, tanks, wells. Adoption of improved practices varied by crop and system. Key constraints under rainf
Adoption of production technologies and post harvest management in papayaDevegowda S R
1. The document discusses production technologies and post-harvest management of papaya in India. It provides information on leading papaya producing states, varieties recommended for cultivation, production practices like nursery operations, cultivation methods, and pest and disease management.
2. It also discusses post-harvest management practices for papaya like grading, packing, storage, transportation and marketing. It notes that post-harvest losses reduce the supply of fruits and vegetables.
3. Several studies summarized examine technological gaps in papaya cultivation, constraints faced by farmers in adopting improved practices, and problems in production and marketing of papaya. High pest incidence, lack of knowledge about fertilizer use and insecticides, and small landholdings were key
The study was carried out in Nagaon district of Assam to identify the key problems farmers face in adopting recommended practices for cultivating greengram. The survey found that the top three problems were the lack of availability of quality seeds, insufficient irrigation facilities, and lack of knowledge about scientific cultivation methods. Other significant issues included high rates of pests and diseases, post-harvest storage challenges, fluctuating market prices, and flood damage to crops. The study concludes that making quality seeds and irrigation more accessible to farmers, along with improving extension services to educate farmers on scientific techniques, could help address the major constraints limiting greengram production.
The study examined the production constraints of maize cultivation in Mokokchung district of Nagaland, India. 200 farmers were surveyed across 8 villages. The major constraint reported was the non-availability of quality seed (89.5% of respondents). Other significant constraints included a lack of irrigation facilities (73% of respondents) and other infrastructure problems like lack of water storage. The study aims to identify ways to overcome these constraints, such as ensuring improved seed varieties are available to farmers.
The document is a research proposal submitted by Udangshri Brahma to Dr. Dipak Kumar Bose on the topic of sericulture. It provides background on sericulture's importance to the economy and rural communities. It outlines the objectives and methodology of the proposed study, which will assess farmers' knowledge, attitudes, and adoption of improved sericulture technologies and identify constraints. The proposal reviews previous literature and discusses the study location, design, variables, data collection tools, and statistical analysis plan.
This document summarizes a research study on farmers' knowledge levels of System of Rice Intensification (SRI) cultivation practices in Tirunelveli district, Tamil Nadu, India. The key points are:
- The study assessed 120 farmers' knowledge of SRI techniques through a knowledge test with 16 items. 50% of farmers had medium knowledge levels, while 38.3% and 10% had high and low knowledge respectively.
- Almost all (94.2%) farmers knew the recommended seed rate per acre, while 52.5% knew the recommended nursery area size. Overall, farmers had an average of 80.3% knowledge of nursery preparation techniques.
- The study
1. A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of different levels of zinc sulphate on the growth and yield of groundnut.
2. The soil at the experimental site was red sandy loam with low nitrogen, high phosphorus and medium potassium.
3. The experiment involved five treatments of zinc sulphate at varying levels (0, 10, 15, 20 and 25 kg/ha) applied to the groundnut crop grown under normal recommended dose of fertilizers.
● Assessment of Dairy Production System, Handling, Processing and Utilization Practices in South Ari and Malle District of South Omo Zone, Ethiopia
● Economic Analysis of Locally Produced Aquaculture Feeds with Complements of Plant-based Ingredients in Kainji Lake Basin, Nigeria
● Socioeconomic Assessment of Mandarin Postharvest Loss: A Case of Gandaki Province, Nepal
● Farmer’s Perception on Climatic Factors and Social-economic Characteristics in the Agricultural Sector of Gujarat
● A Multi-group Analysis of Gender Difference in Consumer Buying Intention of Agricultural Products via Live Streaming
● Cluster-based Improved Sorghum Production and Commercialization in Nyangatom Woreda of South Omo Zone, Southern Ethiopia
● The Contribution of Work Experience on Earnings Inequality of Migrant Workers: Decompositions Based on the Quantile Regression Equation
Study of Adoption Behaviour of Drip Irrigation System on Chilli Crop in Barwa...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
This study aims to analyze the stage of technology adoption and farmers’ behavior toward technology adoption on cropping systems of Jajar Legowo (JLS) and Direct Seeding System (DSS) on rice farming in the village of Duria Asi, Wonggeduku district of Konawe Regency, Indonesia. This research was conducted on March to May 2017. The research approach used is qualitative research. Data collection was conducted through in-depth interviews, participatory observation, documentation, and archival footage. Data were analyzed using qualitative descriptive analysis. The results showed that the application of of jajar legowo planting system has not been widely applied (23%). Farmers’ behavior is determined by internal and external factors in determining the technology’s adoption ability of Jajar Legowo System and Direct Seeding System. Therefore, cooperation from extension agencies and researchers is needed to increase the ability of farmers’ group in rice field farming so that local institution can perform its function better in order to achieve the production target.
Knowledge, adoption and constraint analysis of chilli technology in Char area...Premier Publishers
In the present study, Knowledge Index (KI) and Adoption Index (AI) were developed to measure the knowledge level and Adoption level of Chilli Technology of farmers in Char Area of Bangladesh. A preliminary test of thirty knowledge items related to chilli cultivation technology was administered to 38 chilli farmers who were involved in chilli production in island char areas. Data were collected during February to March 2008 through interview schedule. The Knowledge Index (KI) ranged from 71 to 99 and Adoption Index (AI) ranged from 68 to 98. A correlation coefficient of KI and AI was 0.97 which indicated that a high relation exists between Knowledge Index (KI) and Adoption Index (AI). The major constraints are ignorance about improved seeds and cultivation practices, chemicals with doses and method of application, scientific method of storage, etc. The major economic and physical constraints are the high cost of the seed of improved cultivars, non-availability of funds, etc. It was recommended that the farmers be guided through extension visits to teach them adoption of new technologies related to Chilli production. The study will help researcher, agricultural extension worker, policy maker and NGOs to address and analyse the issues related to knowledge, adoption and constraints of not only chilli production but also other field and horticultural crops production.
Sustainability of scientific maize cultivation practices in uttar pradesh, indiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the sustainability of scientific maize cultivation practices in Uttar Pradesh, India. It finds that:
1. Among the practices studied (use of high-yielding varieties, application of farm yard manure, application of synthetic nitrogenous fertilizer, and irrigation), irrigation and application of farm yard manure had the highest sustainability scores according to farmers, while experts rated application of farm yard manure and irrigation as most sustainable.
2. Use of high-yielding varieties was found to be more socio-culturally compatible, technologically appropriate, stable, efficient, and productive according to the study, but government support for seeds was lacking. Application of farm yard manure was environment
Impact of Frontline Demonstration (Fld’s) On Adoption Behavior of Soybean Gro...iosrjce
The main objective of the FLD is to demonstrate newly released crop production and protection
technology and its management practices on the farmer‟s field by the scientists themselves before taking it into
main extension system of State Department of Agriculture under different agro-climatic regions and in real
farming system. Presently the FLDs are mainly conducted through KVKs in all over the country. This is the
mandatory function of KVK to remove lack of knowledge and constraints in the adoption of improved soybean
production technology. Keeping all these views in mind, the present investigation entitled “Study on knowledge
and adoption level of soybean growers through Front Line Demonstrations (FLDs‟) in Ujjain district of M.P.”
For this purpose the data collected on a well prepared interview schedule. through personal interview method
by the investigator. The major findings of the study is majority of the respondents (beneficiaries of FLD
programme and non-beneficiaries) possessed medium level of adoption level. The „t‟ test indicated that there is
a significant difference between scores mean of both the group. Thus, it can be stated that, there is an impact of
FLD programme on the adoption level of the soybean growers.
This document discusses potato production in the Sabarkantha district of Gujarat state in India. It finds that potato is an important crop for the district, occupying about 18.46% of the state's total potato area. The district ranks second in area and production of potato after Banaskantha district, though it ranks fourth in average productivity. The study examined potato growers' adoption of recommended production technologies and marketing management practices. It found that most growers had medium knowledge and adoption of technologies. Irrigation management was the most adopted practice, while crop rotation was the least.
Assessment and selection of superior genotypes among eliteAlexander Decker
Farmers and scientists in southern Tanzania participated in selecting superior cassava genotypes. Nine improved cassava varieties were planted in three agro-ecological zones and evaluated based on farmers' selection criteria. The top criteria were yield, disease resistance, and root characteristics. After harvest, farmers in each zone selected genotypes based on yield and disease tolerance. Their selections closely matched the highest performing varieties as determined by scientists. Four genotypes - Kiroba, NDL 2006/487, NDL 2006/438 and Naliendele - were identified as superior based on this participatory selection process.
The study examined the adoption of mustard production technology among 108 small farmers in Bharatpur district of Rajasthan from 2011-2012. It found that 50% of respondents had adopted the technology to a medium extent. Farmers were most aware of adopting high yielding varieties, time of sowing, seed rate and spacing, but less aware of soil treatment, weed management, and plant protection measures. Higher education, farm power, caste, occupation, social participation, family type, income, and housing pattern promoted greater adoption. Constraints included unavailability of fertilizers and improved seeds during peak seasons, complex weed control methods, high input costs, and pesticide residues reducing fodder availability.
Banana is the most important food crop for over 400 million people. The study analyzed the communication behaviors of 120 banana growers in Tamil Nadu, India. It found that nearly half of the banana growers had a moderate level of communication behaviors. The growers utilized local information sources like other farmers more than external sources like extension agents. The study concluded it is necessary to improve extension services and create awareness among growers about modern communication technologies to help them access information that can improve banana cultivation practices.
Banana is the most important food crop for over 400 million people. The study analyzed the communication behaviors of 120 banana growers in Tamil Nadu, India. It found that nearly half of the banana growers had a moderate level of communication behaviors. The growers utilized local information sources like other farmers more than external sources like extension agents. The study concluded it is necessary to improve extension services and create awareness among growers about modern communication technologies to help them access information that can improve banana cultivation practices.
Constraints Faced by the Protected Growers of Himachal PradeshBRNSSPublicationHubI
This document summarizes a research study on the constraints faced by protected vegetable growers in Himachal Pradesh, India. A sample of 240 farmers was surveyed using random sampling methods. The main constraints identified through Garrett ranking were lack of storage facilities, inability to access subsidies, and unavailability of plant protection chemicals. Additional key constraints from the Chi-square analysis included inability to access subsidies, lack of awareness about seed treatments, unavailability of technical knowledge, and lack of storage facilities. The study provides insights into challenges protected farmers face and steps needed to promote sustainability in protected crop cultivation.
Evaluation of Pesticide Safety Measures Adopted by Potato Farmers in Chebiemi...BRNSSPublicationHubI
This document summarizes a research study that evaluated pesticide safety measures adopted by potato farmers in Chebiemit Division, Kenya. The study found that 96% of farmers were aware of pesticide safety labels but most did not properly practice safety precautions like wearing protective clothing when handling or spraying pesticides. It also found that common pesticides used by farmers contained harmful active ingredients and many farmers disposed of empty containers unsafely. Overall, the study concluded that potato farmers and their families were highly exposed to pesticide contamination and poisoning due to poor safety practices, highlighting the need for training programs to improve knowledge and adoption of safety measures.
Similar to A Critical Analysis of Banana Cultivation in Thoothukudi District of Tamil Nadu (20)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
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Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
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The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
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Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
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A Critical Analysis of Banana Cultivation in Thoothukudi District of Tamil Nadu
1. @ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 5 | Jul-Aug 2018 Page: 157
ISSN No: 2456 - 6470 | www.ijtsrd.com | Volume - 2 | Issue – 5
International Journal of Trend in Scientific
Research and Development (IJTSRD)
International Open Access Journal
A Critical Analysis of Banana Cultivation in Thoothukudi
District of Tamil Nadu
N. Amaladeepan1
, J. Pushpa2
1
M.Sc. , (Ag.) Student [Extension Education], 2
Professor & Head
Department of Social Sciences, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Killikulam, Vallanadu,
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tamil Nadu, India
ABSTRACT
Banana is a very popular fruit due to its low price and
high nutritive value. The study was conducted at
Thoothukudi district of Tamil Nadu. Two blocks in
Thoothukudi were selected for this study and 120
respondents were selected from two villages in each
block by proportionate random sampling method to
assess the extent of knowledge and adoption of
banana cultivation technologies by banana growers
and also 40 banana growing farmers who adopted
drip-irrigation system were selected as purposively for
assessing the performance of drip-irrigation in banana
cultivation. The study here explored the extent of
knowledge and adoption level of banana growers and
performance of drip-irrigation in banana cultivation.
With respect to knowledge and adoption level of
banana growers, majority of the respondents 54.17 per
cent had high level of knowledge on banana
cultivation technologies and 87.50 per cent had
medium to high level of adoption of banana
cultivation technologies. With regard to the
performance of drip-irrigation in banana cultivation,
the benefits as perceived by the drip adopted banana
growers were reduced weed growth, less labour
requirement for irrigation, weed management,
fertilizer application and also increases the water use
efficiency. These studies also suggested that
necessary follow up help should be given to the drip
adopted banana growers after installation by the
company and impart trainings to banana growers on
maintenance of drip-irrigation equipment.
Keywords: Banana cultivation, Knowledge, Adoption
and Drip-irrigation
INTRODUCTION
Banana is a very popular fruit due to its low price and
high nutritive value. Bananas are predominantly
produced in Asia, Latin America and Africa. India is
the biggest producers of banana. Globally, banana
production had reached a record of 117.9 million
tonnes in 2015 as compared to 2000. In India, banana
is an important fruit crop grown next to mango. The
area under banana was 8.03 lakh hectares in 2013-14
and the production was 29.7 Metric tonnes with the
productivity of about 7.00 Metric per Hectare in
2013-14. In India, the major banana growing states
are Tamil Nadu as followed by Karnataka and Andhra
Pradesh (Indian Horticulture Database, 2015). Banana
being a succulent, evergreen and shallow rooted crop
requires large quantity of water of increasing
productivity. Water requirement of banana has been
worked out to be 1800-2000 mm per annum. In spite
of having the largest Irrigated area in the world, India
also started facing severe water scarcity in different
region (Saleth, 1996). Micro Irrigation is introduced
primarily to save water and increase the water use
efficiency in agriculture. It was concluded that drip
irrigation is viable and more beneficial in region
where there is more water scarcity. By using the drip
the water use efficiency was higher and the system
saved 50.00 per cent of irrigation water
(B. Cevik, 1988).
Objectives
1. To assess the extent of knowledge and adoption of
banana cultivation technologies by banana
growers.
2. To study the performance of drip irrigation in
banana cultivation and constraints faced by them.
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
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Methodology
This study was conducted in Thoothukudi district of
Tamil Nadu. In Thoothukudi district, two blocks viz.,
Srivaikundam and Alwarthirunagiri were selected
where the area under banana cultivation is
predominant. Two villages were selected randomly
from each block. From these selected four villages,
120 farmers growing banana were selected by
applying proportionate random sampling method to
assess the extent of knowledge and adoption of
banana cultivation technologies by banana growers
and also 40 banana growing farmers who adopted drip
irrigation were selected as purposively for assessing
the performance of drip-irrigation in banana
cultivation. A well-structured interview schedule was
prepared to conduct survey. The extent of knowledge
and adoption of banana cultivation technologies by
banana growers were assessed with the help 32
questions related to crop production technologies,
crop protection technologies and harvest technology.
The performance of drip-irrigation was assessed by
five parameters which were selected in consultation
with concerned scientist and extension personnel in
the field. The respondents were asked to indicate the
constraints in the drip irrigation faced by them under
banana cultivation.
Findings and Discussion
Knowledge and Adoption of banana cultivation
technologies
Table 1.Distribution of respondents according to
their overall knowledge and adoption on banana
cultivation technologies
(n = 120)
S.
No
Category Knowledge Adoption
Num
ber
Per
cent
Numb
er
Per
cent
1. Low 8 6.67 15 12.50
2. Medium 47 39.17 58 48.33
3. High 65 54.17 47 39.17
Total 120 100.00 120 100.00
It is revealed from Table 1. that majority of the
respondents (54.17 %) had high level of knowledge
followed by 39.17 per cent of the respondents had
medium level of knowledge and the remaining 6.67
per cent of the respondents had low level of
knowledge on banana cultivation technologies.
Majority of the respondents (87.5 %) had medium to
high level of adoption and the remaining 12.5 per cent
of the respondents adopted banana cultivation
technologies in low level.
Table 2.Technolgy– wise knowledge and adoption level of respondents on banana cultivation practices
(n=120)
S.
No.
Practices Knowledge Adoption
Number Percent Number Percent
I. Crop production technologies
1. Season for banana cultivation 120 100.00 120 100.00
2. Varieties suited 120 100.00 120 100.00
3. Selection of planting Material (sucker) 119 99.17 118 98.33
4. Preparation of main field for banana cultivation 117 97.50 94 78.33
Pre-treatment of sucker
5. Pre-treatment practices of sucker 111 92.50 26 21.67
6. Chemical used for pre-treatment of sucker with dosage 41 34.17 24 20.00
Sucker planting
7. Spacing used for banana 119 99.17 119 99.17
8. Methods of planting the sucker 120 100.00 120 100.00
Irrigation Management
9. Life irrigation practices 108 90.00 72 60.00
10. Gap between the subsequent irrigation 118 98.33 109 90.83
Nutrient Management
11. Recommended quantity of N:P:K/plant/yr 120 100.00 103 85.83
12. Recommended Micro-Nutrient 79 65.83 53 44.17
Intercultural Operations
3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
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S.
No.
Practices Knowledge Adoption
Number Percent Number Percent
13. Desuckering 120 100.00 120 100.00
14. Propping 119 99.17 113 94.17
15. Earthing up 120 100.00 119 99.17
16. Denavelling 120 100.00 119 99.17
17. Peduncle Wrapping 105 87.50 78 65.00
18. Wind Break 58 48.33 48 40.00
19. Mulching 78 65.00 71 59.17
20. Pruning of Leaves 105 87.50 84 70.00
Weed Management
21. Recommended Herbicide 115 95.83 39 32.50
22. Hand weeding 118 98.33 104 86.67
23. Inter-cropping practices 78 65.00 11 9.17
II. Crop protection technologies
Pest management
24. Banana aphid 71 59.17 56 46.67
25. Pseudostem borer 110 91.67 93 77.50
26. Rhizome weevil 107 89.17 92 76.67
Disease management
27. Panama Disease (Fusarium wilt) 111 92.50 97 80.83
28. Freckle leaf spot 107 89.17 97 80.83
29. Bunchy-top 68 56.67 58 48.33
Nematode management
30. Burrowing nematode 106 88.33 51 42.50
III. Harvest
31. Harvesting period 120 100.00 119 99.17
32. Maturity indices of banana 118 98.33 118 98.33
Crop Production:
Season and Variety
There are two season for banana cultivation i.e.,
Maasipattam (Feb.–April) and Chithiraipattam (April
–May) were practised traditionally in Thoothukudi
district. In banana the varieties recommended for
Maasipattam in Thoothukudi district are Kadhali,
Rasthali, Rasa kadhali, Monthan and Karpooravalli.
The varieties recommended for Chithiraipattam in
Thoothukudi district are Nendran and Robust.
With respect to adoption, it is evident from the Table
2 that the respondents in the study area raised the crop
during both Maasipattam (Kadhali) and
Chithiraipattam (Nendran). Also it could be observed
that some of the respondents were cultivated both the
Kadhali and Nendran variety and some of the
respondents cultivated any one among the above
mentioned varieties only.
Field Preparation and Sucker Selection
Majority of the respondents (97.05 %) had acquired
knowledge on preparation of main field for banana
cultivation by forming beds and furrows in the field
and 99.17 per cent of the respondents had knowledge
on selection of quality sucker (sword suckers of 1.5 to
2.0 kg weight).
With respect to extent of adoption of recommended
technologies, majority of the respondents (78.33 %)
adopted the crop production technologies like field
preparation by forming beds and furrows and
recommended selection procedure for planting
material (98.33 %). The reason might be due to the
fact that these technologies were adopted traditionally
over a period of time.
Pre-treatment and Planting of Sucker
4. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
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It could be observed that more than three fourth of the
respondents (92.50%) had knowledge on pre-
treatment of sucker and only 34.17 per cent of the
respondents had knowledge on the chemical used for
sucker treatment. Further, it was observed
that majority of the respondents (99.17 %) had
knowledge on the recommended spacing
and mostly all the respondents were had knowledge
on method of planting the sucker.
With respect to extent of adoption, only few
respondents (21.67 %) and 20.00 per cent had adopted
the pre-treatment of sucker and the chemical used for
sucker treatment. More than four fifth of the
respondents (99.17 %) adopted the recommended
spacing and cent per cent of the respondents adopted
the pit method of planting.
Irrigation Management
With respect to Irrigation management, it is concluded
that more than four fifth of the respondents (90.00 %)
and 98.33 per cent had knowledge on life irrigation
technologies and gap between the subsequent
irrigation for banana cultivation
With respect to extent of adoption in irrigation
management, more than half of the respondents
(60.00 %) had adopted the recommended life
irrigation technologies and 90.83 per cent of the
respondents adopted the correct gap between
subsequent irrigation since there is water scarcity.
Nutrient Management
In consideration with nutrient management, all
respondent had well versed knowledge level in
recommended N: P: K fertilizer dosage for banana
cultivation and more than half of the respondents
(65.83 %) had knowledge on Micro-Nutrient with
recommended dosage.
With respect to extent of adoption level for
recommended fertilizers application, it is revealed that
85.83 per cent and 44.17 per cent of the respondents
had adopted the recommended level of N: P: K
fertilizer and Micro-Nutrient application respectively.
Intercultural Operations
With respect to the Intercultural Operation, it could be
observed that all the respondents in the study area had
knowledge on desuckering, earthingup and
denavelling techniques. Most of the respondents
(99.17 %) had knowledge on propping techniques
then 87.50 per cent of the respondents had knowledge
on both peduncles wrapping and pruning of leaves
techniques. Only more than half of the respondents
(65.00 %) had knowledge on mulching the field and
48.33 per cent of the respondents had knowledge on
wind break on their field.
With respect to the extent of adoption of Intercultural
Operation, cent per cent of the respondents had
adopted desuckering, 99.17 per cent of the
respondents adopted earthingup and denavelling
technologies, nearly 94.17 per cent of the respondents
were adopting propping technologies. Then 70.00 per
cent, 65.00 per cent and 59.17 per cent of the
respondents were adopting pruning of leaves,
peduncle wrapping and mulching as respectively.
Only 40.00 per cent of the respondents had grown
casuarina tree sp. as wind break in their field.
Weed Management
With respect to weed management most of the
respondents (98.33 %) had knowledge on hand
weeding and 95.83 per cent of the respondents had
knowledge on herbicide to control weed. Only more
than half of the respondents (65.00 %) had knowledge
inter-cropping to control weeds.
With respect to the extent of adoption of weed
management, more than three fourth of the
respondents (86.67 %) were adopting hand weeding
and more than one fourth of the respondents (32.50
%) adopted recommended herbicide to control weeds
in the field. Only 9.17 per cent of the respondents
were adopting inter cropping technologies to control
weed growth.
Crop Protection Technologies:
Pest Management
In the study area, the pest such as pseudo stem borer,
rhizome weevil and banana aphid were the major pest
found in banana cultivation. This might be the reason
for higher percentage of respondents acquired
knowledge as 91.67 per cent, 89.17 per cent and
59.17 per cent on the pest pseudo stem borer, rhizome
weevil and banana aphid respectively.
With respect to extent of adoption, more than three
fourth of the respondents (77.50 %) and (76.67 %)
were adopted the recommended management
technologies for pseudo stem borer and rhizome
weevil. Only 46.67 per cent of the respondents
followed the recommended management technologies
to control banana aphid.
5. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
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Disease Management
In the study area, the disease such as panama disease,
freckle leaf spot and bunchy top disease were the
major disease found in banana cultivation. This might
be the reason for higher percentage of respondents
acquired knowledge as 92.50 per cent, 89.17 per cent
and 56.67 per cent on the diseases panama disease,
freckle leaf spot and bunchy top respectively.
With respect to extent of adoption, more than three
fourth of the respondents (80.83 %) were adopting the
management technologies for both the freckle leaf
spot and panama disease. only 48.33 per cent of the
respondents had adopted the recommended
management technologies for bunch top diseases.
Nematode Management
With respect to nematode management, more than
three fourth of the respondents (88.33 %) had well
knowledge on management technologies for
burrowing nematodes.
While considering the extent of adoption of nematode
management, more than two fifth of the respondents
(42.50 %) had adopted the management technologies
for controlling the burrowing nematodes.
Harvest
With respect to harvesting, cent per cent of the
respondents had knowledge about the harvesting
period and 98.33 per cent of the respondents had
knowledge on the maturity indices of banana to
harvest. This might be due to their experiences in
banana cultivation.
While considering the extent of adoption, majority of
the respondents 99.17 per cent were harvesting their
fruit at the right time (90 to 150 days after shooting)
and 98.33 per cent of the respondents harvested the
matured fruit at optimum stage when the colour of the
bunch changes from deep green to light yellow.
Table 3.Correlation of characteristics of banana
growers with their knowledge
(n=120)
S.
No
Variables Correlation
value
X1 Age -0.081NS
X2 Educational status 0.630**
X3 Occupational status 0.050NS
X4 Family type -0.001NS
X5 Farm size 0.257**
X6 Area under Banana 0.247**
X7 Experience -0.041NS
X8 Information Seeking
Behaviour
0.638**
X9 Social participation 0.055NS
S.
No
Variables Correlation
value
X10 Innovativeness 0.596**
X11 Scientific Orientation 0.646**
X12 Risk Orientation 0.465**
X13 Progressiveness 0.548**
X14 Credit Orientation 0.169NS
X15 Economic Motivation -0.043NS
X16 Annual income 0.225*
** Significant at 1 per cent level
* Significant at 5 per cent level
NS Non- Significant
Simple correlation analysis
From the above Table 3, it is revealed that eight
variables viz., educational status(X2), farm size(X5),
area under banana(X6), information seeking
behaviour(X8), innovativeness(X10), scientific
orientation(X11), risk orientation(X12) and
progressiveness(X13) showed positive and significant
relationship with knowledge (Y1) at one per cent level
of significant. Only one variable annual income(X16)
showed positive and significant relationship with
knowledge (Y1) at five per cent level of significant.
Then the other variables are showed non-significant
relation with knowledge.
In general, the more the educational status, farm size,
area under banana, information seeking behaviour,
innovativeness, scientific orientation, risk orientation,
progressiveness and annual income the more will be
the chances for knowing and understanding the
technologies and hence the variables showed positive
and significant relationship.
Table 4.Correlation of characteristics of banana
growers with their adoption
(n=120)
S.
No
Variables Correlation
value
X1 Age -0.132 NS
X2 Educational status 0.662**
X3 Occupational status -0.011 NS
X4 Family type -0.011 NS
X5 Farm size 0.256**
6. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 5 | Jul-Aug 2018 Page: 162
X6 Area under Banana 0.247**
X7 Experience -0.194*
X8 Information Seeking
Behaviour
0.612**
S.
No
Variables Correlation
value
X9 Social participation 0.005 NS
X10 Innovativeness 0.544**
X11 Scientific Orientation 0.598**
X12 Risk Orientation 0.462**
X13 Progressiveness 0.510**
X14 Credit Orientation 0.221*
X15 Economic Motivation -0.113 NS
X16 Annual income 0.192*
** Significant at 1 per cent level
* Significant at 5 per cent level
NS Non- Significant
Simple correlation analysis
From the above Table 4, It could be observed that the
eight variables educational status (X2), farm size (X5),
area under banana (X6), information seeking
behaviour (X8), innovativeness (X10), scientific
orientation (X11), risk orientation (X12) and
progressiveness (X13) had shown positive and
significant association with adoption (Y2) at one per
cent level of significance. Then two variables credit
orientation (X14) and annual income (X16) had shown
positive and significant association with adoption (Y2)
at five per cent level of significance. Only one
variable experience (X7) had show negative and
significant association with adoption (Y2) at five per
cent level of significance. Then the other variables are
showed non-significant relation with adoption.
In general, more the educational status, farm size, area
under banana, information seeking behaviour,
innovativeness, scientific orientation, risk orientation,
progressiveness, credit orientation and annual income
the more would be the chances for accepting,
understanding and adopting the technologies and that
might be the reason for positive and significant
association with adoption. If more the experiences of
banana growers the less would be the chances for
accepting the banana cultivation technologies and this
might be due to the rigidness of not to change of
traditional way of cultivation because of their age old
experiences in banana cultivation
Performance of Drip-irrigation in Banana
Cultivation
The performance of drip-irrigation in banana
cultivation was accessed by five parameters which
were selected in consultation with concerned scientist
and extension personnels in the field. The
performance of banana cultivation in drip irrigation is
presented below in Table 5.
Table 5.Performance of drip-irrigation in Banana Cultivation
(n=40)
S. No Particulars Number Per cent
I. Irrigation:
1. Increasing the water use efficiency 37 92.50
2. Reducing the water losses 35 87.50
3. Less labour requirement for irrigation 38 95.00
II. Fertilizer application:
1. Fertigation (Fertilizer + Irrigation) 30 75.00
2. Increased fertilizer efficiency 29 72.50
3. Less labour requirement for fertilizer application 37 92.50
III. Weed management
1. Reduced weed growth 39 97.50
2. Less labour requirement for weed management 38 95.00
IV. Pest & Disease Incidences:
1. Low insect incidence 33 82.50
2. Low Disease incidence 33 82.50
V. Yield parameters:
1. Increase in fruit yield 23 57.50
2. Increase in bunch weight 26 65.00
7. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 5 | Jul-Aug 2018 Page: 163
From the Table 5 the performances of drip-irrigation
in banana cultivation were assessed in various aspects
such as irrigation, fertilizer application, weed
management, insect and disease incidences and yield
parameters. It could be inferred that 92.50 per cent of
the respondents reported that drip irrigation increased
the water use efficiency followed by 87.50 per cent of
the banana growers perceived that water losses
reduced in banana cultivation. This might be due to
the conventional bed based irrigation resulted in water
losses and weed growth in the field.
Due to drip irrigation in banana cultivation, 72.50 per
cent of the respondents perceived increased fertilizer
efficiency followed by 92.00 and 95.00 per cent of
them reported that less labour requirement for
fertilizer application and to control of weed
respectively. With respect to insect and disease
incidence 82.50 per cent felt that reduction in insect
and disease incidences due to maintenance of
optimum irrigation management and control of plant
growth due to drip irrigation.
With regard to yield parameter, majority of the
respondents reported that there is increase in bunch
weight and increase in fruit yield as compared to
conventional method of irrigation in banana
cultivation.
Constraints as perceived by the Drip-irrigated
banana growers
The respondents were asked to indicate the constraints
faced by them under drip irrigated banana cultivation.
The constraints as perceived by the drip irrigated
banana growers were presented below in the Table 6.
Table 6.Constraints as perceived by the drip-
irrigated banana growers
(n=40)
S.No Particulars Number Per
cent
1. Clogging problem in
emitter
33 82.50
2. Difficulty in inter-
cultural operations
22 55.00
3. High initial cost 21 52.50
4. Restricted root growth 11 27.50
It could be observed from Table 6 that the various
constraints perceived by the drip-irrigated banana
growers were clogging in the emitter by 82.50 per
cent as followed by difficulty in inter-cultural
operations by 55.0 per cent and high initial cost for
setting up the drip irrigation system (52.50 %), root
growth restriction also found to be one of the least
constraints as perceived by 27.50 per cent of the
farmers who adopted drip irrigation system.
Conclusion
It could be inferred from the study that majority of the
respondents (54.17 %) had high level of knowledge
on banana cultivation technologies and majority of the
respondents (87.5 %) had medium to high level of
adoption of banana cultivation technologies.
With respect to the performance of drip-irrigation in
banana cultivation, major benefits as perceived by the
respondents were reduced weed growth, less labour
requirement for irrigation, weed management and
fertilizer application. Further, it also increases the
water use efficiency. Then the constraints in drip-
irrigation as perceived by the respondents were
clogging in the emitter, difficult in inter-cultural
operations and high initial cost while setting up the
drip irrigation system in the field. Hence it is
suggested that necessary follow up help should be
given by the company after installation of drip-
irrigation system and also need to impart training to
the farmers on maintenance of drip-irrigation
equipment.
References:
1. B. Cevik, N. Kaska, O. Tekinel, M. Pekmezci, N.
Yaylali, S. Paydas (1988) Comparison of drip and
basin irrigation systems in banana orchards on the
southern coast of turkey, ISHS Acta Horticulture
228: IV International Symposium on Water
Supply and Irrigation in the Open and under
Protected Cultivation,
10.17660/ActaHortic.1988.228.24
2. Indian Horticulture Database (2015), National
Horticulture Board, Ministry of Agriculture,
Government of India, 85, Institutional Area,
Sector-18,Gurgaon-122 015 INDIA
3. Saleth, R. Maria. (1996), Water Institutions in
India: Economics, Law and Policy,
Commonwealth Publishers, New Delhi.