1. Advanced and
Alternative
Energy Systems
LVA302.064
Wind Energy
Saeid Samiei Yeganeh
1029575
Student of Vienna University of Technology
Study of literature for the
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Institute for Energy Systems and Thermodynamics

2. Content :
*The wind energy utilization in the world.
*The development of offshore wind power.
*Mechanism of wind creation
*Influence of planetary boundary layer.
*Overview about global wind energy markets
*The various turbines technology
*Substructures for offshore wind frams

3. Historical background
The power of the wind has been
utilized for at least 3000 years.
Sails were used to drive a mill stone
For the grinding of grain.
It is known that the Persians used
vertical axis wind turbines during
700BC.
The earliest windmills had vertical
axis.
In Europe, windmill performance is
continuously improved between the
12th and 19th centuries.

4. Why wind Energy ?
With increasing significance of environmental
problems, clean energy generation becomes essential
in every aspect of energy consumption.
It is well known that wind energy is one of the cleanest
and most environmentally friendly energy sources, and
unlike fossil fuels, the wind will never be depleted.
All forms of energy production have an environmental
impact, but the impacts of wind energy are low, local,
and manageable.

5. Pros of Wind Energy
 It is clean source of energy
 it is an efficient renewable energy
 Wind is a never-ending resource
 cheapest forms of energy
 Economic Benefits

6. Cons of Wind Energy
 turbines can get damaged
 it does not eliminate electricity problems
completely
 Noise
 the production of electricity depending upon
the speed of the wind
 Bird and Mortality
 Location

7. Global wind energy production capacity
The number of installed wind power plants is increasing
every year and many nations have made plans to make
large investments wind power in the near future . Over
the last decade, interest in wind power has increased
dramatically in many countries such as
Denmark, Spain, Germany, United States, and India

8. Development of offshore wind power in Europe
by the end of 2010, 2,946 MW of offshore
wind capacity in 45 wind farms spread
across nine countries were feeding an estimated
10.6 TWh of electricity into the European grid.
In 2001 the 50.5 MW of installed offshore
capacity represented 1% of total new European
annual wind capacity, the 883 MW installed
in 2010 represented 9.5% of the annual European
wind energy market

9. How Wind is Created ?
In the day, the air over land heats quicker
than the air over water. The warm air over
the land expands and rises, and the cooler
air, which is heavier, takes its place, creating
wind. In the night, the wind’s direction is
reversed because the air cools quicker over
land than over water.

10. Wind
Created by differences
in air pressures.
Flows from areas of
high pressure to areas
of low pressure.
Near equator and pole surfaces winds are weak.
Near surface winds occur by pressure gradients
and these gradients cause to temperature
gradients, which lead to strong winds

11. Parts of a wind turbine
 Anemometer
 Blades
 Brake
 Controller
 Gear box
 Generator
 Shaft
 Nacelle
 Pitch
 Rotor
 Tower
 Yaw drive

12. How Big is a 2.0 MW Wind Turbine?
Throughout the past 20 years, average wind
turbine ratings have grown almost linearly.
with each new generation of wind turbines
,the size has grown along the linear curve
and has achieved reductions in life-cycle
cost of energy

13. Different Substructures for offshore wind farms
A major difference between
onshore and offshore wind farms
is the relative complexity and cost
of civil works, especially the
substructures required for
offshore turbines.
The size and water-depth
constraints of
manufacturing, transporting and
installing wind turbines are vital
factors in determining the current
techno-economic limitations of
offshore wind farms.

14.  Monopiles Substructure design
A monopile foundation consists of a
single steel pile which is embedded into
the sea bed.
Typically, the turbine tower is mounted
onto the foundation via a transition
piece which itself is fixed on to the pile
using a specialized grouted joint.
 Gravity-based structures
They are designed to avoid tensile or
uplift forces between the bottom of the
support structure and the seabed.
Gravity structures are usually
competitive when the environmental
loads are relatively modest.

15.  Space frame structures
For deeper locations, space frame
structures are likely to be considered
 Tripods: The tripod is a standard
three-legged structure made of
cylindrical steel tubes.
 Tri-piles: Tri-piles consist of three
foundation piles connected via a
transition piece to the turbine tower
with the transition piece located above
the water level.
 Jackets: they consist of a larger plan
area through the majority of the
structure

16. planetary boundary layer (PBL)
It is the lowest part of the atmosphere and its
behavior is directly influenced by its contact with a
planetary surface. In this layer physical quantities is
strong.
The PBL is covered by a layer of warmer air, creating
what is known as a temperature inversion .

17.  Abovethe PBL, the wind speed is much
more uniform and stronger due to a marked
decrease in friction
 Abovethe PBL the wind is approximately
geostrophic (parallel to the isobars)

18. An 'ideal' location for a wind turbine would
have a near constant flow of non-turbulent
wind throughout the year and would not
suffer too many sudden powerful bursts of
wind. An important turbine siting factor is
access to local demand or transmission
capacity.