1. Linux (diucapkan ˈlɪnəks atau /ˈlɪnʊks/)[1] adalah nama yang
diberikan kepada sistem operasi komputer bertipe Unix. Linux
merupakan salah satu contoh hasil pengembangan perangkat
lunak bebas dan sumber terbuka utama. Seperti perangkat
lunak bebas dan sumber terbuka lainnya pada umumnya, kode
sumber Linux dapat dimodifikasi, digunakan dan didistribusikan
kembali secara bebas oleh siapa saja.[2]
Nama "Linux" berasal dari nama pembuatnya, yang
diperkenalkan tahun 1991 oleh Linus Torvalds.
Sistemnya, peralatan sistem dan pustakanya umumnya berasal
dari sistem operasi GNU, yang diumumkan tahun 1983 oleh
Richard Stallman. Kontribusi GNU adalah dasar dari munculnya
nama alternatif GNU/Linux.[3]

2. Linux telah lama dikenal untuk penggunaannya di server, dan
didukung oleh perusahaan-perusahaan komputer ternama
seperti Intel, Dell, Hewlett-Packard, IBM, Novell, Oracle
Corporation, Red Hat, dan Sun Microsystems. Linux digunakan
sebagai sistem operasi di berbagai macam jenis perangkat
keras komputer, termasuk komputer
desktop, superkomputer,[4], dan sistem benam seperti pembaca
buku elektronik, sistem permainan video (PlayStation
2, PlayStation 3 dan XBox[5]), telepon genggam dan router. Para
pengamat teknologi informatika beranggapan kesuksesan Linux
dikarenakan Linux tidak bergantung kepada vendor (vendor
independence), biaya operasional yang rendah, dan
kompatibilitas yang tinggi dibandingkan versi UNIX tak
bebas, serta faktor keamanan dan kestabilannya yang tinggi
dibandingkan dengan sistem operasi lainnya seperti Microsoft
Windows.

3. Ciri-ciri ini juga menjadi bukti atas keunggulan
model pengembangan perangkat lunak sumber
terbuka (opensource software).
Sistem operasi Linux yang dikenal dengan istilah
distribusi Linux (Linux distribution) atau distro Linux
umumnya sudah termasuk perangkat-perangkat
lunak pendukung seperti server web, bahasa
pemrograman, basisdata, tampilan desktop (desktop
environment) seperti GNOME,KDE dan Xfce juga
memiliki paket aplikasi perkantoran (office suite)
seperti OpenOffice.org, KOffice, Abiword, Gnumeric
dan LibreOffice.

4. Pembuat Linux OS
Linus Torvalds
Linus Torvalds dilahirkan di Helsinki, Finlandia, pada tanggal 28
Desember 1969. Dalam usianya yang ke 10, Linus mulai berkecimpung
di dalam pemograman komputer, dengan menggunakan komputer milik
kakeknya, Commodore VIC-20. Komputing pun menjadi hobinya. Pada
tahun 1988 Linus diterima menjadi mahasiswa di University of
Helsinki, Finlandia. Pada tahun 1990, Linus memulai kelas
pemograman C pertamanya.

5. Pada April 1991, Linus Torvalds, seorang mahasiswa berusia 21 tahun dari
Universitas Helsinski, Finlandia mulai memikirkan sesuatu ide sederhana untuk
suatu Sistem Operasi. Ia memulai dengan task switcher dalam Bahasa Rakitan x86
pada Intel 80386 dan sebuah driver Terminal. Pada 25 Agustus 1991, Torvalds
memposting sebuah pesan di comp.os.minix, sebuah newsgroup di Usenet:
I'm doing a (free) operating system (just a hobby, won't be big and professional
like gnu) for 386(486) AT clones. This has been brewing since April, and is starting
to get ready. I'd like any feedback on things people like/dislike in minix, as my OS
resembles it somewhat (same physical layout of the file-system (due to practical
reasons) among other things). I've currently ported bash(1.08) and gcc(1.40), and
things seem to work. This implies that I'll get something practical within a few
months [...] Yes - it's free of any minix code, and it has a multi-threaded fs. It is NOT
portable (uses 386 task switching etc), and it probably never will support
anything other than AT-harddisks, as that's all I have :-(.
[...] It's mostly in C, but most people wouldn't call what I write C. It uses every
conceivable feature of the 386 I could find, as it was also a project to teach me
about the 386. As already mentioned, it uses a MMU, for both paging (not to disk
yet) and segmentation. It's the segmentation that makes it REALLY 386 dependent
(every task has a 64Mb segment for code & data - max 64 tasks in 4Gb. Anybody
who needs more than 64Mb/task - tough cookies). [...] Some of my "C"-files
(specifically mm.c) are almost as much assembler as C. [...] Unlike minix, I also
happen to LIKE interrupts, so interrupts are handled without trying to hide the
reason behind them.

6. Allan McRae
Alias: Allan
Email: allan.archlinux.org
Other Contact:
jabber:allan.mcrae@
jabber.org
PGP Key: 0xEAE999BD
Roles:
Toolchain Maintainer,
Pacman Developer
Website:
http://allanmcrae.co
m/
Occupation: Statistical Geneticist
YOB: 1980
Location: Brisbane, Australia
Languages: English
Interests:
Anime, Martial Arts,
Nature, Poker
Favorite Distros: Arch, LFS

7. Andrea Scarpino
Alias: scarpino
Email: andrea.archlinux.org
Other Contact:
jabber: andreascarpino {0x40}
jabber {0x2E} org, irc:
irc.freenode.net:scarpino
PGP Key: 0xD30DB0AD
Roles:
Qt/KDE SC Maintainer
Website: http://www.andreascarpino.it/
Occupation: Student, Developer
YOB: 1988
Location: Lecce, Italy
Languages: Italian, English, German
Interests:
Software development, girls,
underwater fishing
Favorite Distros: Arch Linux

8. Andreas Radke
Alias: andyrtr
Email: andyrtr.archlinux.org
Other Contact:
diaspora:
https://joindiaspora.com/p
eople/26725,
irc://irc.freenode.net:andy
rtr
PGP Key: 0x0F2A092B
Roles:
Package Maintainer
Website:
Occupation:
Statutary accident
insurance
YOB: 1975
Location: Magdeburg, Germany
Languages: German, English
Interests:
Packaging, Gym,
Family+dog
Favorite Distros: Arch64

9. Ángel Velásquez
Alias: angvp
Email: angvp.archlinux.org
Other Contact:
jabber:angvplnx@jabbe
r.linux.it,
irc://irc.freenode.net/an
gvp
PGP Key: 0xEC133BAD
Roles:
Developer/TU
Website: http://www.angvp.com
Occupation: Software Developer
YOB: 1983
Location: Buenos Aires, Argentina
Languages:
Spanish, Italian, English,
and a little bit French
Interests: IT,Programming,Soccer
Favorite Distros: Arch,Arch,Arch :)

10. Bartłomiej Piotrowski
Alias: Barthalion
Email: nospam@bpiotrowski.pl
Other Contact:
xmpp:b@bpiotrowski.pl,
irc://irc.freenode.net/Barthalio
n
PGP Key: 0x487328A9
Roles:
Package maintainer
Website: http://bpiotrowski.pl/
Occupation: Student, system administrator
YOB: 1994
Location: Poznań, Poland
Languages: Polish, English, poorly German
Interests:
IT, crime fiction (and books in
general), old x86 hardware
Favorite Distros:
Arch Linux, Alpine Linux,
Debian/Ubuntu

11. Dan McGee
Alias: toofishes
Email: dan.archlinux.org
Other Contact: irc://irc.freenode.net:toofishes
PGP Key: 0xF53A76ED
Roles:
Pacman Developer, Website
Maintainer
Website: http://www.toofishes.net/
Occupation: Software Developer
YOB: 1985
Location: Chicago, IL, USA
Languages: English
Interests:
Skiing, Ultimate Frisbee, Beach
Volleyball, Sports, Travel
Favorite Distros: Arch, OpenWRT, grml

12. Alias: ise
Email: daniel.archlinux.org
Other Contact:
irc://irc.freenode.net:ise
jabber:ise@jabber.org
PGP Key: 0xB4440678
Roles:
Mono maintainer and some other
packages
Website: http://isenmann.blogspot.com
Occupation: Software Developer
YOB: 1980
Location: Near Karlsruhe, Germany
Languages: German, English
Interests:
Climbing, MTB, Computers,
Reading, Photography
Favorite Distros: Arch
Daniel Isenmann

13. Alias: foutrelis
Email: evangelos@foutrelis.com
Other Contact:
irc://irc.freenode.net:foutr
elis
PGP Key: 0xA9999C34
Roles:
Developer/TU
Website: http://foutrelis.com/
Occupation: Student
YOB: 1988
Location: Athens, Greece
Languages: Greek, English
Interests: Computers, Cookies
Favorite Distros: Arch, Debian
Evangelos Foutras

14. Gaetan Bisson
Alias: vesath
Email: bisson@archlinux.org
Other Contact: Cooee!
PGP Key: 0x00F0D0F0
Roles:
Developer
Website:
http://www.normalesup.org/~biss
on/
Occupation: Mathematician
YOB: 1984
Location: Tahiti, French Polynesia
Languages: English, French, etc.
Interests: Diving, Sailing, Trolling
Favorite Distros: Arch‽

15. Gerardo Pozzi
Alias: djgera
Email: djgera.archlinux.org
Other Contact: irc://irc.freenode.net:djgera
PGP Key: 0x5BD5C938
Roles:
Archiso maintainer, Bug Wrangler
Website:
https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/
User:Djgera
Occupation: Practical education teacher
YOB: 1982
Location: Buenos Aires, Argentina
Languages: Spanish, English
Interests:
Computers, Electronic, Nature,
Animals, Music, Math
Favorite Distros: Arch Linux, Slackware

16. Giovanni Scafora
Alias: giovanni
Email: giovanni.archlinux.org
Other Contact: irc://irc.freenode.net:giovanni
PGP Key: 0xF04569AE
Roles:
Package Maintainer, Arch Linux
Italia
Website: http://www.archlinux.it
Occupation: Developer
YOB: 1969
Location: Livorno, Italy
Languages: Italian, English, French
Interests: Family, Computers, Music, Books
Favorite Distros: Arch Linux, Slackware

17. Guillaume Alaux
Alias: galaux, wikimig
Email: guillaume.archlinux.org
Other Contact: irc://irc.freenode.net:galaux
PGP Key: 0x215B37AD
Roles:
Developer
Website: http://www.alaux.net
Occupation: Java EE and Open Source Developer
YOB: 1980
Location: Paris, France
Languages: French, English
Interests:
IT, stupid jokes, Music, History... and
everything that's interesting
Favorite Distros: Arch Linux, Debian

18. Ionuț Mircea Bîru
Alias: wonder/ioni
Email: ibiru.archlinux.org
Other Contact:
irc://irc.freenode.net:wonder/io
ni
PGP Key: 0x615137BC
Roles:
Developer
Website: http://archlinux.me/wonder/
Occupation: Student
YOB: 1986
Location: Bucharest, România
Languages: Romanian, English
Interests:
Networking, Programming,
Computers, Music
Favorite Distros: Arch, Debian

19. Jakob Wadsager
Alias: jakobw
Email: jakobw.archlinux.org
Other Contact: irc://irc.freenode.net:jakobw
PGP Key: 0xAF924463
Roles:
Mirror administrator
Website:
Occupation: Student
YOB:
Location: Aarhus, Denmark
Languages: Danish, English, German
Interests:
Favorite Distros: Arch Linux

20. Jan Steffens
Alias: heftig
Email: heftig.archlinux.org
Other Contact:
jabber:jan.steffens@gmail.com
irc://irc.freenode.net:heftig
PGP Key: 0x4FA415FA
Roles:
Developer
Website:
Occupation: BCS Student @ HBRS
YOB: 1988
Location: Rheinbach, Germany
Languages: German, English
Interests:
Programming, Gaming, Fantasy
Novels
Favorite Distros: Arch, Fedora

21. Jürgen Hötzel
Alias: juergen
Email: juergen@hoetzel.info
Other Contact:
irc://irc.freenode.net:juergen_
1974
PGP Key: 0x589874AB
Roles:
Package Maintainer
Website: http://www.hoetzel.info
Occupation: SysAdmin / Programmer
YOB: 1974
Location: Frankfurt, Germany
Languages: German, English
Interests: Computers, Sports: Running
Favorite Distros: Arch, Redhat

22. Alias: lordheavy
Email: lordheavym@gmail.com
Other Contact:
jabber:lordheavym@gmail.com,
irc://irc.freenode.org:lordheavy
PGP Key: 0xD1CEDDAC
Roles:
Developer/Trusted User
Website:
Occupation: Train Driver
YOB: 1972
Location: Neuville sur l'Escaut, France
Languages: French, English, some Dutch
Interests: Free Software, cooking
Favorite Distros: Arch Linux
Laurent Carlier

23. Pierre Schmitz
Alias: pierre
Email: pierre@archlinux.de
Other Contact: irc://irc.freenode.net:pierres
PGP Key: 0x9741E8AC
Roles:
Backend, Website and Package
Maintainer
Website: https://pierre-schmitz.com
Occupation:
YOB: 1982
Location: Bonn, Germany
Languages: German, English
Interests: yes
Favorite Distros:

24. Ray Rashif
Alias: schivmeister
Email: schiv.archlinux.org
Other Contact:
jabber:$Alias@gmail.com,
irc://irc.freenode.net:schiv
PGP Key: 0xC0711BF1
Roles:
Package Maintainer
Website: http://schivmeister.wordpress.com/
Occupation: Self-employed
YOB: 1989
Location: Singapore, Singapore
Languages: Singlish, English, Malay, Bengali, Hindi
Interests: Prehistory, Linguistics, Anthropology
Favorite Distros: IRIX?

25. Rémy Oudompheng
Alias: remy
Email: remy.archlinux.org
Other Contact:
PGP Key: 0x2D1493D2
Roles:
Developer
Website:
Occupation: Engineer
YOB: 1986
Location: Paris, France
Languages: French, English, and a bit of Spanish and Italian
Interests:
Mathematics, TeX, uncommon programming
languages, uncommon human languages
Favorite Distros: Arch

26. Aplikasi Adalah subkelas dari perangkat lunak (software) yang memanfaatkan
kemampuan komputer langsung untuk melakukan suatu tugas yang diinginkan
pengguna. Contoh utama aplikasi adalah pengolah kata ( Ms. Word ), Lembar
kerja, dan pemutar media ( Windows Media Player )
OS/ Sistem Operasi Adalah seperangkat program yang mengelola sumber daya perangkat
keras komputer dan menyediakan layanan umum untuk aplikasi. OS adalah jenis yang
paling penting dari perangkat lunak sistem dalam sistem komputer. Tanpa sistem operasi,
pengguna tidak dapat menjalankan program aplikasi pada komputer mereka, kecuali
program aplikasi booting. Contoh OS adalah Linux, Android, Symbian, Mac OSX, Microsoft
Windows
Kesimpulanya :
Aplikasi, Program, dan OS merupakan software. Aplikasi itu tersusun atas program (
instruksi-instruksi sehingga bisa digunakan oleh pengguna), dan semuanya itu tidak
bisa dijalankan apabila tidak ada OS.