The document summarizes a presentation on integrating public transport and land use planning in Istanbul, Turkey. It discusses how Istanbul aims to protect its historic center through sustainable transport, including improving mass transit. It recommends making Istanbul's historic center more walkable, bikeable, and accessible through public transit. The presentation also promotes transit-oriented development, complete streets, and other smart growth policies to create a more people-oriented city and reduce automobile dependence.

1. Integrating Public
Transport and Land Use
Planning
Todd Litman
Victoria Transport Policy Institute
Presented
IETT Professional Development Workshop
Istanbul
15 June 2015

2. Creating Cities For People or Cars?Creating Cities For People or Cars?
Automobiles make
wonderful servants
but terrible masters.
Design your
community for
people, and then
accommodate motor
vehicles. Don’t
design communities
for automobile traffic
and then try to
accommodate
people.

3. Protecting IstanbulProtecting Istanbul’s Center’s Center
In 2009 the United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization
(UNESCO) has stressed the need for
sustainable transport infrastructure to
safeguard the authenticity of the Historic
Peninsula and maintain the area's nearly
25-year status as a UNESCO World
Heritage site.
UNESCO formally recommended that the
Turkish government develop an integrated
“Transport Plan,” with an emphasis on
improving mass transit, as part of the
overall “World Heritage Management Plan”
for Istanbul.

4. Istanbul: A City for PeopleIstanbul: A City for People
The report, Istanbul: An Accessible
City – A City for People, evaluated
walking, cycling and public transit
conditions in the city’s Historic
Peninsula, and recommended policies
for making it more efficient, equitable
and attractive.
It is a beautiful document!

5. Istanbul: A City for PeopleIstanbul: A City for People

6. Property Development

7. 7
Innovative PlanningInnovative Planning
• Smart growth/New Urbanism
• Context oriented planning
• Complete streets
• Streetscaping
• Road diets
• Traffic calming
• Transportation Demand
Management (TDM)
• Transit-Oriented development
• Parking management

8. Comparing Urban DensitiesComparing Urban Densities
Istanbul has overall
2,523 people per square
kilometer or 25.2
residents per hectare,
which is moderate
density compared with
world cities.
Of course, some
neighborhoods are
much denser.

10. Transit-Oriented Development?Transit-Oriented Development?
• Compact, mixed-use
development within ten-minute
walk of high quality transit (train
stations or bus stops with
frequent service).
• This creates “urban villages”
where commonly-used services
(shops, restaurants, schools,
parks, etc.) and a significant
number of jobs are easily
accessible without a car).

11. Appropriate Housing OptionsAppropriate Housing Options
• Create diverse housing options (various unit
sizes, price ranges, styles, etc.) to serve
diverse needs (families with children, people
with disabilities and low incomes, etc.).
• Provide an appropriate amount of affordable
housing.
• Provide appropriate services, including
schools.
• Reduced parking requirements and unbundle
parking in TODs.
• Reduces property taxes and utility fees for
compact development in recognition of the
lower costs of providing public services
compared with automobile-dependent sprawl.

12. TOD Benefits CategoriesTOD Benefits Categories
Improved Transit
Service
Increased Use of
Alt. Modes
Reduced Automobile
Travel
More Compact
Development
• Improved user
convenience and
comfort
• Improved travel
options, particularly for
non-drivers
• Improved local
property values
• User cost savings
• User enjoyment
• Economic
development
benefits from
increased access to
education and
employment
• Increased public
fitness and health
• Reduced traffic and
parking congestion
• Road and parking cost
savings
• Consumer cost savings
• Reduced crash risk to
others
• Air and noise pollution
reductions
• Energy conservation
• Economic development
benefits
• More livable
communities
• Reduced land
consumption, heritage
and openspace
preservation, and
public service cost
savings
• Improved accessibility,
particularly for non-
drivers
• Reduced vehicle
ownership
12

13. Transit Station Level-Of-ServiceTransit Station Level-Of-Service
• Clean
• Comfort (seating,
temperature, quiet)
• Convenience (real-time user
information, easy fare
payment)
• Accessible (walkability, bike
parking, nearby housing,
employment, nearby shops)
• Services (refreshments,
periodicals, etc.)
• Security

14. Take Control of Urban SpaceTake Control of Urban Space
Public streets are the City’s
most valuable asset. They are
currently devoted primarily to
automobile traffic and parking
on a first-come basis. To
become more multi-modal the
City must re-prioritize use of its
public space. It is more efficient
and fair to charge for on-street
parking, just as the city charges
for use of other costly utilities.
This manages demand and
generates revenue.

15. Walking and Cycling ImprovementsWalking and Cycling Improvements
• More investment in
sidewalks, crosswalks,
paths and bike lanes.
• Improved roadway
shoulders.
• More traffic calming.
• Bicycle parking and
changing facilities.
• Encouragement, education
and enforcement programs.
15

16. 16
Complete StreetsComplete Streets
A Complete Street is
designed for all activities,
abilities, and travel modes.
Complete Streets provide
safe and comfortable
access for pedestrians,
cyclists, transit users and
motorists, and a livable
environment for visitors,
customers, employees and
residents in the area.

17. Complete Streets Design FeaturesComplete Streets Design Features
• Sidewalks
• Cross walks
• Bike lanes
• Traffic speed reductions (traffic
calming)
• Bus lanes
• Bus stops
• Traffic lanes
• Center turn lanes
• On-street parking
• Landscaping and street furniture

18. Complete Streets TypologyComplete Streets Typology
18

19. Designing Complete StreetsDesigning Complete Streets
19

20. 20
Traffic CalmingTraffic Calming
20

21. 21
Traffic CalmingTraffic Calming
21

22. Linking the Centers across US29Linking the Centers across US29
by Dan Burden, Walkable & Livable Communities Instituteby Dan Burden, Walkable & Livable Communities Institute

23. 23
Ped/bike bridge from mall to transit stop/garagePed/bike bridge from mall to transit stop/garage

24. 24
Mixed-use redevelopment on mall parking lotMixed-use redevelopment on mall parking lot

25. 25
Landscaping maturesLandscaping matures

26. 26
Additional redevelopmentAdditional redevelopment

27. 27
Landscaping matures over timeLandscaping matures over time

28. Redesigning City CentersRedesigning City Centers
The Cheonggyecheon River
in Seoul (South Korea) before (top) and
after (bottom) the project. Claiming back
urban space from road vehicles can
dramatically improve the liveability of cities.
Photos by Seoul Development Institute

29. Appropriate Housing OptionsAppropriate Housing Options
• Create diverse housing options (various unit
sizes, price ranges, styles, etc.) to serve
diverse needs (families with children, people
with disabilities and low incomes, etc.).
• Provide an appropriate amount of affordable
housing.
• Provide appropriate services, including
schools.
• Reduced parking requirements and unbundle
parking in TODs.
• Reduces property taxes and utility fees for
compact development in recognition of the
lower costs of providing public services
compared with automobile-dependent sprawl.

30. Smart Growth (Density, Design, Diversity)Smart Growth (Density, Design, Diversity)
• Compact and mixed
development.
• Transport network connectivity.
• Transportation diversity (good
walking, cycling, public transport,
taxis, vehicle rentals, etc.).
• Good walkability.
• Attractive streets and urban
villages.
• Efficient parking management.
• Traffic calming and speed
control.

31. Smart Growth BenefitsSmart Growth Benefits
Economic Social Environmental
Development cost
savings
Public service cost
savings
Transportation cost
savings
Agglomeration
efficiencies
Supports
environmentally
sensitive industries
(tourism, farming, etc.).
Improved transport
options, particularly for
non-drivers.
Improved housing
options.
Community cohesion.
Cultural resource (historic
sites, older
neighborhoods, etc.)
preservation
Increased physical fitness
and health
Greenspace & habitat
preservation
Pollution emission
reductions
Energy conservation
Reduced “heat island”
effect
More compact, accessible land use development provides numerous
economic, social and environmental savings and benefits.
31

32. Parking ManagementParking Management
• Regulate and price on-street
parking to favor higher value uses.
• As much as possible, charge users
directly for parking, rather than
indirectly through taxes and rents.
• More flexible parking requirements.
• Share parking spaces rather than
having assigned spaces.
• Parking Cash Out (Employees who
current receive free parking are
able to choose a cash benefit or
transit subsidy instead.)
• Better enforcement.

33. Parking Management ProblemParking Management Problem
Many areas don’t really
have a parking
supply problem, they
have a parking
management problem
- parking spaces that
are unavailable to the
motorists who need
them.

34. Changing Parking ParadigmChanging Parking Paradigm
Old Paradigm New Paradigm
Parking problem means inadequate parking
supply.
There are many types of parking problems, including
inadequate or excessive supply, inadequate user
information, and inefficient management
Parking should generally be free, funded
indirectly, through rents and taxes.
Users should pay directly for parking facilities when
possible
Parking should be available on a first-come
basis
Parking should be regulated to favor higher priority
uses and encourage efficiency
Parking management is a last resort, to be
applied only if increasing supply is infeasible
Parking management programs should be widely
applied to prevent parking problems
Transportation means driving Driving is just one type of transport

35. Parking ManagementParking Management
Parking Management consists of
various strategies that result in
more efficient use of existing
parking resources.

36. Why Parking Management?Why Parking Management?
• Improves motorist
convenience.
• Creates more attractive
streetscapes.
• Housing affordability.
• Downtown redevelopment.
• More walkable communities.
• Economic development.
• Reduced pavement.
• Encourages walking, cycling
and public transit use.
In the past, parking
planning mainly involved
regulations and subsidies
to increase supply.
Now more efficient
management is
increasingly used to
address parking problems,
particularly in growing
communities and
downtowns areas.

37. Parking Facility CostsParking Facility Costs

38. Parking Pricing and Cash OutParking Pricing and Cash Out
Parking is never really free,
consumers either pay directly
or indirectly. Paying directly
tends to be more fair and
efficient, and typically reduces
parking demand about 20%.
Efficient parking pricing can
have similar traffic reduction
benefits as road pricing with
far lower implementation
costs. 38

39. Improve User InformationImprove User Information
Whenever you indicate that parking is prohibited, also indicate
where parking is available.

40. Institutional ReformsInstitutional Reforms
• Improve transport data collection.
• Comprehensive, multi-modal transport
planning.
• Lease-cost planning and funding.
• Sustainable transport hierarchy.
• Set performance targets
• Interagency coordination.
• Improve user information.
• Improve enforcement.
• Identify best practices and appropriate
innovations from other countries, including
Northern Europe, Brazil, Korea and India.

41. New Planning ResourcesNew Planning Resources
41

42. TOD Planning ResourcesTOD Planning Resources
Parking and Transit Oriented Developments, EMBARQ Webinar (http://tinyurl.com/lamqqej).
Center for Transit-Oriented Development (www.reconnectingamerica.org/html/TOD).
Footfalls: Obstacle Course To Livable Cities, Centre For Science And Environment
(www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/footfalls-obstacle-course-livable-cities)
Center for Transit-Oriented Development (www.reconnectingamerica.org).
Measuring Public Transport Performance- Lessons For Developing Cities, Sustainable Urban Transport Project
(www.sutp.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2826).
Mixed-Income Transit-Oriented Development Action Guide (www.mitod.org).
Changing Course in Urban Transport- An Illustrated Guide, Sustainable Urban Transport Project (www.sutp.org/index.php?
option=com_content&task=view&id=2825).
Sustainable Transportation: A Sourcebook for Policy-Makers in Developing Countries (www.sutp.org),
Institute for Transportation and Development Policy (www.itdp.org)
Better Street, Better Cities: A Guide To Street Design In Urban India, ITDP (www.itdp.org/betterstreets).
Walkability and Pedestrian Facilities in Asian Cities: State and Issues, Asian Development Bank
(http://tinyurl.com/kbe52ex ).
Transforming Cities with Transit: Transport and Land Use Integration for Sustainable Urban Development, World Bank
(http://elibrary.worldbank.org/content/book/9780821397459.
Better Urban Mobility in Developing Countries: Problems, Solutions and Good Practices, International Association of Public
Transport (www.uitp.org/publications/brochures/Dev-Countries-uk.pdf).
Traffic & Transportation Policies and Strategies in Urban Areas in India, Ministry of Urban Development
(www.urbanindia.nic.in/programme/ut/final_Report.pdf).
Online TDM Encyclopedia (www.vtpi.org/tdm).

43. Discussion QuestionsDiscussion Questions
• What is Istanbul’s strategic planning vision?
• Does Istanbul have smart growth policies that
support infill rather than sprawled development?
• Does Istanbul have policies that support transit-
oriented development?
• How well does IETT work with local
governments to create more transit-oriented
neighborhoods?
• What can be done to improve the integration of
transport and land use planning in Istanbul?

44. “Can Smart Growth Policies Conserve Energy and Reduce Emissions?”
“Toward More Comprehensive and Multi-modal Transport Evaluation”
“Evaluating Non-Motorized Transportation Benefits and Costs”
“Evaluating Public Transport Benefits and Costs”
“Evaluating Transportation Land Use Impacts”
“Understanding Smart Growth Savings”
“Evaluating Criticism of Smart Growth”
“Online TDM Encyclopedia”
and more...
www.vtpi.org 44