This document defines different types of energy and energy sources. It discusses renewable energy sources like solar, wind, hydroelectric, and biomass as well as non-renewable sources like coal, petroleum, and natural gas. It also describes different types of power stations including solar, nuclear, thermal, wind, and hydroelectric power stations.

1. Claudia Vinuesa y Pilar González
2ºB

2. INDEX:
Energy definition
Types of energy
Energy sources
Renewable energy
Non-renewable energy
Types of power stations

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ENERGY DEFINITION:
Energy is the capacity of an
object or a body of doing a
work.

4. TYPES OF ENERGY
Mechanical energy have two types:
- Kinetic energy: is the energy that an
object have when it's moving.
- Potencial energy: is the energy that
an object have when it moves from it
position.
Examples: scissors, a door, a windmill
etc.

5. TYPES OF ENERGY
Electrical energy: is the energy
associated with the electric current.
Examples: electrical car, a bulb, a drier,
a condenser, a blender etc.

6. TYPES OF ENERGY
Electromagnetic energy: is a type of
energy generated by the sun or artificial
light.
Examples: solar plages.

7. TYPES OF ENERGY
Sound energy: is the energy associated
with sound waves.
Examples: microphone, headphones
etc.

8. TYPES OF ENERGY
Chemical energy: it's an energy that can
be released or absorbed during chemical
processes.
Examples: a battery, some food, gas etc.

9. TYPES OF ENERGY
Nuclear energy: it is released during
nuclear reactions in the nuclei os atoms.
Examples: nuclear centres, atomic pile
etc.

10. TYPES OF ENERGY
Thermal or calorific energy: it's
measure by the temperature and it comes
from the vibration of particles in matter.
Examples: an old car, a microwave, a
boiler etc.

11. ENERGY SOURCES:
Energy sources are natural
resources that provide
different forms of energy

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TYPES OF ENERGY
SOURCES
Renewable energy sources: is energy which
comes from natural resources and can be used
more than one time.
Non- renewable energy sources: is energy which
comes from natural resources and can be used only
once.

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RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
Hydraulic energy:
Production:
1- When the water is released from the dam and falls, its potential
energy is transformed into kinetic energy
2- The kinetic energy moves mechanical elements called turbines,
which rotate an alternator.
3-The alternator transforms kinetic energy into electricity.
Transformation
Power stations need two things: rivers with a lot of water and rivers in
valleys with high slopes to contain the water.
Advantages
-It's cheap.
-It's clean.
-It's non-polluting.
Disadvantages
-Building power stations is very expensive.
-Water can coverr productive land and even destroy villages.
-Reservoirs can spoil the landscape.
-If a damp breaks, there's a risk of a catastrophe.

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RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
Solar energy:
Production and transformation:
-To produce hot water by using flat solar thermal collectors on
houses, greenhouses and swimming pools. The collectors use the
sun's heat up the water that circulates in the pipes below.
-To generate electrical energy using solar panels. These solar panels
contain photovoltaic cells that transform light into electricity. They're
used for nergy consumption in homes, businesses and industry.
-To produce electrical energy heliosat fields. Heliosats are mirrors that
reflect light from the sun and focus it onto a central collector. The
collector holds water, which is converted into steam by the heat. A
generator then uses the steam to produce electricity.
Advantages:
-It's clean
-Big power stations are not needed
-It's unlimited.
Disadvantages:
-It's a variable source of energy
-Solar panels are quite expensive.

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RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
Wind energy:
Production and transformation
Wind energy is produces by the effect of radiation on the
atmosphere. Radiation produces different temperature at different
heights in the atmosphere, which causes the air to move. When
wind energy causes the blades of a wind turbine to move, the
wind's kinetic energy is converted into electricity.
Advantages:
-It's unlimited and non-polluting.
-The cost of wind farms is low.
Disadvantages:
-It's a variable source of energy
-Wind turbines are a hazard for birds.
-Wind turbines produce noise pollution.

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RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES:
Marine energy:types:
-Tidal energy can be extracted from the tides.
-Wave energy is obtained from the movement of sea waves.
-Ocean thermal energy is produced from the difference in
temperature between the surface of the sea and the deep sea.
Geothermal energy:
This energy comes from the heat stored in the earth's crust.
Sometimes it appears naturally, for example, geysers and volcanic
eruptions. If the temperature is bellow 150ºC, heat can be
produced. If the temperature is above 150ºC, electricity can be
produced.
Biomass:
This is produced from plant remains, forest and agricultural waste,
high-energy plants, for example sunflowers
Biomass is mainly used in two ways – to produce electrcity and for
transformation into fuels such as charcoal, biogas, biodiesel and
alcohol.

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NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
Nuclear energy
Production
There are two kinds:
-Nuclear fusion. This is when two light nuclei join to form a heavier
nucleus.
-Nuclear fission. This is when a heavy nucleus is split into two lighter
nuclei by bombarding it with neutrons. It's the opposite of nuclear
fussion.
Transformation
The thermal energy released by the reaction heats water and the
water is converted into steam under high pressure. This steam moves
the turbines of a generator to produce electrical energy.

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NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
Coal
Extraction
There are two methods for extracting coal:
-Open-cast mines: when the coal is close to the surface, soil is
removed to expose it.
-Underground mines: when the mineral is buried deep below the
surface, it must be mined underground.
Transport
-by sea (with ships)
-by land (with train)
-by road (with local transport)
Uses:
* For energy
Nowadays:
-to generate electricity
-for central heating systems
In the past:
-for street lighting
-as a domestic fuel

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NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
Petroleum
Extraction:
1. A well is drilled on land or under the sea. The plataform built in the
sea is called oil rig.
2. The petroleum is extracted using pumps, or natural preassure in the
well causes the oil to rise to the surface.
3. The extracted petroleum contains salt water, rock, mud and gas, so
it's then purified.
Storage and transport:
-Oil tankers ate specialiced ships designed for intercontinental
transport. The oil is divided into separate tanks in the ship for safety
reasons. Oil tankers doks at special ports designed for very large ship.
Here the tanks con be filled or emptied quickly.
-Oli pipelines are enormous steel pipes. They lay above ground on the
surface or are burried in protected trenches. Pipelines are mainly used
for transport over land.

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NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
Natural gas:
It's a mixture of gases formed from descomposed plants and animals.
It contains more than 70% methane. Natural gas is found in
underground gas fields and in porous rocks. It's often found along with
petroleum deposits.
Extraction
Natural gas is expensive to extract. It's extracted by drilling.
Storage and transport
1. Natural gas is transported from gas fields by gas pipelines to a
liquefaction.
2. The gas is converted into liquid form. This process reduce the
volume of the gas.
3. It's transported in specially designed ships called LNG carriers.
4. When the LNG carrier reaches it's destination, the LNG is returned
to a gaseous state, and is transported once again throught gas
pipelines.

21. POWER STATIONS
Solar power station
Aphotovoltaic power station, also known as a solar park or solar
farm, is a large-scale photovoltaic system designed for the
supply of merchant power into the electricity grid. They are
differentiated from most building mounted and other
decentralised solar power applications because they supply
power at the utility level, rather than to a local user or users.

22. POWER STATIONS
Nuclear power station
A nuclear power plant (NPP) is a thermal power station in which
the heat source is one or more nuclear reactors. As in a
conventional thermal power station the heat is used to generate
steam which drives a steam turbine connected to a generator
which produces electricity. As of February 2nd, 2012, there were
439 nuclear power plants in operation through the world.

23. POWER STATIONS
Thermal power station
A thermal power station is a power plant in which the prime
mover is steam driven. Water is heated, turns into steam and
spins a steam turbine which drives an electrical generator. After
it passes through the turbine, the steam is condensed in a
condenser and recycled to where it was heated; this is known as
a Rankine cycle.

24. POWER STATIONS
Wind power station
Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form
of energy, such as using: wind turbines to make electricity,
windmills for mechanical power, wind pumps for water pumping
or drainage, or sails to propel ships.

25. POWER STATIONS
Hydraulic power station
Most of these stations involve the use of a dam. The dam is built
to trap water and build up potential energy; usually on naturally
existing rivers or lakes.
The dam then lets a highly controlled amount of water through.
This water then produces kinetic energy when it falls from the top
of the dam. The water is then led through turbines which then
drive generators to produce power.
The amount of power produced through these massive
generators is in direct relation with the volume of water as well
as the distance the water falls before reaching the turbines.
This is why you may have noticed that dams are thicker at the
bottom. The pressure of the water is greatest at the bottom of
the dam because the pressure from the volume of the water
grows as the falling distance increases.

26. Wind turbines create water from air.
We think this is a good idea because turbines are not very
expensive so they can be putten in poor places where people
don't have water.
So it can be a new solution in times of drought in some places.
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