This document discusses the essence of tragedy through conflict. It provides examples of conflicts in tragedies by Shakespeare such as Hamlet's conflict with grief, Othello's conflict with jealousy, King Lear's conflict with wrath in old age, and Macbeth's conflict with fear. It also discusses conflicts in Thomas Hardy's novels which deal with issues of sex and relationships. Modern tragedies by writers like Galsworthy and Prem Chand reflect social conflicts between classes. The essence of tragedy is said to be the depiction of human conflict with forces beyond one's control, whether internal passions or external social conditions, which result in suffering.

2. PRESENTED BY :AQSA JAVAID

3. END OF TRAGEDY IS TO SHOW
DIGNITY OF MAN

5. TRAGEDY
Tragedy is serious and intensifies the mood.
Tragedy is a play with sorrowful ending.
According to Aristotle ,tragedy is an imitation
of a serious and complete action which have
some magnitude.
Tragedy is a representation of stupendous
experiences in lives of conspicuous people
which result in sorrow.

6. TRAGEDY SHOWS DIGNITY OF MAN
Attitude towards value in tragedy
Tragedy reveals greatness of man.
Tragedy is a spectacle of consent and
inevitable relation between good and evil
Tragedy represents absoluteness in values
The period of equilibrium of tragedy consists
in a Terror with Pride.

7. TRAGIC TRAIT
Tragic trait in hero’s character indicates the
dignity of man.
Tragic trait is that which makes the hero an
enigma.
The tragic trait is within man and it kills him.

8. VISION OF TRAGEDY
 The vision of tragedy is the outcome of
greatness.
It’s man attempt to deal creatively with fear
and pain.
Direction and focus may change , but the
vision is constant.

9. TRAGIC ELEMENTS
Terror
Pity
Sense of Waste and Mystery of Life
Poetic justice
Values of tragic art
The end and purpose of tragic art

10. CONCLUSION
Tragedy is concerned with resistance to
circumstances.
The concept of tragedy invariably depict the
trial and tribulations of great personages like
queens , kings, mighty generals and nobles.
Even a wicked hero Macbeth has a lot of
conscience in him , which reassert one’s faith
in dignity of man.

12. TRAGIC HERO
 Aristotle defines a tragic hero as a person
who must evoke a sense of pity and fear in
audience.
A person who faces difficulties in the face of
danger.
A person for which pity being felt.

13. BASIC ELEMENTS OF TRAGIC HERO
Hamartia
Hubris
Usually noble by birth
Audience must feel pity and fear for this
character

14. IDEAL TRAGIC HERO
CHARACTERISTICS
Goodness
Realistic
Appropriate
Consistent
Hamartia
Likeness

15. EXAMPLES OF TRAGIC HEROES
Aristotle has used oedipus
rex as a perfect example of
tragic hero.
He is tragic as he struggle
against his fate.
Pitiable due to his weakness.
He has hubris that his pride makes him blind to
the truth.

16. CONCLUSION
Emotions are evoked by ideal tragic hero
Aristotle stipulates that the tragic hero must
be good but not perfect.
He must be true to type.

17. JUSTIFY THE ESSENCE OF TRAGEDY IS
CONFLICT

18. CONFLICT IN TRAGEDY
Tragedy is the exhibition of man in unsuccessful
conflict with mighty forces.
There is conflict of feelings , desires , will and
purposes.
End of tragedy related with conflict of the hero
which wrought his actions.
Shakespearean tragedy
Medieval age
Senecan age

20. PASSIONS OR CONFLICTS IN GREAT
TRAGIC HEROES OF SHAKESPEARE

21. HAMLET
Hamlet is the study of passion of grief.
His excessive grief makes his memory fade.
Shakespeare did not fail to see and to show
the essential humanness of grief in its
passionate refusal of the consolations of
philosophy.
He is an idealist .
Hamlet stresses the joy-grief pair of passions.

22. OTHELLO
Othello is a tragedy of jealousy.
It is a derivative passion.
Jealousy is opposed to love ,as it often comes
from love.
Othello is not jealous by nature and is noble
and loveable.
Passion has again caused innocent of guilty.
Othello develops the love-hatred of jealousy.

23. KING LEAR
This is the tragedy of wrath in old age.
Anger always rises from injured self-esteem.
Shakespeare has presented several problem
I. Old age
II. Anger
Lears appeals from his daugthers to the
heavens

24. MACBETH
Macbeth is a study of fear.
He is a man of guilt.
Pair of passion here is of fear and
cowardliness.
Fear is painful, it has to do with future rather
than present , arises from mental picture of an
evil in mind.

25. CONFLICT IN HARDY’S TRAGEDY

26. CONFLICT IN HARDY TRAGEDY
All his tragedies deal with the problem of sex.
His novels tackle the internal mutual relations
of Man and Women.
Conflict is the outcome of the sex relations
among the characters which spins the action
of his tragic novels.
Hardy has given his own interpretation of love.
Hardy’s conviction that there is a fundamental
conflict between humanity and ruthless fate.

27. CONFLICT IN MODERN TRAGEDY

28. CONFLICT IN MODERN TRAGEDY
That man’s weakness, his susceptibility to
passion, is not necessarily responsible for his
doom.
Two modern writers are Galsworthy and Prem
Chand.
Both mirror the tyranny of social forces.
People suffer since there is in practice one law for
the poor and another for the rich .this is called
social tragedy.
There is a conflict of classes and communities.

29. CONCLUSION
Tragedy is always the outcome of a conflict.
Passions must spin the actions of the tragic art
Tragedy is a painful mystery.
Tragedy occurs when tragic events are
uncontrollable and beyond human power.
Its essence is conflict , resulting in suffering and
misery.
Human failings and towering passions led to the
greatness of man.