Ringworm infestation

1. . Anatomy and Physiology of the Organ or Structure
Skin: The primary organ affected by ringworm (tinea), composed of multiple layers (epidermis, dermis,
subcutaneous tissue) that serve as a barrier against pathogens.
Hair and Nails: Also commonly affected; hair follicles and nail beds provide a habitat for fungal growth.
2. Definitions
Ringworm: A common fungal infection caused by dermatophytes, characterized by circular, red, itchy
patches on the skin.
Tinea: The medical term for ringworm; classified based on the body part affected (e.g., tinea corporis for
body, tinea capitis for scalp).
3. Causes/Risk Factors
Causes:
Infection by dermatophyte fungi (e.g., Trichophyton, Microsporum, Epidermophyton).
Risk Factors:
Poor hygiene
Close contact with infected individuals or animals
Weakened immune system
Warm, humid environments
Sharing personal items (e.g., towels, combs)
4. Classification
Tinea Corporis: Body
Tinea Capitis: Scalp
Tinea Pedis: Feet (athlete's foot)
Tinea Cruris: Groin (jock itch)
Tinea Unguium: Nails (onychomycosis)
5. Pathophysiology
Infection Process: Fungi invade the outer layer of the skin, hair, or nails, using keratin as a nutrient
source.

2. Immune Response: The body reacts with inflammation, leading to erythema and pruritus.
Chronic Infection: In some cases, the fungi can persist, leading to recurring infections.
6. Clinical Manifestations
Skin: Circular, red, scaly patches with raised edges; may have pustules or vesicles.
Itching: Common symptom, often worsening at night.
Hair: Hair loss or breaking in tinea capitis.
Nails: Thickened, discolored, and brittle nails in tinea unguium.
7. Diagnostic Investigations
Clinical Examination: Visual inspection of lesions.
KOH Preparation: Microscopic examination of skin scrapings to identify fungal elements.
Fungal Culture: Isolation of the fungus from skin, hair, or nail samples for definitive diagnosis.
Wood's Lamp Examination: Detects certain fungi that fluoresce under UV light.
8. Management
Topical Antifungals: Clotrimazole, miconazole for localized infections.
Oral Antifungals: Griseofulvin, terbinafine for extensive or resistant cases.
Hygiene Education: Importance of cleanliness, avoiding sharing personal items.
Environmental Control: Keeping areas dry and ventilated to reduce fungal growth.
Conclusion
Ringworm infestation is a common dermatological condition that can significantly impact quality of life.
Early diagnosis and appropriate management are key to preventing complications and recurrence.