Slides presented in the 2009 ESDAR conference; workshop: basic and clinical aspects of the functions of the cervix; prepared with Beamer

1. The cervix in sheep and Iberian red deer
does: structure and challenges for artificial
insemination
F. Martínez-Pastor1 , M. Álvarez2 , M. Kaabi2 , C. Chamorro2 ,
J.J. Garde1 , L. Anel2
1
National Wildlife Research Institute (IREC, CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Albacete, Spain
2
Animal Reproduction and Obstetrics, University of León, León, Spain
Felipe.Martinez@uclm.es
http://gbr.wikispaces.com

2. Vaginal AI is sub-optimal in ovine livestock

3. Vaginal AI is sub-optimal in ovine livestock
Variability between studies is very high
Vaginal A. I. in ewes: penetration to uterus
82 % Halbert et al. 1990
54 % Halbert et al., 1990
87.8 % Buckrell et al., 1994
4376 % Windsor et al., 1994
0.31.17 % Eppleston et al., 1994
100 % Husein et al., 1998
88 % Cappai et al., 1998
44.7 % Naqvi et al., 1998
4552.9 % Godfrey et al., 1999

8. number of ovine A. I. in Spain (1963−2004)
140
120
number of A. I. (x1000)
100
80
60
40
20
0
1964 1970 1976 1982 1988 1994 2000
year

9. milk production in the Churra breed in Spain (1988—2000)
140
general
selected
liters (at day 120 of lactation)
130
120
110
100
90
1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000
year

10. Laparoscopic A. I. Vaginal A. I.

13. os cervix
A. I. catheter

14. cm
5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0
Assaf
Merino
Castellana
cervix length
Churra
means±standard errors
cm
1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6
Assaf
Merino
Castellana
cervix width
Churra
number
3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
Assaf
Merino
Castellana
Churra
number of rings

15. cm
5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0
Assaf
Merino
Castellana
cervix length
Churra
means±standard errors
cm
1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6
Assaf
Merino
Castellana
cervix width
Churra
number
3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
Assaf
Merino
Castellana
Churra
number of rings

16. number cm cm
3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0
Assaf Assaf Assaf
Merino Merino Merino
Castellana Castellana Castellana
cervix width
cervix length
Churra Churra Churra
number of rings
means±standard errors
Merino
Castellana
Assaf
Churra
0
1
2
3
cm
4
5
Straight catheter penetration
6
7

17. cervix length
8.0
7.5 Straight catheter penetration
Assaf
7.0
cm
6.5
Merino
6.0
Castellana
5.5
Churra
Assaf
Castellana
Merino
cervix width
Churra
1.6
1.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1.4
cm
cm
1.3
Bent catheter penetration
1.2
Churra
Assaf
Castellana
Merino
number of rings
Assaf
5.0
Merino
4.5
number
Castellana
4.0
Churra
3.5
Churra
Assaf
Castellana
Merino
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
cm
means±standard errors

18. Correlation of catheter penetration and cervix
morphology
Straight Bent
Length 0.16∗∗ 0.07
Width 0.29∗∗∗ 0.23∗∗∗
# rings -0.35∗∗∗ -0.24∗∗∗
∗∗ P 0.01; ∗∗∗ P 0.001

19. Other factors affecting the penetration of the
insemination catheter
Breeding season
Sheep age
Previous lambings
Morphology of the cervical rings
ring flap

20. Other factors affecting the penetration of the
insemination catheter
Breeding season
Sheep age
Previous lambings
Morphology of the cervical rings
Mucus quantity
ring flap
Blushing of the os cervix

21. straight bent

22. Fertility by catheter
Straight
Short bent
Long bent !
0 10 20 30 40 50
%
straight bent

23. Straight catheter FERTILITY Straight catheter PENETRATION
4 4
]3, 4] ]3, 4]
cm
cm
]2, 3] ]2, 3]
]1, 2] ]1, 2]
[0, 1] [0, 1]
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
% %
Fertility by catheter
Short bent catheter FERTILITY Short bent catheter PENETRATION (weighed)
]3, 4] ]3, 4] Straigth
]2, 3] ]2, 3]
cm
cm Short bent
]1, 2] ]1, 2]
[0, 1] [0, 1] Long bent
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
0 10 20 30 40 50
% % %
Long bent catheter FERTILITY Long bent catheter PENETRATION
4 4
]3, 4] ]3, 4]
cm
cm
]2, 3] ]2, 3]
]1, 2] ]1, 2]
[0, 1] [0, 1]
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
% %

24. Straight catheter FERTILITY Straight catheter PENETRATION
]2, 3] ]2, 3]
cm
cm
]1, 2] ]1, 2]
[0, 1] [0, 1]
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
% %
Fertility by catheter
Short bent catheter FERTILITY Short bent catheter PENETRATION (weighed)
]2, 3] ]2, 3] Straigth
cm
cm Short bent
]1, 2] ]1, 2]
[0, 1] [0, 1] Long bent
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
0 10 20 30 40 50
% % %
Long bent catheter FERTILITY Long bent catheter PENETRATION
]2, 3] ]2, 3]
cm
cm
]1, 2] ]1, 2]
[0, 1] [0, 1]
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
% %

25. Deep cervical (or transcervical) insemination
lowered fertility in Assaf and Churra ewes

26. Deep cervical (or transcervical) insemination
lowered fertility in Assaf and Churra ewes
We cannot confirm if this is a general fact
(breeds, management, catheters, etc.)

27. The cervix of the Iberian red deer hind

28. http://www.deergeneticsnz.co.nz/

29. Length: 5.85±0.05 cm
Width: 1.80±0.02 cm
# rings: 4.67±0.06
means±standard errors

30. Catheter penetration:
IBERIAN RED DEER DOE
Straight
Bent
0 20 40 60 80 100
%
Catheter penetration:
EWE
Straight
Bent
0 20 40 60 80 100
%

31. Conclusions
The design of adequate insemination catheters
is a capital requirement for the success of
artificial insemination in the ewe and the red
deer doe.

32. Conclusions
Whereas cervical insemination in the ewe is
feasible with bent catheters, we have to
overcome the fertility drop of deep or
transcervical inseminations.

33. Acknowledgements
CICYT AGL2005-07601/GAN ITRA!
Medianilla S. L.

34. Acknowledgements
CICYT AGL2005-07601/GAN ITRA!
Thank you
Thank you
Medianilla S. L.

35. This frame left empty intentionally.

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