The document discusses several organizations related to nursing standards, laws, and healthcare trends internationally and in India. It discusses the International Council of Nurses (ICN), which works to ensure quality nursing care globally and is headquartered in Geneva. It also discusses the Indian Nursing Council, which regulates nursing education and practice in India. The Trained Nurses Association of India (TNAI) is mentioned as the largest nursing organization in India, focusing on the welfare of nurses. The roles of the World Health Organization and International Red Cross in global healthcare are also summarized briefly.

1. NURSING STANDARD, Health care
Agencies, trends, laws
Presented By,
Mr. Pradeeepsingh N. B
Asst. Professor
HOD OF Medical Surgical
Nursing

17. Member profile:
• The International Council of Nurses (ICN) is a
federation of national nurses associations in
more than 130 countries. Operated by nurses
and leading nursing internationally, ICN works to
ensure quality nursing care for all and sound
health policies globally. Founded in 1899, ICN is
the world’s first and widest reaching
international organization for health
professionals and is headquartered in Geneva,
Switzerland.

18. ICN
ICN
Full name International Council of
Nurses
Founded 1899
Members 135
Key people Annette Kennedy, President
Howard Catton, CEO
Office location Geneva, Switzerland
Country International
Website www.icn.ch

19. • ICN was founded in 1899 with Great Britain,
the United States, and Germany as charter
members.
• ICN is governed by a Council of National
Representatives (CNR).
• The CNR is the governing body of the ICN and
sets policy, admits members, selects a board
of directors, and sets dues.
• As of 2013, there were 135 National
Representatives (one for each member
organization). National Representatives are
selected by each member association. The
CNR meets every two years.

20. Presidents of ICN
• 1899 - 1904 Ethel Bedford Fenwick (UK)
• 2017 - 2021 Annette Kennedy(Ireland)

21. Conferences and projects
• ICN hosts other conferences on an as-needed
basis. Recent conferences have covered topics
such as regulation of the profession of nurses,
socio-economic welfare issues, leadership.
• ICN sponsors International Nurses' Day every
May 12 (the anniversary of Florence
Nightingale's birthday)issues and advanced
practice issues.

22. • Official Journal of ICN: International Nursing
Review (INR). This is a highly respected,
scientific journal with an impact factor and a
readership in around 135 countries.

23. Activities of ICN
• ICN has identified three key program areas as
crucial to the betterment of nursing and health.
These are known as ICN's Pillars and they are:
• Professional Practice, Regulation, and Socio-
economic welfare. The association's activities are
focused in these areas. The International
Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP®) – a
common code language for data globally -- and
Leadership for Change are two significant ICN
projects which come under the professional
practice pillar. Leadership in Negotiation is a
project which comes under the socio-economic
welfare pillar.

24. INC
• The Indian Nursing Council is an Autonomous
Body under the Government of India, Ministry
of Health & Family Welfare was constituted by
the Central Government under section 3(1) of
the Indian Nursing Council Act, 1947 of
parliament in order to establish a uniform
standard of training for nurses, Midwives and
health visitors.

25. Organizational Structure
• President
• Vice-President
• Secretary
• Joint - Secretary
• Deputy - Secretary
• Assistant - Secretary
• Office Staff

26. THE INDIAN NURSING COUNCIL ACT,
1947* ACT NO. 48 OF 1947
• 1. Short title, extent and commencement.––
(1) This Act may be called the Indian Nursing
Council Act, 1947. 2 [(2) It extends to the
whole of India except the State of Jammu and
Kashmir.] (3) It shall come into force at once.

27. • Interpretation.––In this Act, unless there is
anything repugnant in the subject or context, ––
(a) “the Council” means the 3 [Council]
constituted under this Act;
• (b) “prescribed” means prescribed by regulations
made under section 16;”
• (c) “ 4 [State] Council” means a Council (by
whatever name called) constituted under the law
of a 4 [State] to regulate the registration of
nurses, midwives or health visitors in the 5
[State];
• (d) “ 4 [State] register” means a register of
nurses, midwives or health visitors maintained
under the law of a 5 [State].

28. Constitution and composition of the
Council.––
• (a) one nurse enrolled in a 4 [State] register
elected by each 4 [State] Council;
• 7 [(b) two members elected from among
themselves by the heads of institutions
recognised by the Council for the purpose of
this clause in which training is given––

29. • The President of the Council shall be elected
by the members of the Council from among
themselves.
Functions of INC:
• Meetings
• . Power to require information as to courses of
study and training and examinations.
• Inspections.
• Withdrawal of recognition.
• Mode of declaration.

30. • Indian Nurses Register.
• Supply of copies of State registers.
• Power to make regulations.

31. TNAI
• THE TRAINED NURSES' ASSOCIATION OF INDIA
(TNAI)
• ESTD.IN 1908
Registered under the Societies Act XXI of 1860 in
1917. WWW.TNAIONLINE.ORG
• Prof. (Dr.) Roy K George
President, TNAI
• Mrs Reena Bose
Vice President East Region

32. • TNAI is a non-secreterian, non-political,
professional organization whose memebership
is open to all RN’s who hold certificate of full
time training in nursing and are recognized by
INC.
• This association of nurse was started with the
name of Association of Nursing Superitendents
which was founded at Lucknow in 1905.
• This association was headed by nine Europen
nurses in India.

33. Purposes of TNAI
• To uphold the dignity and honor of the nursing
profession.
• To promote a sense of spirit de corps among
all nursing professionals.
• To promote high standards of health care and
nursing practice.
• To enable members to take counsel together
on matters relating welfare of nurses.
• To advance professional, educational,
economic and general welfare of nurses.

34. • Mrs C Susan Dkhar Tada
Vice President North East Region
• Mrs Swapna S. Joshi
Vice President West Region
• Dr. Jaeny Kemp
Vice President South Region
• Mrs Annie Kumar
Vice President North Region
• Mrs Pritpal Kaur Bamra
Hony. Treasurer
• Mrs. Evelyn P. Kannan
Secretary-General TNAI
• Prof. Mrs. GIRIJAMBA DEVI P
SECRETARYTNAI Karnataka State Branch

35. The Trained Nurses Association of India
L-17, Florence Nightingale Lane
Green Park Main, New Delhi-110016
Ph: 01126566665, 01126858304
Email: helpdesk@tnaionline.org,tnai_2003@yahoo.com
For Membership: membership@tnaionline.org
For Publication: publicationstnai@yahoo.com
For SNA: sna@tnaionline.org
www.tnaionline.org

36. Activities and functions of TNAI
• TNAI set – up basic nursing curriculum.
• TNAI develops and promote course in higher
education for nurses.
• TNAI provide scholarships for nurses who wish
to go on for advanced study in India or abroad
• TNAI organizes conference and workshops for
nurses to upgrade their knowledge and skills.
• It promote legislation and to speak for nurses
in regard to legislative action.

37. • TNAI provides socio-economoic welfare to
nurses in country.
• TNAI have a set of publications in the field of
nursing which is essential tool in easy
understanding.
• It provides professional counseling and
placement services to nurses.

38. WHO
• World Health Organization(WHO) is a
specialized agency of the United Nations(UN)
that acts as a coordinating authority on
international public health.
• WHO Estblished on 7th April 1948, with head
quarters in geneva, Switzedland.
• More than 100 countries are members of
WHO and in help finance.

39. WHO-Objective
• “Is the attainment by all people of the
highest possible level o f health.”
Jawaharlal Nehru had given an opinion to
start WHO. The WHO is financed by
contributions from member states and
Donors .

40. • The WHO Assembly generally meets in MAY
each year.
• In addition to appointing the Director-General
every five years.
• The assembly elects 34 members, technically
qualified in the field of health, to the Executive
board for three years terms.
• Voluntary contributions to the WHO from
national and local governments, foundations
and NGO’s, other UN organizations , and the
private sector, now exceed that of assessed
contributions(dues) from 193 member nations.

41. Activities or functions
• Coordinating international efforts to control
outbreaks of infectious disease, such as SARS,
malaria, Tb, influenza, and HIV/AIDS etc
• The WHO sponsors programmes to prevent
and treat diseases.
• The WHO supports the development and
distributtion of safe and effective vaccines,
pharmaceutical diagnostics, and drugs.

42. • The WHO develops and promotes the use of
evidence-based tools, norms and standards to
support member states to inform health policy
options.
• The WHO provides guidance in setting up
programmes of nursing educations.
• The WHO regularly publishes a report
including an expert assessment of a specific
global health topic.
• The WHO carries out various health- related
campaigns.
• The WHO has promoted training for auxiliary
nursing personnel.

43. • The WHO promotes the development of
capacities in member states to use and
produce research that addresses national
needs
• The WHO has worked on global initiatives in
surgery such as the Global initiative for
Emergency and Essential surgical care.

44. • The WHO has recently banned the
recruitment of cigarette smokers, to promote
the principle of a tobacco free work
environment.
• The WHO successfully rallied 168 countries to
sign the framework convention on tobacco
control in 2003.

45. RED CROSS
• International Committee of the Red Cross
The International Committee of the Red
Cross (ICRC) ensuring humanitarian protection
and assistance for victims of war and other
situations of violence.

46. History
• Jean Henry Dunant was appalled by the
condition of the wounded soldiers he happened
to see in the battle field of Solferino, Italy in
1859.
• Arranged relief services with the help of the local
community immediately.
• Wrote the book ‘Memory of Solferino’ suggesting
that a neutral organization he established to aid
the wounded soldiers in times of war.
• International Red Cross movement was
established by Geneva convention of 1864.

47. Indian Red cross society
• During the first world war in 1914, India had
no organization for relief services to the
affected soldiers, except a branch of the st.
Johns Ambulance Association and by a joint
committee of the British red cross.

48. • The bill was passed on 17th March 1920 and
became Act XV of 1920 with the assent of the
Governor General on the 20th march 1920.
• On 7th June 1920, 50 members were formally
nominated to constitute the Indian Red Cross
Society is a member of the International
Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent
Movement. Relations between the IRCS and
the Indian Delegation of the Federation are
strong.

49. Programs and activities
• Promoting humanitarian principles and values
• Disaster response.
• Disaster preparedness
• Health and care in the community.
Activities:
• Guiding and supporting the development of
its societies is one of the Red Cross’s
fundamental tasks.
• Management and volunteer training.

50. • Improving branch structures.
• Planning.
• Fund raising and gender equality.
• Creating the opportunity for Red Cross Societies to
network.
• Hospital services.
• Blood bank services.
• HIV/AIDS programmes
• Home for disabled servicemen.
• Vocational training centers,
• Tracing activities,
• Maternity, child and family welfare services.
• Preparedness and prevention of communicable &
infectious diseases, relief operations in fire, railway &
other accidents and events.

68. LAW IN NURSING
LAW: “The law is defined as a system of rights
and obligations which the states enforces.”
License: “license is the written permission given
by competent and recognized authority to do
something. For e,g. as registration of nurse to
practice as a nurse in a particular state.”
Will: will is a written statement made by the
person what the person wants to be done with
his/her property and possession after death.

69. TYPES OF LAWS
• 1. CIVIL LAW: This law is concerned the rules
and regulations that specify the required course
of action to be followed by an individual in
business and social relationships with others.
• 2. CRIMINAL LAW: These laws are related to
public welfare and security. Penalties are
imposed on individuals for any offenses that
threat the public welfare and security.

70. Purposes of law in nursing
• To prevent injuries and harm to the patients.
• To protect herself, employer & colleagues etc
• To differentiate nursing practice from the practice
from the practice of other health care professionals.
• To safe guard the rights of patients.
• To be accountable for the work done by him /her
• To maintain prompt and accurate documents.
• To update his/her knowledge and skills in respect to
care and associated work .
• To provide best possible care to the patient.

76. fidelity
“Faithfulness to a person, cause, or belief,
demonstrated by continuing loyalty and
support.”
Fraud:

77. • Malpractice:Malpractice is defined as
behaviour or conduct by a professional that is
improper or causes injury. When a doctor
misdiagnoses a patient and the patient dies,
this is an example of malpractice.
• Beneficence: The doing of good; active
goodness or kindness; charity. Ex,
gift, offering, A beneficent act or gift

80. TORTS
• Definition : A tort is a breach (breaking) of a
duty imposed by law which results in injury to
another. The law imposes a general duty on
everyone to refrain from injuring others, and
to refrain from violating the rights of others.
When a breach of this duty causes injury, the
party causing the injury is held responsible, a

81. What is an intentional tort?
An intentional tort is a breach of the legal
duty to refrain from committing intentional
acts which cause injury to others. Most
intentional torts involve injury to the physical
person of another, injury to another’s
reputation, injury to another’s property, or
interference with business relationships.

82. Examples of Intentional Torts
• Assault
• Battery
• False imprisonment
• Conversion
• Intentional infliction of emotional distress
• Fraud/deceit
• Trespass (to land and property)
• Defamation

83. Examples of Negligence Torts
• Slip and fall accidents
• Car accidents
• Truck accidents
• Motorcycle accidents
• Pedestrian accidents
• Bicycle accidents
• Medical malpractice

84. • Assault: An assault is the act of inflicting
physical harm or unwanted physical contact
upon a person or, in some specific legal
definitions, a threat or attempt to commit
such an action.[1] It is both a crime and
a tort and, therefore, may result in either
criminal and/or civil liability. Generally, the
common law definition is the same in criminal
and tort law.

85. Common legal Hazards in nursing
• Slippery floors
• Inadequate lighting
• Absence of bedside rails
• Faculty equipment
• Administrating wrong medicines
• Maintenance of records
• Faculty electric wiring
• Counting of sponges and instruments
• Inadequate protection from stray animals
• Mistaken identity

86. • Presence of inflammable substnace
• Abortion
• Restrains
• Abscond of the patient
• Assault and battery

107. Nurses role in legal implications
• Nurses should review nursing practice
periodically.
• Nurses should inform concerned authorities
regarding substandard of nursing care.
• Nurses should be aware of all the rules and
regulations related to nursing practice.
• Nurses should seek current professional
certification to increase expertise in the field.
• Nurses should follow nursing standards,
practice and protocols formulated by the
concerned persons.

108. • Nurses should be good observer.
• Nurses should not involve in the activities
which are not within their judicial and scope
of nursing practice.
• Nurses should give priority the welfare of the
patient and their right in nursing practice.
• Actively participate in professional
organization.
• Nurses should involve in educational and
training opportunities on legal issues to
enhance their knowledge and practice.

109. • All the nurses should maintain all the records
and reports up to date and complete.
• Nurses should foster, respectful, honest nurse
– patient relationship to avoid legal
complication.

111. • DNR:Do Not Resuscitate
Do Not Resuscitate, also known as no code
or allow natural death, is a legal order, written
or oral depending on country, indicating that a
person does not want to receive
cardiopulmonary resuscitation if that person's
heart stops beating. The legal status and
processes surrounding DNR orders vary from
country to country. Most commonly, the order
is placed by a physician based on a
combination of medical judgement and
patient wishes and values.

112. • Define Battery: battery is the tort of intentionally
and voluntarily bringing about an unconsented
harmful or offensive contact with a person or to
something closely associated with them (e.g. a
hat, a purse). Unlike assault, in which the fear of
imminent contact may support a civil claim,
battery involves an actual contact. The contact
can be by one person (the tortfeasor) of another
(the victim), with or without a weapon, or the
contact may be by an object brought about by
the tortfeasor. For example, the intentionally
bringing a car into contact with another person,
or the intentional striking of a person with a
thrown rock, is a battery.

113. LAMA
• Leave against medical advice (LAMA):
Leave Against Medical Advice (LAMA), also
called discharge against medical advice
(DAMA), is an act whereby a patient takes
his/her discharge contrary to the
recommendation or will of the attending
physician. The issue concerns hospital
management, staff and patient as well as the
third party where applicable.

114. DEFINITION:
• LAMA has been defined in the broadest terms
as any patient who insists upon leaving against
the expressed advice of the treating team.
Escape (absence without leave, absconding, or
elopement), whereby the patient leaves the
hospital without notification by escaping from
an involuntary unit or walking out of a
voluntary unit, also has been considered by
some clinicians and researchers to be a form
of discharge against medical advice.