Synergy of cycling, public transport and land-use

1. 01
Synergy of cycling, public transport and land-use
How‘bike-train’ shapes mobility transition in the Netherlands
roland.kager@studiobereikbaar.nl

2. 01
Climate Crisis!

3. 01
Housing Crisis!

4. 01
Transport justice crisis!

5. 01
Economic Crisis!

6. 01
Energy Crisis!

7. 01
Road safety crisis!
This crisis even a chronic crisis! Mindhow the term ‘road accidents’ is euphemistic on systematic nature!

8. 01
Road safety crisis not being addressed!

9. 01
Health Crisis!

10. 01
(Dependence on) Authoritarian Regimes

11. 01
Child autonomy!

12. 01
Air pollution / Noise pollution (etc…)

13. 01
Expanding cars!

14. 01
Transport Innovation Crisis!
‘It’s striking that 1918’s Motor Car of the Future doesn’t look - or operate - all that different in
concept from the 2013’ ~ NY Times, 2013

15. 01
If you find yourself in a hole…

16. 01
… stop digging!

17. 01
Streetscape Crisis!

18. 01
If most of us wish that streets look like this…
… then how come these are the big exceptions?

19. 01
Even in the most car-dominated societies…

20. 01
Social crisis
(Appleyard, 1981!)

21. 01
Road closed? Or: Street Open?

22. SYNERGY OF CYCLING, PUBLIC
TRANSPORT AND LAND-USE
• Crisis !
• Triangle of Cycling, Public Transport, Cities
• Intermezzo: Cycling, ‘fietsen’… and bike-train
• 7 mechanisms of synergy
• 10 themes of action
roland.kager@studiobereikbaar.nl

25. 01
Introducing: Cycling-inclusive transit !

26. BIKE+TRAIN
Key statistics for the Netherlands 2019 (pre-corona)
• 600.000bike parking (at 400 rail stations and population of 17mln)
➔ Average = 1.500 bike parking per station (ranging from 50 to 33.000)
• 22.000 rentalbikes ‘OV-Fiets’, 5mln rentals/year (EUR 4,- per 24hr period)
NB1: Rail passengers almost doubled between2000 and 2020. This near
doubling is for 84% explained by increase of users who combine bike+train!
Year Daily train
passengers
Percentage
using bike
Passengers
using bike
Passengersnot
using bike
2000 700.000 30% 210.000 490.000
2019 1.300.000 55% 715.000 585.000
Growth +600.000 +505k (=84%) +95k (=17%)
NB2: Cycling to/from public transport accounts for 30% of Dutch cycling
kms in cities

27. Cycling Transit
“Cycling increases the catchmentarea of
stations,with limited impact onthe
speed of travel”
“(Long distance)transit increasesthe reach
of the bike, with limited impact on the
flexibility/ freedom of travel”

28. Cycling Transit
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2016.01.015

29. Cycling Transit
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2016.01.015
142 stations, each1km radius= 3km2
142*141 = 20.022 OD-pairs
7.000 populationor jobs per station
16 stations, each 3km radius = 28km2
16*15 = 240 OD-pairs
65.000 populationor jobs per station

30. Cycling Transit
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2016.01.015
300 stationsMRT + tram + city bus
(instead of 142)
62 stations MRT
(instead of 16)
Lots of choice! (but…)

31. 01
Cycling
Cities
Transit

32. 01
Cycling
Cities
Transit
(percentagesnot addingupto 100%
because not all modalitiesshown)
2018/2019
9% 25% 54%
69% 3% 0%
12% 82% 0%
58% 1% 21%
34% 25% 35%
47% 33% 0%
Rural
Rural
Rural
Rural
Rural
Rural
Urban Urban
Urban
Urban
Urban
Urban
2012/2013

33. 01
Trip-attraction: total distance of daily trips attracted per residentor job, per mode, controlled by urbanity of trip destination
Cycling
Cities
Transit
Trip-generation: total distance of daily trips generated per resident, per mode, controlled by urbanity of home location
Highly-Urban
Urban
Semi-Urban
Sub-Urban
Village
Rural
Highly-Urban
Urban
Semi-Urban
Sub-Urban
Village
Rural
National average
National average

34. 01
Mobility transition – Trip generation (km)
2006
2018

35. 01
Mobility transition – Trip attraction (km)
2006
2018

36. 01
Mobility transition – Trip generation
2006
2018

37. 01
Mobility transition – Trip attraction
2006
2018

38. 01
Typical:
(very weak correlation with travel behaviour)
Urbanity of x= Number of people / 1 km2
surrounding x
Adjusted:
(very strong correlation with travel behaviour)
Urbanity of x= Number of people+jobs / 16 km2
surrounding x
r = 560 m
A=1 km2
r = 2.3 km
A=16 km2
X → →

39. 01
TYPICAL URBANITY INDICATOR: WEAK CORRELATION!

40. 01
IMPROVED URBANITY INDICATOR: POP+JOB PER 16 KM2
See PDF-publications:www.collegevanrijksadviseurs.nl/projecten/dashboard-verstedelijking

41. THE RISE OF CITIES…WHY?
Places I visit physically at least 2x per year. And you?
• Amusement park
• Asian supermarket
• Bakery
• Bike repair shop
• Bio-supermarket
• Bookstore
• Cafe
• Child daycare
• Children playground
• Cinema
• Clothes store
• Coffee bar
• Delivery pick-up store
• Dentist
• Elementary school
• Friends & Family
• Garden centre
• General practicioner
• Hairdresser
• Hardware store
• Holiday house
• Hospital
• Ice cream shop
• International train
station
• Library
• Massage studio
• Meeting centre
• Museum
• Nature area
• Office building
• Outdoor terrace
• Outdoor swimming
area
• Park
• Pharmacy
• Restaurant
• Sailing harbour
• Sauna
• Secondary school
• Snackbar
• Sports centre
• Supermarket
• Swimming pool
• Takeaway restaurant
• Theatre
• University campus
• Zoo

42. Cities
Cycling Transit

43. 01
Cities
Cycling Transit

44. SYNERGY OF CYCLING, PUBLIC
TRANSPORT AND LAND-USE
• Crisis !
• Triangle of Cycling, Public Transport, Cities
• Intermezzo: Cycling, ‘fietsen’… and bike-train
• 7 mechanisms of synergy
• 10 themes of action

45. 01
Google images for: ‘Fietser’ (NL)

46. 01
Google images for: ‘Cyclist’ (UK)

47. 01
Google images for: ‘Radfahrer’ (DE)

48. 01
Google images for: ‘Cyklist’ (DK)

49. 01
Google images for: ‘Pyöräilijä’ (FI)

50. 01
Bike + Train

51. 01
Now for: ‘Fiets+Station’ (NL) (=bike+station)

52. 01
Now for: ‘Fahrrad+Bahnhof’ (DE)

53. 01
Now for: ‘Bike + (Train) Station’ (UK)

54. 01
Now for: ‘Cykel+Togstation’ (DK)

55. 01
Now for: ‘Polkupyörä+Rautatieasema’ (FI)

56. SYNERGY OF CYCLING,PUBLIC
TRANSPORT ANDLAND-USE
• Crisis !
• Triangle of Cycling, Public Transport, Cities
• Intermezzo: Cycling, ‘fietsen’… and bike-train
• 7 mechanisms of synergy
• 10 themes of action
https://www.itf-oecd.org/improved-cycling-transit-integration-synergies

57. 01
Source: International Transport Forum (OECD-ITF),download PDF here:
https://www.itf-oecd.org/improved-cycling-transit-integration-synergies
2
3
4
5
6
7
1

58. 01
1. Increased Catchment Areas

59. 01
2. Increased Choice in travel options
(quantitative/’timetable’)

60. 01
3. Increased Customisation of journeys
(qualitative/personalized)

61. 01
4. Increased market base for rapid transit
(also benefiting travellers who don’t combine transit with cycling)

62. 01
5. Increased Competitiveness
of cycling, public transport and the urban (sub)system

63. 01
6. Increased Liveliness of Public Space

64. 01
7. Polycentric development
Leading to agglomeration effects (opposite of urban sprawl)

65. SYNERGY OF CYCLING,PUBLIC
TRANSPORT ANDLAND-USE
• Crisis !
• Triangle of Cycling, Public Transport, Cities
• Intermezzo: Cycling, ‘fietsen’… and bike-train
• 7 mechanisms of synergy
• 10 themes of action

66. SUPPOSE WE HAD NO CAR SYSTEM...
What would we need to organize if we wanted to have it?
• ‘Local’ roads
• Highways
• Fuel stations
• Garages
• Car (re-)sellers
• Car insurance companies
• Road laws & Traffic police
• Injury attorneys
• Towing away & Road cleanup
• Roadside restaurants
• Navigation apps
• Leasing + car-finance companies
• Emergency assistance
• Traffic safety officers/campaigns
• Rest bays
• Public car parkings
• Driving schools
• Licence renewal/administration
• Road maintenance
• Snow ploughers
• Car ferries
• Car rental agencies
• Car product retailers
• Park regulation / licencing
• Traffic jam+roadworks reporting
• ….
• Park+Ride locations ☺
• Bike rack manufacturing ☺

67. 01
1. Land-use: Density and Mixed Zoning!
Increasing proximity & stretching from current or future transit hubs

68. 01
2. Road hierarchy, Reduce speed, Comparting
‘The best bike plan is a car plan…’

69. 01
Road hierarchy / Superblocks

70. 01
3. Expand the transit backbone
Get as much people/jobs connected within 3 miles of mass rapid transit hubs

71. 01
4. Cycling network development (+bike parking!)
Work from initial routes to networks, then decrease mesh size, add connectors+diagonals

72. 01
5. Station development + bike-transit interfaces
Facilities, high quality public space, bike parking, lockers, full integration on walk+bike routes

73. 01
Bus-Rapid Transit + Bike

74. 01
6. Integrated ticketing + subscription models
Learn from mobile phone operators: try-it-out schemes, customization, add-ons, web-login…

75. 01
7. Tactical: Living streets and TDM
Agreements, traffic filters, streetlife events (Fairs, Porchfest, Critical Mass/Parades), parklets

76. 01
8. Design systems + continuous evolution
Experiment, compare with other design systems, adapt, evealuate

77. 01
9. Strategic: connect+align to external agendas
And get prepared to respond to the unexpected: weather, collapses, strikes, blockades, crisis

78. 01
10. Orgware, Institutional, Legal, Language
Evaluation, cooperation, exchange, training, knowledge+data organisation

79. 01
0. Ease the 'we are different' attitude…
Break the 'It's impossible to change' into chunks

80. 01
0. Ease the 'we are different' attitude…
Break the 'It's impossible to change' into chunks

81. 01
Differences between Detroit and
Amsterdam…

82. THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION
roland.kager@studiobereikbaar.nl + @BikeTrai