The document summarizes the goals and components of prenatal care. The initial evaluation aims to determine maternal and fetal health status, estimate gestation age, and establish an obstetric care plan. Appointments become more frequent as pregnancy progresses. Evaluations assess health history, risks, nutrition, lifestyle factors, fetal surveillance, and address common concerns. The overall goal is comprehensive monitoring of mother and baby's health throughout pregnancy.
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the most common medical complications of pregnancy and is defined as glucose intolerance that first emerges or is first recognized during pregnancy. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) affects between 2% and 5% of pregnant women. Data show that increasing levels of plasma glucose are associated with birth weight above the 90th percentile, cord blood serum C-peptide level above the 90th percentile, and, to a lesser degree, primary cesarean deliveries and neonatal hypoglycemia
Obesity in pregnancy by dr alka mukherjee dr apurva mukherjee nagpur m.s. indiaalka mukherjee
Obesity among pregnant women is becoming one of the most important women's health issues. Obesity is associated with increased risk of almost all pregnancy complications: gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus, delivery of large-for-GA infants, and higher incidence of congenital defects all occur more frequently than in women with a normal BMI. Evidence shows that a child of an obese mother may suffer from exposure to a suboptimal in utero environment and that early life adversities may extend into adulthood.
The evidence available on short- and long-term health impact for mother and child currently favors actions directed at controlling prepregnancy weight and preventing obesity in women of reproductive ages. More randomized controlled trials are needed to evaluate the effects of nutritional and behavioral interventions in pregnancy outcomes. Moreover, suggestions that maternal obesity may transfer obesity risk to child through non-Mendelian (e.g. epigenetic) mechanisms require more long-term investigation.
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the most common medical complications of pregnancy and is defined as glucose intolerance that first emerges or is first recognized during pregnancy. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) affects between 2% and 5% of pregnant women. Data show that increasing levels of plasma glucose are associated with birth weight above the 90th percentile, cord blood serum C-peptide level above the 90th percentile, and, to a lesser degree, primary cesarean deliveries and neonatal hypoglycemia
Obesity in pregnancy by dr alka mukherjee dr apurva mukherjee nagpur m.s. indiaalka mukherjee
Obesity among pregnant women is becoming one of the most important women's health issues. Obesity is associated with increased risk of almost all pregnancy complications: gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus, delivery of large-for-GA infants, and higher incidence of congenital defects all occur more frequently than in women with a normal BMI. Evidence shows that a child of an obese mother may suffer from exposure to a suboptimal in utero environment and that early life adversities may extend into adulthood.
The evidence available on short- and long-term health impact for mother and child currently favors actions directed at controlling prepregnancy weight and preventing obesity in women of reproductive ages. More randomized controlled trials are needed to evaluate the effects of nutritional and behavioral interventions in pregnancy outcomes. Moreover, suggestions that maternal obesity may transfer obesity risk to child through non-Mendelian (e.g. epigenetic) mechanisms require more long-term investigation.
Obesity in pregnancy is now rampant and bringing about concern because of the associated morbidity and mortality both to the mother and child. All hands must be on deck to prevent and manage this condition and associated sequel.
Our aim is to alleviate human suffering related to diabetes and its complications among those least able to withstand the burden of the disease. From 2002 to March 2017, the World Diabetes Foundation provided USD 130 million in funding to 511 projects in 115 countries. For every dollar spent, the Foundation raises approximately 2 dollars in cash or as in-kind donations from other sources. The total value of the WDF project portfolio reached USD 377 million, excluding WDF’s own advocacy and strategic platforms.
Hyperemesis Gravidarum - Disorder of PregnancyJaice Mary Joy
Hyperemesis gravidarum is characterized by severe nausea and intractable vomiting sufficient to interfere with maternal nutrition causing deleterious effect on her health. It has got deleterious effect on health of the patient and incapacitates her day-to-day activities. According to the national health portal 0.3%-3% pregnant women suffer from hyperemesis gravidarum – commonest indication for hospitalization in the first trimester of pregnancy.
This document covers following topics -
• Introduction
• Definition
• Prevalence
• Etiology
• Risk factors
• Theories behind hyperemesis gravidarum
• Symptoms:
• Signs
• Investigation
• Diagnosis
• Complications
• Prevention
• Management principles
• Nursing management
Obesity in pregnancy is now rampant and bringing about concern because of the associated morbidity and mortality both to the mother and child. All hands must be on deck to prevent and manage this condition and associated sequel.
Our aim is to alleviate human suffering related to diabetes and its complications among those least able to withstand the burden of the disease. From 2002 to March 2017, the World Diabetes Foundation provided USD 130 million in funding to 511 projects in 115 countries. For every dollar spent, the Foundation raises approximately 2 dollars in cash or as in-kind donations from other sources. The total value of the WDF project portfolio reached USD 377 million, excluding WDF’s own advocacy and strategic platforms.
Hyperemesis Gravidarum - Disorder of PregnancyJaice Mary Joy
Hyperemesis gravidarum is characterized by severe nausea and intractable vomiting sufficient to interfere with maternal nutrition causing deleterious effect on her health. It has got deleterious effect on health of the patient and incapacitates her day-to-day activities. According to the national health portal 0.3%-3% pregnant women suffer from hyperemesis gravidarum – commonest indication for hospitalization in the first trimester of pregnancy.
This document covers following topics -
• Introduction
• Definition
• Prevalence
• Etiology
• Risk factors
• Theories behind hyperemesis gravidarum
• Symptoms:
• Signs
• Investigation
• Diagnosis
• Complications
• Prevention
• Management principles
• Nursing management
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stockrebeccabio
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Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
2. INITIAL PRENATAL EVALUATION
• GOALS:
1) Define the health status of the mother and
fetus
2) Estimate the gestational age
3) Initiate a plan for continuing obstetrical
care
3. PREGNANCY DURATION
• The mean duration of pregnancy calculated
from the first day of the last normal
menstrual period is very close to 280 days
or 40 weeks
• EDD = adding 7 days to the date of the first
day of the last normal menstrual period and
counting back 3 months—Naegele rule
5. PREVIOUS AND CURRENT HEALTH
STATUS
• Past Medical History
• Menstrual history
• Psychosocial Screening
• Smoking cessation
• Alcohol
• Illicit Drugs
• Intimate Partner Violence
6. SMOKING
• Twofold risk of placenta previa, placental
abruption and premature membrane
rupture compared with nonsmokers
• Neonates born to women who smoke are
more likely to be preterm and have lower
birthweights than infants born to
nonsmokers
7. ALCOHOL
• Ethyl alcohol or ethanol is a potent
teratogen that causes a fetal syndrome
characterized by growth restriction, facial
abnormalities, and central nervous system
dysfunction
8. ILLICIT DRUG USE
• Include heroin and other opiates, cocaine,
amphetamines, barbiturates and marijuana
• Well-documented sequelae include fetal-
growth restriction, low birthweight and drug
withdrawal soon after birth
10. CLINICAL EVALUATION
• Thorough general physical examination should
be completed at the initial prenatal encounter
• Pelvic examination
• Pap smear
• Specimens for identification of Chlamydia
trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are also
obtained when indicated
12. PRENATAL VISITS
• 4-week intervals until 28 weeks,
• then every 2 weeks until 36 weeks,
• then weekly thereafter
• Women with complicated pregnancies
often require return visits at 1 to 2 week
intervals.
13. PRENATAL SURVEILLANCE
• Each return visit
- the well-being of mother and fetus are
assessed
- Fetal heart rate, growth, amnionic fluid
volume, and activity are evaluated
• - Maternal blood pressure, weight and
their extent of change are assessed
14. PRENATAL SURVEILLANCE
• Danger Signs in Pregnancy
- severe or persistent headache
- altered/disturbed vision
- abdominal pain
- severe nausea and vomiting
- bleeding/ vaginal fluid leakage
- decline on baby’s activity level
17. FOLIC ACID
• Daily intake of 400 μg throughout the
periconceptional period
• 4 mg folic acid supplements the month
before conception and during the first
trimester if with previous child with NTD
(reduce 2-5% recurrence risk by 70%)
18. PROTEIN
• Second half of pregnancy, approximately
1000 g of protein are deposited, amounting
to 5 to 6 g/day
• Sources: Meat, milk, eggs, cheese, poultry,
and fish
19. IRON
• 300 mg of transferred to the fetus and
placenta
• 500 mg incorporated into the expanding
maternal hemoglobin mass
• Requirements imposed by pregnancy and
maternal excretion total approximately
27 mg of elemental iron supplement daily
20. IODINE AND ZINC
IODINE
• recommended daily allowance is 220 μg
ZINC
• recommended daily allowance is 12
mg/day
21. CALCIUM
• In one recent metaanalysis, Patrelli and
coworkers (2012) reported that increased
calcium intake lowered the risk for
preeclampsia in high-risk women
• In aggregate, most of these trials have
shown that unless women are calcium
deficient, supplementation has no salutary
effects (Staff, 2014)
22. OTHER MINERALS AND VITAMINS
• Magnesium
• Trace metals (Copper, selenium, chromium,
and manganese)
• Potassium
• Fluoride
• Vitamins A, B6, B12, C
• Vitamin D- 15 μg per day or 600 IU per day
24. EXERCISE
• Regular, moderate-intensity physical
activity for 30 minutes or more
• Refrain from activities with a high risk of
falling or abdominal trauma
25. EMPLOYMENT
• Physically-demanding work: 20 to 60% increase in
rates of preterm birth, fetal-growth restriction or
gestational hypertension
• Work is associated with fivefold risk of preeclampsia
• Occupational fatigue—estimated by the number of
hours standing, intensity of physical and mental
demands, and environmental stressors—was
associated with an increased risk of PPROM
26. AIR TRAVEL
• Pregnant women can safely fly up to 36
weeks
• Include seatbelt use while seated and
periodic lower extremity movement and at
least hourly ambulation to lower venous
thrombo-embolism risks
27. COITUS
• AVOIDED if with threat of abortion,
placenta previa, or preterm labor
28. DENTAL CARE
• Dental evaluation should be included in
prenatal care
• Periodontal disease has been linked to
preterm labor
• Pregnancy is not a contraindication to
dental treatment including dental
radiographs
29. IMMUNIZATION
• One dose of Tdap be given to women during
each pregnancy, optimally between 27 and
36 weeks (CDC, ACOG)
- 3 doses of Td should be received by
pregnant patient 1 month apart. 3rd dose
can be given postpartum
30. CAFFEINE INTAKE
• Moderate consumption of caffeine—less
than 200 mg per day—does not appear to
be associated with miscarriage or preterm
birth, but that the relationship between
caffeine consumption and fetal-growth
restriction remains unsettled (ACOG)
• Recommendation: Less than 300 mg daily,
or approximately three 5-oz cups
31. NAUSEA AND VOMITING
• Eating small meals at more frequent
intervals but stopping short of satiation is
valuable
32. BACKACHE
• Reported by nearly 70% of pregnant women
• Reduced by squatting rather than bending
when reaching down, by using a pillow
back support when sitting, and by avoiding
high-heeled shoes.
33. VARICOSITIES
• Venous leg varicosities have a congenital
predisposition and accrue with advancing
age
• Treatment is generally limited to periodic
rest with leg elevation, elastic stockings, or
both
34. HEMORRHOIDS
• Hemorrhoids: rectal vein varicosities, may
first appear during pregnancy as pelvic
venous pressures increase
• Pain and swelling usually are relieved by
topically applied anesthetics, warm soaks,
and stool-softening agents
35. HEARTBURN
• Upward displacement and compression of
the stomach by the uterus, combined with
relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter
• May give Aluminum hydroxide, magnesium
trisilicate, or magnesium hydroxide alone or
in combination
36. SLEEPING AND FATIGUE
• Soporific effect of progesterone
• Sleep efficiency appears to progressively
diminish as pregnancy advances
• Daytime naps and mild sedatives at
bedtime such as diphenhydramine
(Benadryl) can be helpful
37. LEUKORRHEA
• Increased mucus secretion by cervical
glands in response to hyper-estrogenemia is
undoubtedly a contributing factor
• Rule out vulvovaginal infection
PSYCHOSOCIAL SCREEN: American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College
of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (2012) define psychosocial
issues as nonbiomedical factors that affect mental and physical
well-beinG; barriers to care, communication obstacles, nutritional status,
unstable housing, desire for pregnancy, safety concerns that
include intimate partner violence, depression, stress, and use
of substances such as tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drugs. This
screening should be performed on a regular basis, at least once
per trimester, to identify important issues and reduce adverse
pregnancy outcomes