This is a presentation which we have prepared while working in L&T Construction in Blast Furnace #2 Site of Bhushan Steel Ltd. Here we describe some civil engineering activities associated with the construction works we took part in and some pictures of the construction works we have done.
The document discusses the design and construction of industrial chimneys. It defines chimneys as tall structures used to discharge flue gases from power plants at a height to ensure pollutants disperse safely. Key points covered include chimney classification, sizing based on factors like exit velocity, design loads from wind, seismic and temperature effects, and construction methods like jump form or slip form construction.
This presentation is on design of welded and riveted connections in steel structures. in this presentation we learn briefly about these connections and design terminology about these connections.
Design of overhead RCC rectangular water tankShoaib Wani
1) The document presents the design of a rectangular overhead water tank using reinforced concrete.
2) Rectangular tanks are used for smaller storage capacities, while circular tanks are used for larger capacities.
3) The designed RCC rectangular tank presented can store up to 240,000 liters of water.
4) Both theoretical design calculations and STAAD Pro modeling were used to analyze and design the tank.
Rcc design and detailing based on revised seismic codesWij Sangeeta
The document summarizes important provisions of revised seismic codes affecting reinforced concrete (RCC) design and detailing, including:
- Revisions to building configuration definitions, load combinations, and stiffness modifiers.
- Prohibitions on certain structural systems without adequate experimentation/analysis.
- Revisions to design eccentricity, foundation isolation, column/beam sizing and reinforcement, and ductility provisions.
- Updates to standards IS:13920 regarding concrete grade, beam-column joints, lap splices, transverse reinforcement, and special confining reinforcement.
- Queries raised regarding compliance of existing/under construction buildings and clarification needed for irregular geometries.
The document discusses structural steel construction, including the various methods used such as beam and column construction, long span construction, and wall bearing construction. It describes the common structural steel members like columns, beams, joists, and trusses that are erected and secured together using fastening systems like bolts and welds to form the structural framework. Details provided on erection plans guide the fabrication and installation of the different steel components.
This document is the Indian Standard (IS 458:2003) for precast concrete pipes. It provides specifications for reinforced and unreinforced concrete pipes used for water mains, sewers, culverts, and irrigation. The standard covers material requirements, classifications, design considerations, and testing parameters. Concrete pipes are classified based on reinforcement and intended use for pressure or non-pressure applications. The document specifies requirements for cement, aggregates, reinforcement, concrete mix design, and other materials. It provides minimum dimensions and reinforcement levels for different pipe classes and manufacturing methods.
Ductile Iron Pipe Fittings Production for Water & SewageAjjay Kumar Gupta
Ductile iron pipes are commonly used for potable water transmission and distribution. They are available in diameters from 80mm to 1600mm. Ductile iron pipes have high strength, durability, and resistance to impact and corrosion. They can withstand demanding operating conditions like water hammer and shifting soils.
The Indian market for ductile iron pipes is expected to reach 930.73 million USD by 2022 from 105.29 million USD in 2017. Growth drivers include poor access to safe drinking water and sanitation in India. Ductile iron pipes dominate the water management sector, contributing approximately 80% of total revenue.
The report provides a feasibility analysis of setting up a ductile iron pipe fittings manufacturing plant in India
This document provides an overview of water supply and treatment. It discusses determining water demand based on population and factors like climate. It also covers various water sources like surface water from rivers and lakes and groundwater from wells. Intake structures are described for different surface water sources. The document then discusses water quality parameters and standards. Various water treatment processes are outlined, including coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection. Design considerations for sedimentation tanks are also provided.
The document discusses the design and construction of industrial chimneys. It defines chimneys as tall structures used to discharge flue gases from power plants at a height to ensure pollutants disperse safely. Key points covered include chimney classification, sizing based on factors like exit velocity, design loads from wind, seismic and temperature effects, and construction methods like jump form or slip form construction.
This presentation is on design of welded and riveted connections in steel structures. in this presentation we learn briefly about these connections and design terminology about these connections.
Design of overhead RCC rectangular water tankShoaib Wani
1) The document presents the design of a rectangular overhead water tank using reinforced concrete.
2) Rectangular tanks are used for smaller storage capacities, while circular tanks are used for larger capacities.
3) The designed RCC rectangular tank presented can store up to 240,000 liters of water.
4) Both theoretical design calculations and STAAD Pro modeling were used to analyze and design the tank.
Rcc design and detailing based on revised seismic codesWij Sangeeta
The document summarizes important provisions of revised seismic codes affecting reinforced concrete (RCC) design and detailing, including:
- Revisions to building configuration definitions, load combinations, and stiffness modifiers.
- Prohibitions on certain structural systems without adequate experimentation/analysis.
- Revisions to design eccentricity, foundation isolation, column/beam sizing and reinforcement, and ductility provisions.
- Updates to standards IS:13920 regarding concrete grade, beam-column joints, lap splices, transverse reinforcement, and special confining reinforcement.
- Queries raised regarding compliance of existing/under construction buildings and clarification needed for irregular geometries.
The document discusses structural steel construction, including the various methods used such as beam and column construction, long span construction, and wall bearing construction. It describes the common structural steel members like columns, beams, joists, and trusses that are erected and secured together using fastening systems like bolts and welds to form the structural framework. Details provided on erection plans guide the fabrication and installation of the different steel components.
This document is the Indian Standard (IS 458:2003) for precast concrete pipes. It provides specifications for reinforced and unreinforced concrete pipes used for water mains, sewers, culverts, and irrigation. The standard covers material requirements, classifications, design considerations, and testing parameters. Concrete pipes are classified based on reinforcement and intended use for pressure or non-pressure applications. The document specifies requirements for cement, aggregates, reinforcement, concrete mix design, and other materials. It provides minimum dimensions and reinforcement levels for different pipe classes and manufacturing methods.
Ductile Iron Pipe Fittings Production for Water & SewageAjjay Kumar Gupta
Ductile iron pipes are commonly used for potable water transmission and distribution. They are available in diameters from 80mm to 1600mm. Ductile iron pipes have high strength, durability, and resistance to impact and corrosion. They can withstand demanding operating conditions like water hammer and shifting soils.
The Indian market for ductile iron pipes is expected to reach 930.73 million USD by 2022 from 105.29 million USD in 2017. Growth drivers include poor access to safe drinking water and sanitation in India. Ductile iron pipes dominate the water management sector, contributing approximately 80% of total revenue.
The report provides a feasibility analysis of setting up a ductile iron pipe fittings manufacturing plant in India
This document provides an overview of water supply and treatment. It discusses determining water demand based on population and factors like climate. It also covers various water sources like surface water from rivers and lakes and groundwater from wells. Intake structures are described for different surface water sources. The document then discusses water quality parameters and standards. Various water treatment processes are outlined, including coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection. Design considerations for sedimentation tanks are also provided.
This document provides an overview of the industrial training presentation given by Khagendra Kumar Dewangan at Bhilai Steel Plant. The training focused on two main plants: 1) Refractory Materials Plant-II which produces lime and dolomite bricks, and 2) Foundry & Pattern Shop which produces castings. The presentation covered the processes, departments, and safety procedures at each plant.
MEASURING THE POST OCCUPANCY PERFORMANCE OF THE FACULTY OF ENGINEERING BUILDI...Ofentse Matsetse
This document provides a literature review on post-occupancy evaluation (POE). It discusses the history and purpose of POE, noting that POE began in the 1960s to evaluate housing after rapid construction. POE assesses how well buildings meet user needs and identifies ways to improve design, performance, and fitness for purpose. The literature review discusses the benefits of POE in improving building performance and future designs based on user feedback. It also outlines common POE methods and limitations.
An oxidation pond needs to be designed for a location at 28 degrees latitude to serve a population of 10,000 people. The pond should reduce BOD levels from 300 mg/L to 30 mg/L given an inlet flow of 120 Lpcd, a BOD loading of 200 kg/ha/d, a temperature range of 15-25 degrees C, and a pond removal constant of 0.1/d at 20 degrees C.
This document provides design aids for reinforced concrete structures based on Indian Standard IS: 456-1978 Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete.
The design aids cover material strength and stress-strain relationships, flexural members, compression members, shear and torsion, development length and anchorage, working stress design, deflection calculation, and general tables. Charts and tables are provided for preliminary and final design of beams, slabs, and columns. Assumptions made in developing the design aids are explained. An example illustrates the use of the design aids. Important points regarding the use and limitations of the charts and tables are noted.
The design aids were prepared based on examination of international handbooks and consultation with Indian
This document provides a summary of a geotechnical investigation report for a proposed solar power plant park in Bhadla, Jodhpur, Rajasthan. The investigation included 25 soil borings up to 6 meters deep, standard penetration and geophysical tests, and laboratory testing of soil samples. The site geology generally consisted of fine sand and silty fine sand in the top 3 meters underlain by cemented fine sand down to 6 meters. Groundwater was not encountered. The report assessed geologic hazards and found little potential for landslides, flooding, erosion, subsidence or faulting. Poor soil conditions like collapsible soils may exist but are not a significant hazard.
This document discusses several issues that can occur during rapid sand filtration including loss of head, negative head, air binding, mud ball formation, cracking and clogging of filters, sand incrustation, jetting and sand boils, and sand leakage. It provides explanations of these issues and discusses how they can be minimized or avoided during filtration operations.
Longer running times and shorter down-times for repairs or new linings mean that specific solutions are more and more frequently required for the refractory lining of blast furnace runners.
This is why we provide concepts tailored to suit the requirements of any particular section of runner and to take account of latest developments.
1. Dams are constructed across rivers to store flowing water and come in various types like earth, rockfill, gravity, steel, timber and arch dams. The selection of dam type depends on site conditions like topography, geology and availability of construction materials.
2. Gravity dams derive their strength from their weight and weight of water pressure pushing them into the ground. They are made of concrete or masonry and work by balancing the water pressure on upstream side with weight and pressure on downstream side.
3. Factors considered in gravity dam design include water pressure, seismic forces, uplift pressure, weight of dam, and ensuring stability against sliding, overturning and cracking. Galleries are provided for drainage,
The document discusses the design of an ogee spillway for a concrete gravity dam. It describes how shifting the curve of the nappe spillway profile can save concrete by becoming tangential to the downstream dam face. It then provides sample calculations for designing an ogee spillway based on given parameters like discharge rate, dam dimensions, and river levels. These include calculating the design head, developing the upstream and downstream spillway profiles, and considering factors that affect spillway design.
This document discusses the design of tension members according to IS 800-2007. It defines tension members as structural elements subjected to direct axial tensile loads. Tension members can fail due to gross section yielding, net section rupture, or block shear failure. The document describes various types of tension members including wires, bars, plates, structural shapes, and their behavior under tensile loads. It provides equations to calculate the design strength based on the different failure modes and discusses factors like slenderness ratio and shear lag that influence tension member design. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the design strength calculations.
This document provides an introduction to the Indian Standard Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other than Earthquake) for Buildings and Structures Part 3 Wind Loads [IS 875 (Part 3): 1987]. It discusses the background and shortfalls of the previous 1964 code. The nature of wind is described, distinguishing between rotating winds like cyclones and tornadoes, and non-rotating pressure system winds. The new 1987 code aims to provide more rational wind loading guidelines based on recent advances in understanding wind effects on structures.
The document discusses various types of sedimentation tanks and filters used in water treatment. It describes quiescent sedimentation tanks, continuous sedimentation tanks including horizontal and vertical flow types. It also discusses the process of sedimentation with coagulation including methods of coagulant feeding, mixing and flocculation. Slow sand filters and rapid sand filters are described and compared. Pressure filters are also introduced. The document covers various steps in water treatment like disinfection using chlorination and water softening methods.
1. The document discusses the design and analysis of storage reservoirs and overhead tanks. It covers various types of tanks, design considerations for concrete mixes, crack development remedies, permissible stresses, and reinforcement requirements.
2. Methods for analyzing circular and rectangular tanks are presented. For circular tanks, designs consider rigid versus flexible joints with the base slab. Approximate methods analyze the bottom portion as cantilever and the rest as resisting pressure through horizontal forces.
3. Rectangular tank analysis depends on the length-breadth ratio, treating short walls as bending horizontally between long walls which transfer pressure as tension.
Design of continuous flushing settling basin and powerhouseRaj Kc
This document is the final year project report submitted by five students to fulfill the requirements of Bachelor's degree in Civil Engineering from Kathmandu University. The project focuses on the design of continuous flushing settling basin and powerhouse for the Thapa Khola Hydroelectric Project in Mustang, Nepal. It includes the design of hydrosuction sediment removal system for continuous flushing of the settling basin and structural analysis and design of different components of the powerhouse building using software like SAP2000. The report covers various chapters like literature review, methodology, preliminary design, load calculations, structural design of beams, slabs, columns, corbels and staircase.
This document discusses the flexural analysis of prestressed concrete using the strain compatibility method. It provides details on:
1) The iterative process used to calculate the ultimate flexural strength, which involves assuming a steel stress value and recalculating until strains match.
2) Applying the method to calculate the ultimate moment capacity of an I-beam example, with given concrete strength, steel properties, and effective prestress force.
3) Noting that while the equivalent stress block depth exceeds the flange thickness, the approximation has little effect on the results in this case due to the average flange thickness.
This document provides information on various steps involved in sewer design and laying, including:
1) Detailed mapping and marking of the pipe line route, center line, and offset line is required before excavation.
2) Trenches are excavated according to the pipe diameter and depth, and timbering is used for trench stability when depths exceed 2m.
3) The trench bottom is shaped to the design invert level and dewatering is done if needed.
4) Pipes are laid from the lowest point with sockets upstream and joints are made with lead caulking or cement mortar. Testing ensures no leaks or obstructions, and backfilling is done in layers after completion.
This document provides guidelines for the design of steel stacks. It covers terminology, loading considerations, materials, structural design, construction, inspection, maintenance and painting. Key points include:
1. Stack design is complex due to susceptibility to wind and seismic vibrations, as well as corrosion. EPA regulations also emphasize mechanical design.
2. Stacks can be free standing, multi-flue, base supported and braced, or base supported and guyed. Vertical and lateral supports are considered.
3. Stacks may be laterally supported by other structures like towers. Structural interaction must be considered in analysis. Braced stacks require smaller foundations.
Diversion headworks are structures constructed across rivers to raise water levels and divert water into canals. They have several purposes, including increasing the commanded area, regulating water supply to canals, and controlling silt entry. There are two types - temporary and permanent. Key components include weirs/barrages, under sluices, divide walls, fish ladders, and head regulators. The optimal location depends on the river's characteristics, balancing factors like water availability, construction costs, and proximity to agricultural land.
This document provides an overview of member behavior for beams and columns in seismic design. It discusses the types of moment resisting frames and the principles for designing special moment resisting frames, including strong-column/weak-beam design, avoiding shear failure, and providing ductile details. Beam and column design considerations are covered, such as dimensions, reinforcement, and shear capacity. Beam-column joint design is also summarized, including dimensions, shear determination, and strength.
The document provides an overview of testing conducted at the NTPC Gadarwada power plant project site. It summarizes various material testing methods used, including testing of concrete (compressive strength, slump, and core cutter tests), cement (Vicat test), soil (liquid limit, proctor, and core cutter tests), steel (bend-rebend test), bricks (water absorption, compression, warpage, and efflorescence tests), and reinforcement. It also summarizes quality control methods used in various construction activities like fabrication, erection, site leveling, roads, foundations, and pre-engineered structures.
This document provides an overview of the industrial training presentation given by Khagendra Kumar Dewangan at Bhilai Steel Plant. The training focused on two main plants: 1) Refractory Materials Plant-II which produces lime and dolomite bricks, and 2) Foundry & Pattern Shop which produces castings. The presentation covered the processes, departments, and safety procedures at each plant.
MEASURING THE POST OCCUPANCY PERFORMANCE OF THE FACULTY OF ENGINEERING BUILDI...Ofentse Matsetse
This document provides a literature review on post-occupancy evaluation (POE). It discusses the history and purpose of POE, noting that POE began in the 1960s to evaluate housing after rapid construction. POE assesses how well buildings meet user needs and identifies ways to improve design, performance, and fitness for purpose. The literature review discusses the benefits of POE in improving building performance and future designs based on user feedback. It also outlines common POE methods and limitations.
An oxidation pond needs to be designed for a location at 28 degrees latitude to serve a population of 10,000 people. The pond should reduce BOD levels from 300 mg/L to 30 mg/L given an inlet flow of 120 Lpcd, a BOD loading of 200 kg/ha/d, a temperature range of 15-25 degrees C, and a pond removal constant of 0.1/d at 20 degrees C.
This document provides design aids for reinforced concrete structures based on Indian Standard IS: 456-1978 Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete.
The design aids cover material strength and stress-strain relationships, flexural members, compression members, shear and torsion, development length and anchorage, working stress design, deflection calculation, and general tables. Charts and tables are provided for preliminary and final design of beams, slabs, and columns. Assumptions made in developing the design aids are explained. An example illustrates the use of the design aids. Important points regarding the use and limitations of the charts and tables are noted.
The design aids were prepared based on examination of international handbooks and consultation with Indian
This document provides a summary of a geotechnical investigation report for a proposed solar power plant park in Bhadla, Jodhpur, Rajasthan. The investigation included 25 soil borings up to 6 meters deep, standard penetration and geophysical tests, and laboratory testing of soil samples. The site geology generally consisted of fine sand and silty fine sand in the top 3 meters underlain by cemented fine sand down to 6 meters. Groundwater was not encountered. The report assessed geologic hazards and found little potential for landslides, flooding, erosion, subsidence or faulting. Poor soil conditions like collapsible soils may exist but are not a significant hazard.
This document discusses several issues that can occur during rapid sand filtration including loss of head, negative head, air binding, mud ball formation, cracking and clogging of filters, sand incrustation, jetting and sand boils, and sand leakage. It provides explanations of these issues and discusses how they can be minimized or avoided during filtration operations.
Longer running times and shorter down-times for repairs or new linings mean that specific solutions are more and more frequently required for the refractory lining of blast furnace runners.
This is why we provide concepts tailored to suit the requirements of any particular section of runner and to take account of latest developments.
1. Dams are constructed across rivers to store flowing water and come in various types like earth, rockfill, gravity, steel, timber and arch dams. The selection of dam type depends on site conditions like topography, geology and availability of construction materials.
2. Gravity dams derive their strength from their weight and weight of water pressure pushing them into the ground. They are made of concrete or masonry and work by balancing the water pressure on upstream side with weight and pressure on downstream side.
3. Factors considered in gravity dam design include water pressure, seismic forces, uplift pressure, weight of dam, and ensuring stability against sliding, overturning and cracking. Galleries are provided for drainage,
The document discusses the design of an ogee spillway for a concrete gravity dam. It describes how shifting the curve of the nappe spillway profile can save concrete by becoming tangential to the downstream dam face. It then provides sample calculations for designing an ogee spillway based on given parameters like discharge rate, dam dimensions, and river levels. These include calculating the design head, developing the upstream and downstream spillway profiles, and considering factors that affect spillway design.
This document discusses the design of tension members according to IS 800-2007. It defines tension members as structural elements subjected to direct axial tensile loads. Tension members can fail due to gross section yielding, net section rupture, or block shear failure. The document describes various types of tension members including wires, bars, plates, structural shapes, and their behavior under tensile loads. It provides equations to calculate the design strength based on the different failure modes and discusses factors like slenderness ratio and shear lag that influence tension member design. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the design strength calculations.
This document provides an introduction to the Indian Standard Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other than Earthquake) for Buildings and Structures Part 3 Wind Loads [IS 875 (Part 3): 1987]. It discusses the background and shortfalls of the previous 1964 code. The nature of wind is described, distinguishing between rotating winds like cyclones and tornadoes, and non-rotating pressure system winds. The new 1987 code aims to provide more rational wind loading guidelines based on recent advances in understanding wind effects on structures.
The document discusses various types of sedimentation tanks and filters used in water treatment. It describes quiescent sedimentation tanks, continuous sedimentation tanks including horizontal and vertical flow types. It also discusses the process of sedimentation with coagulation including methods of coagulant feeding, mixing and flocculation. Slow sand filters and rapid sand filters are described and compared. Pressure filters are also introduced. The document covers various steps in water treatment like disinfection using chlorination and water softening methods.
1. The document discusses the design and analysis of storage reservoirs and overhead tanks. It covers various types of tanks, design considerations for concrete mixes, crack development remedies, permissible stresses, and reinforcement requirements.
2. Methods for analyzing circular and rectangular tanks are presented. For circular tanks, designs consider rigid versus flexible joints with the base slab. Approximate methods analyze the bottom portion as cantilever and the rest as resisting pressure through horizontal forces.
3. Rectangular tank analysis depends on the length-breadth ratio, treating short walls as bending horizontally between long walls which transfer pressure as tension.
Design of continuous flushing settling basin and powerhouseRaj Kc
This document is the final year project report submitted by five students to fulfill the requirements of Bachelor's degree in Civil Engineering from Kathmandu University. The project focuses on the design of continuous flushing settling basin and powerhouse for the Thapa Khola Hydroelectric Project in Mustang, Nepal. It includes the design of hydrosuction sediment removal system for continuous flushing of the settling basin and structural analysis and design of different components of the powerhouse building using software like SAP2000. The report covers various chapters like literature review, methodology, preliminary design, load calculations, structural design of beams, slabs, columns, corbels and staircase.
This document discusses the flexural analysis of prestressed concrete using the strain compatibility method. It provides details on:
1) The iterative process used to calculate the ultimate flexural strength, which involves assuming a steel stress value and recalculating until strains match.
2) Applying the method to calculate the ultimate moment capacity of an I-beam example, with given concrete strength, steel properties, and effective prestress force.
3) Noting that while the equivalent stress block depth exceeds the flange thickness, the approximation has little effect on the results in this case due to the average flange thickness.
This document provides information on various steps involved in sewer design and laying, including:
1) Detailed mapping and marking of the pipe line route, center line, and offset line is required before excavation.
2) Trenches are excavated according to the pipe diameter and depth, and timbering is used for trench stability when depths exceed 2m.
3) The trench bottom is shaped to the design invert level and dewatering is done if needed.
4) Pipes are laid from the lowest point with sockets upstream and joints are made with lead caulking or cement mortar. Testing ensures no leaks or obstructions, and backfilling is done in layers after completion.
This document provides guidelines for the design of steel stacks. It covers terminology, loading considerations, materials, structural design, construction, inspection, maintenance and painting. Key points include:
1. Stack design is complex due to susceptibility to wind and seismic vibrations, as well as corrosion. EPA regulations also emphasize mechanical design.
2. Stacks can be free standing, multi-flue, base supported and braced, or base supported and guyed. Vertical and lateral supports are considered.
3. Stacks may be laterally supported by other structures like towers. Structural interaction must be considered in analysis. Braced stacks require smaller foundations.
Diversion headworks are structures constructed across rivers to raise water levels and divert water into canals. They have several purposes, including increasing the commanded area, regulating water supply to canals, and controlling silt entry. There are two types - temporary and permanent. Key components include weirs/barrages, under sluices, divide walls, fish ladders, and head regulators. The optimal location depends on the river's characteristics, balancing factors like water availability, construction costs, and proximity to agricultural land.
This document provides an overview of member behavior for beams and columns in seismic design. It discusses the types of moment resisting frames and the principles for designing special moment resisting frames, including strong-column/weak-beam design, avoiding shear failure, and providing ductile details. Beam and column design considerations are covered, such as dimensions, reinforcement, and shear capacity. Beam-column joint design is also summarized, including dimensions, shear determination, and strength.
The document provides an overview of testing conducted at the NTPC Gadarwada power plant project site. It summarizes various material testing methods used, including testing of concrete (compressive strength, slump, and core cutter tests), cement (Vicat test), soil (liquid limit, proctor, and core cutter tests), steel (bend-rebend test), bricks (water absorption, compression, warpage, and efflorescence tests), and reinforcement. It also summarizes quality control methods used in various construction activities like fabrication, erection, site leveling, roads, foundations, and pre-engineered structures.
This document provides information about different types of cement and concrete. It discusses the key constituents of concrete including cement, sand, gravel and water. It describes different types of cement such as Portland cement and their uses. The document also covers topics like mix design, properties and testing of concrete, and properties and testing of aggregates used in concrete.
This document provides information about concrete, including its definition, classification, mix design, tests, and qualities. It can be summarized in 3 sentences:
Concrete is summarized as a composite material made of cement, sand, stone and water that is widely used in construction. The document outlines various types of concrete based on binding material, design, and purpose, and discusses factors in concrete mix design, methods of mixing, placing, curing, and tests to determine qualities like strength, workability, and water tightness. Modern concrete is the most widely used man-made material and the document provides its classification and testing methods.
Portland cement concrete is an artificial rock composed of aggregates, water, and a cementing agent like Portland cement. Portland cement is produced by burning and grinding a mixture of limestone, silica, alumina, and iron. The major constituents of Portland cement are compounds like C3S, C2S, C3A, and C4AF that form during burning and fusion and influence properties like strength. Concrete is composed of cement, water, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and sometimes admixtures. Admixtures are added during mixing to improve properties and aid construction. Curing protects concrete from moisture loss and temperature extremes to ensure proper strength development.
The document discusses different types and uses of concrete. It describes three ways concrete can be classified: by binding material (cement or lime concrete), design (plain, reinforced, or pre-stressed concrete), and purpose (vacuum, air entrained, or light weight concrete). For each type, the key ingredients and common uses are provided. The document also covers mix design ratios, water-cement ratios, slump and workability tests, and the compaction factor test for evaluating concrete workability.
Cement based building_materials_icr_aug2020Dr J.D. Bapat
Cite this paper: J D Bapat, Kalpana Karthikeyan, "Cement Based Building Materials", Indian Cement Review, August 2020, pp 48-51
The work on the following cement-based building materials has been covered: dry mix mortar plaster (DMM), cement-based fly ash bricks, AAC blocks and micro-concrete for concrete repair work.
This document provides information on the properties of fresh and hardened concrete. It discusses workability of fresh concrete, including factors that affect workability such as water-cement ratio, aggregate size and shape, and admixtures. It also describes tests used to measure workability, including slump, compaction factor, and vee-bee tests. The document then covers topics related to hardened concrete such as compressive strength, shrinkage, and permeability. It analyzes factors that influence the strength of concrete like water-cement ratio, gel-space ratio, aggregate size, curing temperature, and concrete age. The functions of admixtures in concrete are also briefly mentioned.
Concrete is a composite material made by binding aggregates with a cement paste. It comes in various types depending on the binding material (cement or lime) and purpose (plain, reinforced, pre-stressed). Good concrete has strength, durability, density, water tightness, workability and resistance to wear and tear. Proper mixing, placing, compaction and curing are required to develop these qualities in concrete.
The document discusses various materials used in construction including cement, aggregates, water, bricks, steel, and concrete. It provides details on testing and quality standards for each material. Proper selection and testing of materials is important for ensuring quality of construction. The document also covers mixing, placing, finishing, and curing of concrete. Curing allows concrete to gain strength and durability over time.
This document provides a summary of a summer training presentation on building construction. It includes an introduction, contents listing the topics covered, and sections on site planning, building materials, reinforced concrete, excavation, foundations, retaining walls, construction of walls and columns, concrete manufacturing, curing concrete, plastering, slump and cube tests, and conclusions. The presentation was submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for a bachelor's degree in civil engineering from Rajasthan Technical University.
Concrete is a composite material made of cement, water, aggregates, and in some cases admixtures. The cement and water form a paste that binds the aggregates together when hardened. Concrete can be molded into various shapes and is one of the most widely used construction materials in the world due to its versatility, strength, and availability of constituents. Concrete is commonly classified according to its binding material, design, or purpose. Common types include cement concrete, reinforced concrete, pre-stressed concrete, vacuum concrete, and lightweight concrete.
Rishabh Lala is a student in the 6th semester at Rajiv Gandhi Technological University in Bhopal. The document discusses various topics related to concrete including its composition, types, properties, testing, ingredients, water-cement ratio, workability, curing, and types of cement. It provides definitions and details on plain cement concrete, reinforced cement concrete, pre-stressed concrete, lime concrete, air entrained concrete, and more.
This document provides information on different surface finishing techniques for concrete. It describes smoothing the surface with a hand float, and then further finishing options like magnesium, aluminum or wood floats. Troweling with magnesium or steel trowels is covered, with notes on timing to avoid damaging the concrete. Broom finishing is also explained, including using a stiff broom and dragging it over the wet surface to create a non-slip texture. The summary concludes with the importance of curing the concrete to allow proper drying over several weeks.
Self-compacting concrete was developed in Japan in the 1980s to solve problems with inadequate compaction of traditional concrete. It uses a high paste content and superplasticizers to create a concrete that can flow and consolidate under its own weight without vibration. Tests were developed to evaluate properties like filling ability, passing ability, and segregation resistance. Self-compacting concrete provides benefits like easier placement, faster construction, better surface finish, and improved durability. However, it also has higher costs associated with materials and mix design development.
Building construction/Unit 2 /Basic civil engineeringParimal Jha
The document provides information on concrete foundations, including the key ingredients of concrete and their functions. It discusses different grades of concrete based on their compressive strength. Formwork, mixing, placing, compaction and curing of concrete are explained. Different types of foundations are described, including shallow foundations like spread footings, strap footings and mat foundations. Deep foundations such as pile foundations and pier foundations are also summarized. Load bearing and framed structures are compared in terms of their suitability for different types of buildings and soils.
The document discusses reinforced cement concrete (RCC), including its history, materials, specifications, and advantages/disadvantages. RCC uses steel reinforcement embedded in concrete to resist tensile, shear, and sometimes compressive stresses. François Coignet is considered a pioneer of RCC, building the first reinforced concrete structure in 1853. Proper proportions and mixing of cement, aggregates like sand and gravel, and water are needed to produce durable concrete. Precast concrete involves casting pieces off-site then transporting them for assembly.
This document summarizes a study on the workability and strength characteristics of fly ash concrete. Fly ash is a byproduct of coal combustion that is commonly used as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM) in concrete. The study investigated different dosages of fly ash from 0-30% replacement of cement, along with dosages of 0-1% of a superplasticizer. Tests were conducted on fresh and hardened concrete to evaluate the effects on workability, compressive strength, and the SCM properties of fly ash. The results were analyzed to better understand how fly ash influences the properties of concrete.
This document summarizes a study on the workability and strength characteristics of fly ash concrete. Fly ash is a byproduct of coal combustion that is commonly used as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM) in concrete. The study investigated different dosages of fly ash from 0-30% replacement of cement, along with dosages of 0-1% of a superplasticizer. Tests were conducted on fresh and hardened concrete to evaluate the effects on workability, compressive strength, and the SCM properties of fly ash. The results were analyzed to better understand how fly ash influences the properties of concrete.
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3. TYPE OF CIVIL WORKS
1. Layout / Surveying
2. Excavation / backfilling
3. Reinforcement
4. Shuttering
5. Concreting
6. Brickwork & Plastering
7. Finishing Activities
8. RAILTRACK
4. LAYOUT / SURVEYING
Before starting any project work,
we have to select and layout the
area with reference to the
coordinate and level mentioned in
the drawing. Several survey
instruments like Total Station,
Theodolite, Auto level & Measuring
tape used in that work. Here we
fixed benchmark for coordinate &
level consulting with client. In our
Blast Furnace # 2 site we
considered RL 78.840 as our
±0.00 level.
TOTAL
STATION
THEODOLI
TE
AUTO
LEVEL
6. CONCRETE
Concrete is a homogeneous mixture of Coarse
aggregate, Fine aggregate, Binding material,
water and admixture which can be spread or
poured into moulds and forms a stone-like mass
after hardening.
COARSE
AGGREGATE
(STONE CHIPS)
FINE
AGGREGATE
(SAND)
BINDING
MATERIAL
(CEMENT)
WATER ADMIXTURE
7. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF
CONCRETE
1.Strong in compression
1.Ability to be cast
2.Economical
3.Durable
4.Fire resistant
5.Can be moulded in
any shape & size at site.
7.Compressive strength
increases with age of
concrete
1.Low tensile strength
2.Low ductility
3.Once casted cannot
be modified or reused.
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
8. TYPES OF CONCRETE
PCC / Plumb concrete
PCC is Plain Cement Concrete
designed to take only compressive
loads. There is no reinforcement
provided in PCC. It is used in :
1. Mudmat to RCC column or wall
footing.
2. Pavements.
3. Filling up the extra depth of
excavation done to achieve the safe
bearing capacity of soil.
PCC WORK IN
PAVEMENT
PCC WORK FOR
FOUNDATION
9. TYPES OF CONCRETE
RCC
RCC is Reinforced Cement Concrete
where the concrete is reinforced with
steel bar to take the tensile load as
concrete is poor in tension. It is more
workable than PCC. It is used in :
1. Foundation
2. Column
3. Beam
4. Slab / Floor
5. Wall
6. Hopper
7. Dome
RCC STRUCTURE
10. TYPES OF CONCRETE
HRC
HRC is Heat Resistant Concrete where
the concrete does not disintegrate when
exposed to constant or cyclic heating up
to temperature of 700º C. Here we used
basalt chips and basalt dust instead of
stone chips & sand as coarse & fine
aggregate. This type of concrete is
used in :
1. Areas with extreme heat
environment.
2. Molten metal splash areas.
3. Hot material storage areas.
4. Steel Plants.
DRY SLAG PIT MADE
BY HRC
12. CONCRETING IN HOT WEATHER
Any operation of concreting done at atmospheric
temperature above 40º C or any operation of concreting
where the temperature of concrete at time of its
placement is expected to be beyond 40º C.
High temperature results in rapid hydration of
cement
Increase evaporation of mixing water.
Greater mixing water demand to maintain
workability resulting reduction in strength.
Large volume changes resulting in cracks.
Cold joints :- A joint or discontinuity formed when a
concrete surface hardens before the next batch is
13. CONCRETING IN HOT WEATHER
TEMPERATURE CONTROL FOR HOT WEATHER CONCRETING :
Temperature of concrete can be reduced by controlling the
temperature of its ingredients as follows :
i. Shedding stock pile for coarse / fine aggregates to
protect from direct rays of Sun.
ii. Sprinkling the stock piles of coarse aggregate with cool
water and keeping them moist.
iii. By using cold water or ice cubes at the time of mixing the
concrete.
iv. Insulation of transit mixture drums by wet jute or cloth.
v. Schedule transit mixture trucks to avoid waiting time so
the concrete will not begin to set.
vi. Use sunshades in all possible locations where concrete
is to be poured.
14. CONCRETING IN HOT WEATHER
TEMPERATURE CONTROL FOR HOT WEATHER CONCRETING :
vii. Dampen all surface areas before pouring concrete.
viii. Use thermometer extensively to monitor during mixing as
well as placing.
ix. Perform operation rapidly.
x. Delay setting time by using retarding admixtures. Ex:
Sika Plastiment – R1.
xi. Curing should be such that concrete does not loose
moisture and temperature required to gain full strength.
xii. We have considered temperature of concrete at batching
plant = 36º C and temperature of concrete during
placement = 38º C and to make this possible we have
added ice with water at the time of mixing to maintain the
temperature of water at 15º C for our BF#2 Site.
16. TYPES OF CONCRETE
PSC
PSC is Pre-Stressed Concrete where
the concrete’s natural weakness in
tension can be minimized by inducing
tension in pre-stressing tendons /
cables / strands inside the concrete. It
may be pre-tensioned or post-
tensioned. It is used in:
1. Girders of bridge
2. Railway Sleepers
3. Slabs of high-rise building
4. Splash bars in GCP cooling tower. PSC MEMBERS
PRESTRESSING
STRANDS
18. TYPES OF CONCRETE
ADVANTAGES OF PRE-STRESSED
CONCRETE1. Section not cracked under service
load or repetitive loading and
unloading.
2. High span to depth ratio.
3. Reduce in self weight.
4. Less wear and tear
5. Suitable for rapid construction.
6. Minimizes the chances of crack.
7. Strong against deflection.
8. Suitable for precasting work.
19. PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
Characteristic Compressive
Strength :
The characteristic compressive
strength is defined as the strength of
material below which not more than 5
% of the test result are expected to
fall. It is denoted by fck. It can be
determined by concrete cube test.
Note : In the designation of concrete
mix M refers to the mix and the
number to the specified compressive
strength of (150x150x150) m3 size
cube at 28 days expressed in N/mm2.
20. PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
Compressive Strength (Cube)
Test
For the cube test we take 6 nos of steel
moulds of size (150x150x150) mm3.
Then we clean the moulds & apply the
releasing oil inside it. Then we place the
freshly mixed concrete of designed
proportion with 3 layers. Each layer
should be compacted with 35 times by a
16mm dia tamping rod. The top layer is
leveled & finished. After final setting time
the moulds will be released and the
cubes will be immersed into the water for
14 & 28 days respectively. After that the
compressive strength will be tested with
the help of CTM (Compressive strength
Testing Machine)
The cubes should gain the 70% & 90%
of the designed strength after 14 & 28
CONCRETE CUBE
MOULD
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
TESTING MACHINE
22. PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
Workability :
The workability is defined as the property of freshly
mixed concrete which determines the ease and
homogeneity with which it can be mixed, placed,
compacted and finished. The workability of a concrete
can be increased by increasing the water cement ratio
and adding the admixtures. But too much increasing of
w/c ratio results in decrease in strength of concrete. So
we prefer adding the admixtures.
Ex: Plasticizer, Super plasticizer.
Workability can be determined by Slump Test.
23. PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
Slump Test :
This test is carried out with a steel
mould called slump cone whose top
dia is 100 mm, bottom dia 200 mm,
height 300 mm. The slump cone is
filled in 3 layers with freshly mixed
concrete. Every layer is evenly
rodded 25 times with 16mm dia
tamping rod. Measure the slump by
determining the vertical difference
between the top of the mold and the
displaced original center of the top
surface of the specimen.
Note : If the slump value increases,
the workability of concrete also
increases. Slump value can be
maintained by using admixture
24. PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
Segregation :
Segregation refers to a separation of
the components of fresh concrete,
primarily resulting in a non-uniform
mix and ultimately a porous,
honeycombed & weekend concrete.
The primary causes of segregation
are :
1. Improper mixing
2. Improper placing
3. Over vibrating
Note : Pouring height of concrete
should be limited to 1.5 m for
concrete pump, boom placer, manual
IMPROPER CONCRETE
MIX
HONEY COMBED
CONCRETE
25. PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
Setting Time :
It is the duration of the time in which concrete starts to set and finally
gets its required shape and size. The setting time mainly depends upon
the grade of cement used and the temperature of the environment.
Initial Setting Time :
It is the point of time when the concrete mix lost
its plasticity and stiffening to a certain degree.
Generally it is 30 mins. It is very important to
pour the concrete within its initial setting time.
By adding retarder the initial setting time can
be increased by 4 hrs. Ex: Sika Plastiment –
R1 Final Setting Time :
It is the point of time when the concrete
acquired a sufficient firmness to resist a certain
pressure. Generally it is 10 to 12 hrs. It is very
important to de-shutter the concrete walls and
columns only after its final setting time.
INITIAL SETTING
TIME
FINAL SETTING TIME
26. MIXING OF CONCRETE
Nominal Mix:
The concrete mix in which no preliminary tests are
performed for the designing the mix is called the
nominal mixing. The concrete produced is called
Ordinary Concrete. The ratio for the nominal mix are as
follows :
1. M10 – 1:3:6
2. M15 – 1:2:4
3. M20 – 1:11/2:3
4. M25 – 1:1:2
27. MIXING OF CONCRETE
Design Mixing:
The concrete mixing in which preliminary tests are
performed for the designing the mix for achieving the
target load is called the design mixing / trial mixing. The
concrete produced is Controlled Concrete / Ready mix
concrete. This type of mixing can be done for all grade of
concretes according to the availability of required
materials. In the project areas the ready mix concrete is
produced with the help of Ready Mix Batching Plants.
31. PLACING & COMPACTING OF
CONCRETE
After mixing of concrete in batching
plant we transport the concrete by a
transit mixture to the site where the
concrete is to be poured. Then we
pour the concrete by 300 mm
layers with the help of a Concrete
Pump, Boom Placer or Manually.
Each layers should be compacted
by a needle vibrator of size 40 / 60
mm. By adequate vibrating we
avoid the chances of
honeycombing and the concrete will
be strong and durable.
BOOM PLACER
NEEDLE VIBRATOR
32. CURING OF CONCRETE
Curing is the process of controlling the rate
of moisture loss from concrete during
Cement hydration. Curing should be started
once the concrete reaches its final setting
time and it should be continue at least 14
days from the date of casting.
Process of curing :
By covering the structure by hessian
cloth or jute.
By sprinkling the water to the concrete
surface.
By ponding the concrete structure.
By wetting the concrete surface with wet
sand or wet saw dust.
CURING OF
CONCRETE USUING
HESSIAN CLOTH
CURING OF
CONCRETE BY
33. FORMWORK & SHUTTERING
Formwork or shuttering is a die or a mould including all
supporting structures, used to shape and support the
concrete until it attains sufficient strength to carry its own
weight. We specially use a formwork system which is
completely independent and it is known by L&T
Formwork.
Requirements of a good formwork :
How formwork can be erected and de-shuttered fast.
How good concrete quality and surface can be
achieved.
What is the optimum stock of the formwork required for
the total work.
What is the overall cost savings that can be achieved
34. L & T FORMWORK SYSTEM
ADVANTAGES OF L&T FORMWORK :
It is a very flexible system so it is easy to assemble and
dismantle.
It is less time taking process therefore it is cost saving.
It is virtually self aligning, therefore dimensional
accuracy is right.
It has built in safety features and it is approved by the
International safety standards.
It is a very rigid and strong system so that we can
achieve high quality and surface finish.
The materials used in it can be reusable for several
times.
In this system the amount of wastage is very little.
36. L & T FORMWORK SYSTEM
H-BEAM:
The h-beam is a composite member of
high strength timber and plywood. Based
on the flange to flange height there are two
types of h-beams. H-16 & H-20. The span
of h-beam also varies from 2.4m, 3.0m &
3.6m.
Salient features of H-Beam :
i. Dimensionally stable & uniform in size.
ii. Consistent in strength.
iii. Economical & long lasting. Generally it
is used 25 to 30 times for site work.
TIMBER
PLYWOO
D
H-
BEAMS
68. REINFORCEMENT
The reinforcement is the skeleton of the reinforced
concrete structure in which it is embedded to take the
tensile load. Generally the TMT / HYSD steel bars of
different grades (Fe 415, Fe 500) are used as
reinforcement. There are different dia of bars like
8,10,12,16,20,25,28,32 and 36 mm.
Why steel is used as
reinforcement ?
It is cheap and easily available.
It possesses high tensile strength
& elasticity.
It develops good bond with
concrete. TMT BARS
69. CIVIL WORKS IN BLAST FURNACE AT A GLANCE
We have achieved the following in the BF#2 :
Concrete of 62214 cum.
Shuttering of 159142 sqm.
Reinforcement of 5919 MT
Brickwork of 6026 cum.
Plastering of 67414 sqm.
Railtrack of length 1370 m.
70. CIVIL WORKS IN BLAST FURNACE AT A GLANCE
BLAST FURNACE #2 MAIN CELL FOUNDATION AND
71. CIVIL WORKS IN BLAST FURNACE AT A GLANCE
BLAST FURNACE CELL FDN &
CAST HOUSE FDNS.
CAST HOUSE FLOOR
72. CIVIL WORKS IN BLAST FURNACE AT A GLANCE
CAST HOUSE RAMP