Picea smithiana is a large evergreen tree native to the western Himalayas between 2300-3800 meters in elevation. It grows up to 60 meters tall with needle-like leaves 3-5 cm long. It has a conical crown and pendulous branchlets. P. smithiana is grown ornamentally for its appearance and also commercially for timber and paper production. It regenerates naturally from seed but can also be planted from nursery-grown seedlings. The bark, young shoots and immature cones can be consumed as a food or flavoring. The wood and bark are also used for construction materials, crafts, fuel and pulp for paper production.
An increasingly industrialized global economy, rapid population growth, land degradation, land use pattern and role of various human activities have led to dramatically increased the pressure on the natural resources such as the available land for sustaining the livelihoods, and with over exploitation and extraction of the natural resources the ecosystems are becoming unsustainable and fragile since last century. The forest and tree cover of India is 78.92 million ha, accounting
for 24.01 per cent of the geographical area. But due to biotic disturbances such as over-grazing, deforestation, shifting cultivation and etc. also effect on regeneration of tree species inside and out side of the forest area.
An increasingly industrialized global economy, rapid population growth, land degradation, land use pattern and role of various human activities have led to dramatically increased the pressure on the natural resources such as the available land for sustaining the livelihoods, and with over exploitation and extraction of the natural resources the ecosystems are becoming unsustainable and fragile since last century. The forest and tree cover of India is 78.92 million ha, accounting
for 24.01 per cent of the geographical area. But due to biotic disturbances such as over-grazing, deforestation, shifting cultivation and etc. also effect on regeneration of tree species inside and out side of the forest area.
Lesser known forest tree species used for commercial purposesatulthakur007
Forest tree species,which are not popularly known,but still they have great significance for wood based industries...They are lesser known forest tree species used for commercial purposes.
It includes:
Harvesting Planning and Practices, Characteristics, structure and use of wood, Defects, Timber Value Chain, Marketing and Policies.
Prepared by the students currently studying Masters in Forestry at Institute of Forestry Pokhara, affiliated to Tribhuvan University.
Lesser known forest tree species used for commercial purposesatulthakur007
Forest tree species,which are not popularly known,but still they have great significance for wood based industries...They are lesser known forest tree species used for commercial purposes.
It includes:
Harvesting Planning and Practices, Characteristics, structure and use of wood, Defects, Timber Value Chain, Marketing and Policies.
Prepared by the students currently studying Masters in Forestry at Institute of Forestry Pokhara, affiliated to Tribhuvan University.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
1. Description
Spruce occurs fairly well distributed all over the western Himalaya , up to
Nepal between an altitude of about 2300 mts to 3800 mts . It is more or
less a gregarious tree.
Picea smithiana is a large evergreen tree growing to 40–55 m tall
(exceptionally to 60 m), and with a trunk diameter of up to 1–2 m. It has
a conical crown with level branches and usually pendulous branchlets.
The shoots are pale buff-brown, and glabrous (hairless). The leaves are
needle-like, the longest of any spruce, 3–5 cm long, rhombic in cross-
section, mid-green with inconspicuous stomatal lines.
Morinda spruce is a popular ornamental tree in large gardens in
western Europe for its attractive pendulous branchlets. It is also grown to a
small extent in forestry for timber and paper production, though its slower
growth compared to Norway spruce reduces its importance outside of its
native range. The name morinda derives from the tree's name in Nepali.
2. Phenology
A very tall , evergreen tree with a conical crown .
Needle shedding occurs in the months of May and June .
New needles appear at the end of the spring season.
Male flowers appear in solitary axis on the previous years shoots.
Female flowers are solitary , erect and appear on the shoots .
A good seed year appears once in 4 or 5 years.
Germination is epigenous ; the rate of growth is slow in the first year
but picks up gradually.
The cones are broad cylindric -conic, 9–16 cm long and 3 cm broad,
green when young, maturing buff-brown and opening to 5–6 cm broad
5–7 months after pollination; the scales are stiff and smoothly rounded.
3. Silviculture characters
1) Spruce is a moderate light demander.
2) A superficial root system occurs ; the tree is not wind firm.
3) Not much injury is caused by snow break .
4) Fire does not occur in the spruce zone .
5) The seedlings as well as saplings are frost hardy.
6) Cattle generally avoid spruce if alternate food is available.
7) Barclayella deformans , a fungus , causes considerable injury.
8) Not much injury is caused by insects.
4. regeneration
Natural regeneration :-
Under normal conditions , this begins at the end of May and continues
upto June or even July . Regeneration comes up well in a bed composed
of rich soil and good seed production in the preceding season.
Artificial regeneration :-
This is brought about either by direct sowings or by transplanting 3 or 4
years old seedlings raised in the nursery . Weedings are to be carried
out till the plants become established . Planting is carried out during
the rains.
7. Utilization
Edible Uses
Young male catkins - raw or cooked. Used as a flavoring .
Immature female cones - cooked. The central portion, when roasted, is
sweet and syrupy .
Inner bark - dried, ground into a powder and then used as a thickener
in soups etc or added to cereals when making bread.
Seed - raw. Too small and fiddly to be worthwhile unless you are
desperate.
A refreshing tea, rich in vitamin C, can be made from the young shoot
tips .
8. Contd….
Other Uses
The bark is very water resistant and is used for roofing and making
water troughs.
Small quantities of resin are obtained from between the bark and the
wood.
Wood - soft to moderately hard. Used in construction, shingles, crates,
household purposes etc.
It is also valued for its use in the pulp industry to make paper.
wood is used in interior house construction for roofs and floors.
Its relatively light weight combined with strength made it suitable for
aircraft, in particular gliders, but wood is no longer the main material
for these. Smaller sizes are now being pulped for paper, especially
newsprint.
An indifferent fuel but it yields a fairly good charcoal etc.
