Presentation about Paragraphs, English.ppt

Paragraph writing
Writing a paragraph is not a natural skill,
but learned skill. Anyone can learn!
Simply follow the structure below.
By: Zabihullah Ibrahimi 0786111985

What is a paragraph?
Paragraph is a group of sentences that develops one
main idea.
OR
Paragraph is a group of sentences which develops a
single idea.
• A paragraph usually contains a general idea in one
sentence and 4-5 supporting sentences which
expand this idea by giving explanation, details
and/or examples to support the main idea.

How is paragraph structured
(Parts of paragraph)
Paragraph is structured as:
• Topic sentence
– This is the first sentence and it expresses the main idea.
• Supporting sentence
– Details that expand your main idea.
• Concluding sentence/closing sentence
– A rounding off, possibly by summarizing what has been
said or drawing a logical conclusion from it.

The Cheeseburger Paragraph
Topic Sentence
Supporting Sentences
Concluding Sentence

The topic sentence
• A topic sentence of a paragraph is a very
important sentence which introduces the topic of
the paragraph.
• This topic sentence has two parts:
• 1. Topic: names the subject of a paragraph.
• 2. Controlling Idea: it says what the paragraph will
say about the topic.
• This is called the controlling idea because it
controls and limits the topic to a very specific
point.

Look at the topic
• The weddings in Afghanistan are special because of
the mix culture.
• In this topic sentence the topic is the wedding in
Afghanistan, and the controlling idea is are special
because of the mix culture.
• Look at the more topic sentences with the same
topic but different controlling ideas:

• Some weddings are a union of two
families.
• Some weddings are a union of two
individuals.
• Some weddings are very simple.

A topic sentence is neither too general nor
too specific!
• Marriage is an event in a person’s life.
• This is too general because there is no specific controlling
idea. The reader has no idea what the paragraph will say
about the marriage.
• The average age for people in the united states to marry in the
year 2000 was 25 for a woman and 27 for a man.
• It is much too specific. It gives the details that should come
later In the paragraph.
• The correct one is the following:
• The average age for the people in the united states to marry
has changed in the past 100 years.
• This is a good topic sentence because it gives the readers a
hint that the paragraph will discuss changes in ages when they
marry.
• Note: a good topic sentence tells something about the contents
of the paragraph but none of the details. By: Zabihullah Ibrahimi 0786111985

Developing topic sentence
• Imagine you are given the topic to write a paragraph
about friends. Friends is too large topic for a paragraph,
so you need to narrow it to a smaller topic.
• One way to do this is to use the listing technique.
friends
kinds of friends friends from school
new friends casual friends
old friends how to make friends
best friends what is a friend
childhood friends

Continued………….
• Right now choose one of the smaller topics and write the
second list while thinking about this smaller topic. You
may choose “What is a friend?”
What is a friend?
• have fun with is loyal
• play sports with can trust
• Share secrets with advises
• Share problems help each other
• Any of these ideas can be the controlling idea in your topic
sentence.
• A friend is a person you have fun with.
• A friend is someone you can trust.
• A friend is a person you can share secrets with.

Position of a topic sentence!
• The topic sentence is usually the first sentence in
a paragraph. Experienced writers put this
sentence at the end, but the best place for this is
at the beginning. At the beginning, it gives the
readers an idea of what they will read. This helps
them understand the paragraph more easily.

1 Many people argue that school rules
are not necessary. We are, after all,
almost adults and know very well how
we should behave. Our parents have
taught us good habits and, when we
were younger, they punished us if we
misbehaved. There is no need, these
people say, for a long list of rules and
regulations. One rule would be enough:
'Always think of the welfare of others
and the reputation of the school’.
TOPIC SENTENCE

This all sounds very reasonable; but I
have grave doubts whether it would
work. Think of the likely chaos that
would arise in a school with no rules. If
there were no rules for moving around
the school, there would be 'student-
jams' every time we changed lessons.
Pupils would not wear their uniforms
with pride, damaging the school in the
eyes of the local community. Times for
using the library or club rooms would
not exist, and no one would know when
they were available.
TOPIC SENTENCE

5 We all want our school to be held in
high esteem by those being' educated
there and by those outside. Let us keep
our school rules - they are good for us!
TOPIC SENTENCE

TIME TO
PRACTICALLY
EXERCISE THE
TOPIC SENTENCE

1. Large cars
2. Living in a remote area
3. Studying abroad
4. Accidents
5. Computers
Example: Catching colds
People can avoid catching colds by taking certain precautions.
The topic sentence includes the topic 'catching colds' and the
controlling idea 'taking precautions'.
write a topic sentence for each of the following topics:

Read the following paragraph and decide whether
the topic sentence is strong or weak.
(the topic sentence is bold and underlined)
Baseball is a popular sport in the United States. There
are two teams of nine players each. Players on one team
take turns batting while the other team tries to put the
batters out. The batter hits the ball and then tries to run
around the bases and get “home” safely. The other team
tries to put the batter out by catching the ball before it hits
the ground, throwing the ball to the base before the batter
gets there, or tagging the batter with the ball. The batter
can stop at anyone of the three bases if it is impossible to
make it “home”

The topic sentence in the paragraph is weak because it
tells us that ‘baseball is a popular sport,’ but the rest of
the paragraph tells us how baseball is played? A
stronger topic sentence would tell us, and the readers
that the paragraph is going to describe how baseball is
played. Here is a stronger topic sentence:
Baseball, a popular game in the United States,
is played in the following way.
Now the reader knows that the paragraph will
describe how baseball is played instead of where it
is played, how it is played, who plays it, or why it is
popular.

The supporting sentences
• The supporting sentences are sentences which back up,
clarify, explain or prove the point you make in your topic
sentence.
• Have a look at the following topic:
Smoking cigarette
Topic sentence:
Smoking cigarettes can be an expensive habit.
Supporting sentences:
1. A pack of cigarette costs about Afs 10.
2. the average smoker smokes two packs a day.
3. the annual expense for this smoker is Afs 7200.
4.The smoker must also pay for extra expenses during smoking.

Supporting Sentences

PRACTICE
WITH
SUPPORTING IDEAS

Write supporting sentences for those topic sentences
that you have made for the following topics:
1. Large cars
2. Living in a remote area
3. Studying abroad
4. Accidents
5. Computers

Think about these controlling ideas
There are many ways to eat peanut butter. You can
spread it on a slice of bread like butter, or you can
make it into a sandwich with jam. Peanut butter can be
a major ingredient of very tasty cookies as well as cake
and candies. It is delicious in ice cream. Peanut butter
was invented by George Washington Carver. My
favorite way to eat peanut butter is to lick it off a
spoon.
Our topic sentence tells the reader that we are
discussing peanut butter. The controlling idea is “ways
of eating it.” All the sentences should be about ways of
eating peanut butter. Are they? By: Zabihullah Ibrahimi 0786111985

NO!!!
? By: Zabihullah Ibrahimi 0786111985

Because the sentence
“peanut butter was invented
by George Washington Caver”
does not refer to way of
eating peanut butter.

Concluding/closing sentence
• A concluding or closing sentence is a sentence which ends
the paragraph, and reminds the readers the main idea. (topic
sentence) OR
• The final section; summarizing the connections between the
information discussed in the body of the paragraph and the
paragraph’s topic sentence.
• See the concluding sentence for cigarettes.
• In conclusion, smoking is very dangerous which brings
harm to you, your family and to the eintire society.
• Note: not all the paragraphs need concluding sentence. The
paragraph that stands alone needs concluding sentence. A
paragraph which is the part of longer writing, does not need
concluding sentence

Concluding/Closing Sentence

Today's car manufacturers have not only developed the
fastest autos in history, but also the most comfortable and
convenient. Soft, reclining, adjustable seats await the
driver as he gets in. Even his feet get special attention,
being cushioned on foamy floor carpets. Starting the
vehicle presents no problems with an automatic
transmission. A key is turned, a lever moved, and the car
is off. No matter what the weather is like, the heater
sends hot or cold air in to suit the occasion. The car radio
supplies music and news for the driver's enjoyment.
Sudden stops and sharp corners mean nothing as
power brakes and steering can stop or turn the car on a
dime. Modern drivers never had it so good.
Paragraph

convenient. Soft, reclining, adjustable seats await the driver
as he gets in. Even his feet get special attention, being
cushioned on foamy floor carpets. Starting the vehicle
presents no problems with an automatic transmission. A
key is turned, a lever moved, and the car is off. No matter
what the weather is like, the heater sends hot or cold air in
to suit the occasion. The car radio supplies music and
news for the driver's enjoyment. Sudden stops and sharp
corners mean nothing as power brakes and steering can
stop or turn the car on a dime. Modern drivers never had it
so good.
Paragraph

convenient. Soft, reclining, adjustable seats await the
driver as he gets in. Even his feet get special attention,
being cushioned on foamy floor carpets. Starting the
vehicle presents no problems with an automatic
transmission. A key is turned, a lever moved, and the car is
off. No matter what the weather is like, the heater sends
hot or cold air in to suit the occasion. The car radio
supplies music and news for the driver's enjoyment.
Sudden stops and sharp corners mean nothing as power
brakes and steering can stop or turn the car on a dime.
Modern drivers never had it so good.
Paragraph

convenient. Soft, reclining, adjustable seats await the driver
as he gets in. Even his feet get special attention, being
cushioned on foamy floor carpets. Starting the vehicle
presents no problems with an automatic transmission. A key
is turned, a lever moved, and the car is off. No matter what
the weather is like, the heater sends hot or cold air in to suit
the occasion. The car radio supplies music and news for the
driver's enjoyment. Sudden stops and sharp corners
mean nothing as power brakes and steering can stop or
turn the car on a dime. Modern drivers never had it so good.
Paragraph

Transitions
• In order to join and connect the sentences (topic,
supporting, and concluding) together, we have to have a
look at the transitions or connectors (discourse markers).
• Transitions are words or group of words which are used
to connect sentences in paragraph.
• Transition can be used at the beginning, in the middle,
and at the end.
• Ali did not study. Therefore, he failed the test.
• Ali did not study. He, therefore, failed the test.
• Ali did not study. He failed the test, therefore.
• Note: this rule of positioning is not for all transitions.

Transitions for Narration (story telling)
After Before Later Then
Afterwards During Meanwhile Until
As Finally Next When
At the same time First Now While

Transitions for description
Above Across
from
Also Before Below Beyond
Further Here In the
distance
Nearby Next to Over
On my left
(right)
Opposit
e to
In front of Inside Beside Around
Among Between past Under To the
left of
To the
right of

Transitions for adding ideas already
stated
Again Also Another At the same
time
Besides Such For example For instance
Furthermore In addition Likewise Moreover
One example
of
Another
example of
Similarly Such as

Transitions for result (cause and effect)
Accordingly As a result At last
Because Consequently Hence
Therefore Thus To sum up
At this point Since

Transitions for contrasting ideas
Although However Otherwise
On the one hand On the other hand yet
while whereas Different (ly)
Nevertheless But Still

Transitions to contrast items
Although As opposed to But Conversely
Counter to Even so Even though However
In spit of In the
meantime
Nevertheless On the
contrary

Transitions to compare items
Accordingly In the same way Like
Also In the same manner Likewise
As In conjunction with
this
Similarly
Comparable to Just as Not only…but also
Both…and

Transitions to emphasize a point
Again For this reason Indeed
Most compelling
evidence
On the negative
side
To emphasize
Truly Another key point In fact
On the positive side Surprising To point out
Important to realize Must be
remembered
Surprisingly enough
To repeat

Transitions for location
Above Alongside Away from Beneath
By In the middle
of
Throughout Up
Across Amid Beside Down
Inside On top To the left Against
Among Behind Between In front of
Into Outside To the right Into
Along Beyond In the center of Near
Over Under

Transitions for time
About afterward After As soon as
Finally During before At the same
time
First Immediately In the
meantime
Later
Last Meanwhile Next Next week
Next time Next year Prior to Second next
Soon Then Third Till
Today Tomorrow Until When
Yesterday

Transitions to conclude or summarize
Accordingly All in all As a result
Consequently Finally In closing
In conclusion In short In summary
In the last analysis Lastly Logical conclusion
is
It is clear that… These examples
show…
You can see that…
To conclude In brief To sum up

Transitions to clarify
For example For instance In other words Put another
way
Seems clear
from this
Simply stated To clarify To illustrate the
point

Connecting Sentences Within
the Paragraph
chronological
order
first
meanwhile
later
afterwards
finally
objects in relation to
one another
next to
in front of
beside
between
behind
in order of
importance
however
furthermore
as a result
in fact
yet
Transition words

Qualities of a paragraph
Unity
• Unity is the relationship of sentences in a paragraph.
• Each sentence in our paragraph must relate to the
topic and develop the controlling idea. This is called
the unity of a paragraph.
• A paragraph that contains the sentence which is not
relevant to the topic, lacks unity.

Coherence
• Coherence is the logical arrangement and
smooth flow of your paragraph.
• Logical arrangement is the order of your
sentences and ideas in a paragraph.
• Smooth flow refers to how well one idea or
sentence leads into another. A smooth flow
can be achieved through sentence
combining and transitions using which
provide links between ideas.

Variety
A third principal of paragraph
construction is variety; by which is
meant, to avoid monotony
i.e. length and size.

Ways of Logical arrangement
• There are some ways to have logical arrangement
of your paragraph.
1. impression
2. Importance
3. spatial (location)
4. Chronological (time)
1. impression: in this order, we mention the least
exciting points first and the most exciting points last
in order to create suspense. This will keep your
readers well attentive.
• See the example:

Example for impression
•
Witness:
I reached the house.
The opened window puzzled me.
The splintered frame of window told me that the
window had been opened. Peering into the house, I
saw papers scattered around the study, and I realized
a burglary had been committed.

2. Importance
• In this order we arrange the paragraph according to the
importance and significance.
• See the example:
Police:
Approximately $2000 worth jewelry, silver, electronics,
and paintings were stolen from the house. The thief
apparently entered the dwelling through a window in
the back of the building. No permanent damage was
done to the house or its furniture

3. Spatial
• In spatial order, the arrangement of the paragraph is
according to place or location.
Detective:
Downstairs, antique silver and a small
painting were taken from the dinning room. A
camera and stereo were taken from the study
in the back of the house. Upstairs in the
bedroom, a diamond necklace and a pair of
pearl earring were missing.

4. Chronological
• In this order, we arrange the paragraph in
timely order. (time and date wise used for
narrations)
I wake up early in the morning. You know at
4:00, I perform the prayers. After this, at
5:30, I come to the class for teaching
English. Later, I enjoy taking tea. That is my
daily routine of life.

Writing Process
• We have four steps to put the writing in
process and they are as follow:
• Step 1. Prewriting
• Step 2. Organizing
• Step 3. Writing
• Step 4. Polishing (Revising and Editing)

Writing Process
• Step 1: Prewriting
• The first step is called Prewriting. Prewriting
is a way to get ideas. In this step you choose
a topic and collect ideas to explain the topic.
• For getting ideas, we have the Listing
technique. listing technique is a prewriting
technique in which we write the topic on the
top of a piece of paper and write the words
and phrases that come to our mind. See the
example bellow

Writing Process
Example for Prewriting
• A person who has made a difference:
My Grandfather
• Uneducated farmer
• Worked hard helped community
• Made a hospital went to masjid everyday
• Got up early was the first person to buy a car
• smart Improved the farming techniques
• Read new things listened to experts
• Thought things over brought me things
• Told me stories advised me

Prewriting
• Right now pick one of the small topics. For
example, improved farming techniques in his
area. Make another list , and write a bout that
topic. This was step first.

Step 2: Organizing
• In this, we organize the ideas into a simple outline.
(Making another list which gives more information.)
see the example
• A person who has made a difference:
• My grandfather helped community in two ways.
1. He improved farming techniques in his area.
A. first farmer to terrace the land.
B. terracing helps prevent soil erosion.
2. Made a community hospital.
A. only a hospital in a big area

Step 3: writing
• In this step, we write only the rough
draft. Write a rough draft without
thinking about your grammar, spelling,
punctuation etc.
• See the following example for rough
draft:

• A person who has made a difference: My Grandfather
• My Grandfather help his community in two ways. My
Grandfather born in 1880. he was farmer. Not well educated
(maybe went to school for one or two years on those days
children were needed to work on farms.) he was first farmer to
terrace the field. People thought he was crazy. Now every one
does it. Terracing helps prevent soil erosion. This improved the
farming techniques in the area. After he got old, he got an idea
that his area needs hospital. He started raising money to build
a hospital. There is no hospital nearby, and people have to go
a long distance to see the doctor. People again think he was
crazy, but he succeeded. Now there is a small hospital in the
area. There are three doctors and many patients come every
day. The hospital is named Jaimes community hospital. It was
named for my grandfather. My Grandfather just a simple,
uneducated farmer, but he helped his community a lot.

Step 4: Polishing (Revising, Editing)
• Revising: contains bigger issues like organizing the
contents.
• Editing: contains smaller issues like grammar,
spelling, good words, bad words, and punctuation.
• Editing by your classmate or friend. After by your
teacher.

• A person who has made a difference: My Grandfather
• My Grandfather help his community in two ways. My
Grandfather born in 1880. he was farmer. Not well
educated (maybe went to school for one or two years on
those days children were needed to work on farms.) he was
first farmer to terrace the field. People thought he was
crazy. Now every one does it. Terracing helps prevent soil
erosion. This improved the farming techniques in the area.
After he got old, he got an idea that his area needs hospital.
He started raising money to build a hospital. There is no
hospital nearby, and people have to go a long distance to
see the doctor. People again think he was crazy, but he
succeeded. Now there is a small hospital in the area. There
are three doctors and many patients come every day. The
hospital is named James community hospital. It was named
for my grandfather. My Grandfather just a simple,
uneducated farmer, but he helped his community a lot.
• Don’t like slang word unimportant

Brainstorming
• Getting started before you write

Introduction
Getting Started
“Writer’s block” is a common
problem to many students. This is
when ideas for writing do not come
very easily. It is easy to get very
frustrated when beginning to write.
Brainstorming activities can help
you get ideas for your essay and
help you become less frustrated.

 Clustering
Brainstorming
 Listing
Two Activities

Clustering
Example #1
Favorite
Room
Quiet
Bedroom
Big Closet
Comfortable
Furniture
Windows
Sunny
View of
Sky
View of
Trees
Soft Bed
Rocking
Chair
Yellow
Good-
Sized

Clustering
Example #2
My Father
Liked
Sports Very
Religious
A Leader
Intelligent
Hard Worker
Employee
Terrace
the land
Cut the
wood
Read many
books
Had many
different
interests
Went to
Mosque
Taught
Sunday
School
Gave
charity
After-School
Club
Coordinator
President
of PTA
Volleyball Soccer

Brainstorming
Listing
1. Start with the main topic of your essay. Write that word or
words at the top of your paper.
Why I Want to Become a Nurse
2. Write down any word or phrase that might relate to your
main topic underneath. Don’t worry about spelling or
grammar. Your goal is to write down as many ideas as
quickly as possible.

Listing
Example
How to be a Successful
Language Learner
• Practice speaking with others
•Take classes
• Guess the meanings of words
• Listen to radio or TV
• Observe others
• Set reasonable goals
• Don’t be afraid to experiment
• Study vocabulary in related
topics
• Ask others to correct you
• Look for patterns in your errors
• Organize your study time
• Use special techniques to
remember new words
• Ask for help when you don’t
understand
• Review material regularly
• Use a dictionary
• Choose a good textbook

Kinds of paragraph
1. Narrative Paragraph
2. Descriptive Paragraph
3. Persuasive paragraph
4. Expository Paragraph

Narrative Paragraph
• Narrative writing is a writing in which we tell story
and narrate events according to chronological order.
(time wise)
• When you are writing a story, you are answering the
question What happened?

Planning your Narrative
• For writing the Narrative or story three major
elements to be taken in account.
(Plot, Characters, Setting)
1. Plot: the set of connected events on which a story,
play, film, etc., is based.
In short, what happens in a Narrative is called Plot.

2. Characters: the people or the animals
that take part in the event or narration
are called the characters.
3. Setting: the setting puts the characters
in a particular place and particular
time. It means that the events (plot)
and characters are well organized
through setting.

Creating idea for narrative writing (story)
• When you want to write a narrative paragraph you
have to ask yourself the following questions:
1. What is the problem?
2. Who is involved?
3. When it happened?
4. Why it happened?
5. What was the result?

Starting your story!
• To start your story, you have to focus on one of the
three elements plot, characters, or setting. Choose
the element that is the most important.
• Keep your story on track. It means, give important
information about your narrative.
• Arrange your story in chronological order.
(time order)
• Conclude your story with concluding words and
expressions.

An unforgettable experience in my life was a 6.9 magnitude
earthquake . I was at home with my older sister and younger
brother. Suddenly, our apartment started shaking. At first, none of
us realized what was happening. Then my brother yelled,
“earthquake! Get under something!” I rolled and crawled across
the room to get under the dinning table. My sister also yelled at my
little brother to get under the table. Meanwhile, my older brother
was on the kitchen floor holding his arms over his head to protect
it from falling dishes. The earthquake lasted less than a minute,
but it seemed like a year to us. At last, the shaking stopped. For a
minute or two, we were too scared to move. Then we tried to call
our parents at work, but our cell phones did not work. Next, we
checked the apartment for damage. We were very lucky, for
nothing was broken except a few dishes . However, our first
earthquake was an experience that none of us will ever forget.

Descriptive paragraph!
• Descriptive paragraph is a paragraph which is used
to describe a person, place or thing.
• A good descriptive writing creates a word picture in
readers minds.
• Your description must be vivid, coherent and
logically arranged.
• Remember in a descriptive writing we use one of
the following orders:
1. Impression 2. Importance 3. spatial

Descriptive
The campus of Kardan university is a tranquil area. I have seen
many places in my life, but the campus of Kardan is really
charming. Coming from the front, you will see the main gate made
of metal in which many colors create a center of attention towards
the building. Upon the entrance through the gateway, your eyes
will gaze at the spectacular lawn located in front of the building.
You will feel so romantic facing different varieties of flowers
around the lawn, so be careful not to stumble on the steps towards
the office where the director sits. In the front part across from the
director’s office is administration office. The reception near the
director’s office, which is made of glass, is really surprising. On
the second floor, just right side of the stairs, there is coordinator’s
office the stillness of which makes you feel happy and relax. Don’t
worry! The area is such enormous. Move upstairs through the
stairs to the third floor fenced by the barrier made of metal. The
story is very long, but if you really want a place to get relaxed in,
the campus of Kardan is for you.

Descriptive
Mary is the ugliest girl in our village. She has gray curly
short hair, coiled towards the center of the skull. Along
cucumber shape face is full of pimples and acnes which
introduce the ugliness of Mary. She has a dark brown
flat eyebrows over her small round eyes. Her nose is
really fascinating because it is puffy flat and too short
which has the nostrils just like barn. If you look at the
chin, it is just like a sock full of sand. Mouth! I am
afraid. The long stained teeth and a long tongue adds to
the repulsiveness of Mary. Mary is very famous for her
ugliness in our village.

Expository Paragraph
• Expository paragraph: a paragraph that explains,
exposes, and analyzes the topic is called expository
paragraph.
• Expository comes from the word expose which means
to reveal.

Analysis!
• For instance, you were asked to develop the topic
sentence, “Owning a car can be expensive.”
• In this topic sentence, the controlling idea is expensive.
• What kind of support are you going to use for this topic
sentence?
• Does this topic sentence suggest you tell a story or
describe something?
• And the answer is NO because the topic sentence tells
you to support the controlling idea of this topic sentence.
• How to support?
• Support the controlling idea with information,
explanation, and facts.

Support!
• To support the controlling idea “expensive” is
as follows
• Cost of purchase
• Cost of fuel
• Cost of maintenance
• Cost of repair
• Traffic problems

Example for Expository
Owning a car can be expensive. A car costs a
lot of money these days. In addition to the
price, you have to pay for the fuel costs, which
costs a lot of money nowadays. Later, once
you pay for the fuel, not to forget about outlay
of maintenance because the area is full of
thieves. As you better know, one of my friends
car was stolen recently. Leave it! The
expenditure of repair kills the owner and the
traffic problems take off the clothes. All these
take a chunk of your salary!

Example 2
T.V is a source of information. It gives lots of
information about the world. Sitting in our house,
we can know about the rest of the world through
Television. That is why I suggest every compatriot to
watch T.V for news channels and get sufficient
information about the world.

Persuasive Paragraph!
• Persuasive paragraph: writing in which you
want to persuade the readers, listeners, or
viewers feel and take action about certain
ideas or issues.
• Persuasive is also called argumentative
paragraph.
• In persuasive writing we try to use the facts
and strong reasons to support the details
and make the readers agree.

Facts!
• Facts are the statements which can be proved. For
example, fire is burner.
• Give reasons to convince because without reasons
nobody is ready to accept what you are trying to say
and try to give strong reasons in order to convince
your readers to the point of an idea you have about
the problem.
• Opinion: is the personal feeling which can’t be
proved, so you have to search for strong opinions.
For instance, the opinions of experts and your own
experience can be very good evidence. Collect the
opinions and make a list.

Take in account the readers!
• When you are writing persuasively, you have
to understand your readers in the following
terms:
• Who is your reader?
• How much does your reader know about the
topic?
• Does your reader have the concerns about
the topic?
• What facts, reasons, and opinions can be
convincing for the readers?

Organize your evidence
• Once you collect the evidence then you have to
make the logical order for your evidence. Which
point can be convincing where? At the first or at the
end?
• The structure of persuasive is as follows
• The topic sentence states the topic and your opinion
about that.
• The body of the paragraph provides evidence to
support your opinion.
• The concluding part summarizes your argument and
suggests action.

Example
• In the following topic, smoking cigarettes can be an expensive
habit, you want to make your readers agree to accept your
opinion about the topic, so you have to give the convincing
reasons.
Topic sentence: Smoking cigarettes can be an expensive habit.
1. cigarettes cost about twenty AFS.
2. the average smoker smokes two packs a day.
3. the annual expense for this smoker is AFS 7200.
4.The smoker must also pay for extra cleaning of carpets,
furniture, and clothes.

Smoking cigarettes can be an expensive habit. Man is
really stingy when spending money, but does not think of
any extravagance in some cases. One of the extravagance
is smoking cigarettes. you have to pay around AFS 20 a
day because the average smoker smokes two packs a day
for which the annual expense is estimated around AFS
7200. On the other hand, smoking causes other harms.
For instance: when you are smoking, the embers of ashes
fall on your clothes, carpet, mattress, and others which
cost more than on smoking. Consequently, smoking costs
a lot of money about which you have to think.
Persuasive Paragraph

Another example
Topic sentence:
Smoking cigarettes is hazardous to your health.
• Cigarettes cause cancer.
• Cigarettes cause discomfort with asthma and emphysema.
• Smokers can easily catch cold and flu.
Concluding sentence:
• Smoking is the major killer of humanity.

• Smoking cigarettes is hazardous to your health. Several years
ago, a United States government study was released that
linked the intake of tar and nicotine, found in cigarettes, with
the development of cancer in laboratory animals. The evidence
was so overwhelming that the United States government
required cigarettes manufacturers to put a warning on the
outside of each package of cigarettes. Aside from the most
dreaded disease, cancer, cigarette smoking also can
aggravate other health problems. For example, smoking can
increase the discomfort for people with asthma and
emphysema. It can give a smoker cough and contribute to
bronchitis. Finally, recent studies have shown that cigarette
smokers are susceptible to common colds and flu. To sum up,
smoking is one of the leading killers in the world.
Example 2

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