Dumping refers to the commercial practice of selling a product in another country below its cost of production, with the aim of undercutting local competitors and gaining control of the foreign market. This practice is prohibited under international trade agreements. The document discusses how cheaper imported onions from Peru were dumping in the Ecuadorian market, undercutting local onion farmers. It suggests steps Ecuador could take to counter dumping, such as imposing import taxes, better border control, and having policies to quickly restrict surges in imported goods.