This document discusses various types of data that can be analyzed. It outlines different distributions data may take such as normal, non-normal, time series, continuous, and non-continuous. It also describes primary and secondary sources of data collection including informal discussions, surveys, reports, and official statistics. Finally, it outlines different scales of measurement for data including nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales.

1. DATA ANALYSIS
We will soon show them our signs in the universe and in their own
souls, until it will become quite clear to them that is the truth. It is not
sufficient as regards your Lord that. He is a witness over all things?
Fussilat : 53
This verse urged all people to acquire all knowledge in various disciplines
including science and science social field (Sulaiman, 1995).
CONTENT
Type of Data
Normal
Distribution
Non-Normal
Distribution
Time Series
Continuous
Non-Continuous
Prepared by:
Zanatul Shima Aminuddin
4130101

2. 
PRIMARY
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SECONDARY
Informal discussions;
brainstorming
Focus groups
Observational Methods
Surveys
Interviews
Experiments
Books, magazines, journal
News papers
Case materials
Computer or manual databases
Report published by various
private (e.g. Annual Reports of
companies) and public
organizations or government
departments (official statistics by
the Statistical Office)

3. QUANTITATIVE
RATIO
absolute zero
INTERVAL
equal interval
NOMINAL
QUALITATIVE
categories
ORDINAL
ranking
MEASUREMENT SCALE

4. DISTRIBUTION OF DATA
Diagram of Normal Distribution
The mean (μ ) = 0
and Standard
deviation (σ) =1
The mean (μ ) = 0 and S.Deviation (σ) =1
The Characteristics of Distribution:
Measures of Central Tendencies
(mean, median & mode) – to describe the
overall centre of a data
Measures of Dispersion (variance, standard
deviation & range etc) – to describe how data
points are scattered
Shape of Distribution – (symmetry & kurtosis) –
to measure the data distribution
Median ≥ Mean
Mean ≥ Median
Diagram of
Non-normal
Distribution

5. TIME SERIES DATA
• Obtained by observing response variable at regular time periods
• Forecast based only on past values
• Assumes that factors influencing past, present, & future will
continue
• Time series data is a sequence of observations
– collected from a process
– with equally spaced periods of time

6. CONTINUOUS DATA
Data are numerical
characteristics that are
MEASURABLE
NON CONTINUOUS DATA
Data are numerical
characteristics that are
COUNTABLE
CONTINUOUS & NON CONTINUOUS DATA