Presentation about near miss documentation with PRE:HAZRD (http://prehazrd.com), an online platform where employees can anonymously share near miss events or actual accidents and get reviews from peers leading to learnings for the whole organization.
Be sure to view the "Notes" of the slides below with a detailed notes for every slide. Slideshare is so good, but the moderator notes per slide would really be an improvement… :-)
This document defines and describes ventilation and different ventilation methods. It discusses natural ventilation driven by wind and temperature differences that can occur through windows and cracks. It also covers mechanical ventilation using fans to draw in outside air through ducts. The key types of mechanical ventilation systems discussed are exhaust, pressure, and balanced systems. Exhaust systems draw air out while pressure systems force air in, and balanced systems combine both approaches. The document emphasizes the importance of ventilation for maintaining air quality and removing contaminants, fumes, odors and excess carbon dioxide.
The document discusses various aspects of mechanical ventilation including:
1) Different ventilator settings such as mode, respiratory rate, tidal volume, and PEEP that can be adjusted for different patient types.
2) Monitoring pressures such as peak pressure and auto-PEEP is important to avoid complications.
3) Specific considerations for ventilating patients with COPD/asthma include permissive hypercapnia to reduce dynamic hyperinflation and work of breathing.
4) Ventilating ARDS patients should use low tidal volumes, as clinical trials have shown this approach reduces mortality compared to traditional higher volumes.
Ventilation systems in buildings serve several key functions:
1. To provide healthy indoor air quality by removing odors, smoke and carbon dioxide while replenishing oxygen.
2. To maintain thermal comfort by controlling temperature and removing excess moisture.
3. To cool building structures.
Natural ventilation relies on pressure differences and temperature differences to move air through openings, while mechanical ventilation uses fans and ducts to control indoor air movement and quality. The type of ventilation used depends on factors like room size, occupancy levels, and ability to effectively ventilate without mechanical assistance.
This document discusses ventilation requirements and systems. It defines ventilation as changing the air in an enclosed space to provide fresh air for respiration and control factors like carbon dioxide, moisture, heat, and odors. Ventilation requirements vary by building usage but are often measured in air changes per hour. Systems can be natural (using airflow without fans) or mechanical (using ducts and fans). Natural ventilation provides benefits like improved indoor air quality but requires proper building design. Mechanical systems provide more air flow control and constant fresh air intake. Common mechanical systems include natural inlet/mechanical exhaust, mechanical inlet/natural exhaust, and fully mechanical. The document also discusses fan types, air filters, and design considerations to minimize mechanical ventilation needs.
The document discusses standards and guidelines for architectural design of shopping malls. It provides details on column spacing, store depths, clear heights, parking requirements, shop sizes and layouts, circulation areas, exits and staircases. Standards for showcases, shelving, aisle widths, and mechanical systems are also outlined. Shopping malls should allow 5-6 parking spaces per 1000 square feet and exits should be within a travel distance of 30 meters. Staircases and corridors require minimum widths and heights to facilitate safe evacuation.
This document discusses the concept of human security. It outlines the origins of human security thinking as a critique of prevailing notions of development and security in the 1960s-1980s. It then summarizes two major approaches to human security - from the UNDP and the Canadian government. The UNDP approach focuses on threats to individuals from various sources, while the Canadian approach emphasizes state responsibility to protect citizens. The document aims to develop a comprehensive conception of human security that incorporates both approaches.
This document defines and describes ventilation and different ventilation methods. It discusses natural ventilation driven by wind and temperature differences that can occur through windows and cracks. It also covers mechanical ventilation using fans to draw in outside air through ducts. The key types of mechanical ventilation systems discussed are exhaust, pressure, and balanced systems. Exhaust systems draw air out while pressure systems force air in, and balanced systems combine both approaches. The document emphasizes the importance of ventilation for maintaining air quality and removing contaminants, fumes, odors and excess carbon dioxide.
The document discusses various aspects of mechanical ventilation including:
1) Different ventilator settings such as mode, respiratory rate, tidal volume, and PEEP that can be adjusted for different patient types.
2) Monitoring pressures such as peak pressure and auto-PEEP is important to avoid complications.
3) Specific considerations for ventilating patients with COPD/asthma include permissive hypercapnia to reduce dynamic hyperinflation and work of breathing.
4) Ventilating ARDS patients should use low tidal volumes, as clinical trials have shown this approach reduces mortality compared to traditional higher volumes.
Ventilation systems in buildings serve several key functions:
1. To provide healthy indoor air quality by removing odors, smoke and carbon dioxide while replenishing oxygen.
2. To maintain thermal comfort by controlling temperature and removing excess moisture.
3. To cool building structures.
Natural ventilation relies on pressure differences and temperature differences to move air through openings, while mechanical ventilation uses fans and ducts to control indoor air movement and quality. The type of ventilation used depends on factors like room size, occupancy levels, and ability to effectively ventilate without mechanical assistance.
This document discusses ventilation requirements and systems. It defines ventilation as changing the air in an enclosed space to provide fresh air for respiration and control factors like carbon dioxide, moisture, heat, and odors. Ventilation requirements vary by building usage but are often measured in air changes per hour. Systems can be natural (using airflow without fans) or mechanical (using ducts and fans). Natural ventilation provides benefits like improved indoor air quality but requires proper building design. Mechanical systems provide more air flow control and constant fresh air intake. Common mechanical systems include natural inlet/mechanical exhaust, mechanical inlet/natural exhaust, and fully mechanical. The document also discusses fan types, air filters, and design considerations to minimize mechanical ventilation needs.
The document discusses standards and guidelines for architectural design of shopping malls. It provides details on column spacing, store depths, clear heights, parking requirements, shop sizes and layouts, circulation areas, exits and staircases. Standards for showcases, shelving, aisle widths, and mechanical systems are also outlined. Shopping malls should allow 5-6 parking spaces per 1000 square feet and exits should be within a travel distance of 30 meters. Staircases and corridors require minimum widths and heights to facilitate safe evacuation.
This document discusses the concept of human security. It outlines the origins of human security thinking as a critique of prevailing notions of development and security in the 1960s-1980s. It then summarizes two major approaches to human security - from the UNDP and the Canadian government. The UNDP approach focuses on threats to individuals from various sources, while the Canadian approach emphasizes state responsibility to protect citizens. The document aims to develop a comprehensive conception of human security that incorporates both approaches.
Lecture 5. Mr Nzimah (Continuation of lecture 4).pdfMaclenny
The document summarizes Heinrich's Domino Theory of accident causation. The theory proposes that accidents result from a chain of five sequential factors or "dominoes" falling over: 1) Social environment and ancestry influence 2) faults of a person that lead to 3) unsafe acts/conditions which then cause 4) an accident and finally 5) an injury. While providing an early framework, the theory is limited as it views accidents as a simple linear sequence rather than recognizing their multifaceted nature. More modern theories emphasize that accidents typically develop through complex interactions of multiple factors over time.
"Security on the Brain" Security & Risk Psychology Workshop Nov 2013Adrian Wright
The document discusses using human psychology to improve security compliance, focusing on how people's perceptions of risk often differ from actual risks, and how compliance can be increased by appealing to different personality types and motivations. Various case studies are presented that leveraged psychological techniques like social comparison, gamification, and role-based messaging to successfully boost security awareness and adherence to policies. Effective word choices and framing issues in a positive light are emphasized as important strategies.
This document discusses accident causation theories and accident reporting. It describes several theories of accident causation including Heinrich's accident sequence theory, multiple causation theory, and biased liability theory. It also discusses accident costs, common myths, and the importance of identifying and analyzing contributing factors through root cause analysis. The document emphasizes the importance of accurate, timely accident reporting and how electronic reporting systems can help organizations collect, track, and analyze accident data.
Social Media in Pharma Summit 2011: Drug SafetyMichael Ibara
This document discusses successfully incorporating social media in drug safety strategies. It covers the history of social media and issues with applying traditional pharmacovigilance concepts. The current system was built for sparse data but we now have abundant data online. Implications include that the regulatory framework is unsuitable for the digital era. Solutions proposed include reconstructing the field from new fundamentals and focusing on where data comes from rather than traditional concepts like serious vs. nonserious adverse events. Designating social media data as a public good and allowing search/matching of potential adverse events is suggested.
Keynote : CODE BLUE in the ICU! by Jeff MossCODE BLUE
1. The document discusses cybersecurity threats from different groups like nation states, criminals, protesters, and hackers/researchers. It argues hackers and researchers play an important role in discovering vulnerabilities and spurring security improvements.
2. It notes the increasing scale of DDoS attacks and complexity of cloud systems makes failures difficult to predict. The lack of secure communication options shows current approaches have failed.
3. The author advocates for a public health approach to cybersecurity where risks are managed rather than eliminated, and emphasizes the role of the security community in providing leadership through education and best practices.
Dan Keeney, APR of DPK Public Relations was a featured presenter at the 2007 conference of the Insurance and Financial Communicators Association to discuss the fundamentals of crisis planning, response and recovery.
WORK & STRESS, 1998, VOL. 12, NO. 3 293-306 Achieving a sa.docxambersalomon88660
WORK & STRESS, 1998, VOL. 12, NO. 3 293-306
Achieving a safe culture: theory and practice
JAMES R E A S O N
Department of Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
Keywords: Safety culture; Accidents; Organizational factors; H u m a n error.
This paper discusses four topics relating to safety culture, three theoretical and one practical. The first
considers why it is that an unsafe culture is more likely to be involved in the causation of organizational
rather than individual accidents. It is the pervasive nature of culture that makes it uniquely suitable
for creating and sustaining the co-linear gaps in defences-in-depth through which an accident
trajectory has to pass. The second topic relates to pathological adaptations, and discusses two
examples: the Royal Navy of the mid-nineteenth century and the Chernobyl reactor complex. The
third issue deals with recurrent accident patterns and considers the role of cultural drivers in creating
typical accidents. The final topic is concerned with the practical question of whether a safety culture
can be engineered. It is argued that a safe culture is an informed culture and this, in turn, depends upon
creating an effective reporting culture that is underpinned by a just culture in which the line between
acceptable and unacceptable behaviour is clearly drawn and understood.
1. Introduction
Although there is no universally accepted definition of safety culture, there can be little
doubt that it is a concept whose time has come. Since the beginning of 1997, there have been
well-attended meetings and workshops devoted exclusively to this topic, and the interest
extends across many work domains. For example, the US National Transportation Safety
Board’s (NTSB) symposium on ‘ Corporate Culture and Transportation Safety ’ in April
1997 attracted some 550 delegates from all of its constituencies : aviation, railroads,
highways, the marine world, pipelines and the safety of hazardous materials. The
symposium was convened because the NTSB’s accident investigators were increasingly
conscious of the crucial role played by cultural factors in creating bad events (see, for
example, NTSB/AAR 1994, 1997, NTSB/RAR 1996).
The high level of concern with organizational culture in the world of hazardous
technologies poses both a challenge and an opportunity for those academics involved in the
safety-related sciences. W e need to develop a clearer theoretical understanding of these
organizational issues to create a principled basis for more effective culture-enhancing
practices. To this end, the paper presents arguments dealing with four culture-related issues,
three largely theoretical and one with more directly practical applications.
First, are modern, high-tech, well-defended technologies-such as nuclear power plants,
chemical process plants and commercial aviation-more vulnerable to the effects of a poor
safety culture than traditional industries involv.
Information and Knowledge Essay
Information Management Essay
Information System Essay
Holocaust Informative Essay
The annexation of Hawaii Essay
Informational Interview
General Information Essay
Running head MANUAL FOR SURGICAL FACE MASKS .docxjeanettehully
This document outlines a proposed research project to create a manual explaining the process for manufacturing surgical face masks. It notes that while information exists on making cloth masks, the process for medical-grade masks is more complicated and not well documented. The proposed research would study how surgical masks are made, including materials, steps, and resources, in order to provide clear instructions that manufacturers could follow to increase production. The manual would then be distributed online to organizations like the CDC and WHO to help manufacturers support public health during pandemics.
This document provides an overview of the precautionary principle, including its origins, key elements, and approaches to implementation. It discusses the principle in the context of environmental health problems caused by human activities that have led to issues like climate change, fishery collapses, and chemical contamination. The precautionary principle aims to take anticipatory action to prevent harm when threats exist, even in cases of scientific uncertainty, by shifting the burden of proof to those introducing potentially hazardous activities or technologies. The document examines uncertainties in science, different types of errors, and limits to proof when assessing environmental health issues. It also outlines values underlying the principle and ways to apply it in policy through setting goals, using science carefully, enhancing information sharing,
This document provides an overview of the precautionary principle, including its origins, key elements, and approaches to implementation. It discusses the principle in the context of environmental health problems caused by human activities that have led to issues like climate change, fishery collapses, and chemical contamination. The precautionary principle aims to take anticipatory action to prevent harm when threats exist, even in cases of scientific uncertainty, and places the burden of proof on those introducing potentially hazardous activities. The document examines uncertainties in science, different types of errors, and limits to proof when assessing environmental health issues. It also outlines values like respect, humility and responsibility that underlie the precautionary principle.
Cognitive Biases and Effects You Should Know AboutKevlin Henney
Cognitive biases are statistical, social, and memory errors that affect all human beings. They skew the reliability of evidence and significantly impact decision making by prioritizing information that confirms preexisting beliefs over contradictory information. Studies show people are overly optimistic and tend to overestimate their knowledge while underestimating the likelihood of being wrong. Larger portion sizes can induce people to eat more due to "unit bias," the sense that one portion is the appropriate amount. Wise crowds are characterized by diversity of opinions, independence of members, decentralization, and aggregation of information.
Cultural Contradictions of Scanning in an Evidence-based Policy EnvironmentWendy Schultz
Dr. Wendy L. Schultz discusses horizon scanning as an essential tool for foresight activities that identifies emerging issues and changes. However, scanning faces challenges in an evidence-based policy environment due to contradictions between the subjective, tentative nature of scanning and political and scientific desires for objective, authoritative conclusions. Various techniques like causal layered analysis, integral futures, and spiral dynamics can help overcome biases and validate scan findings from diverse sources to better identify surprises and alternatives for policymaking.
Week 6 GuidancePsychological ResearchThere are many ways to coladonnacamplin
Week 6 Guidance
Psychological Research
There are many ways to conduct research including but not limited to an experiment, survey, case study and naturalistic observation. Before any researcher decides how research will be conducted, he or she will look at the purpose of the study, as well as the research questions and hypothesis. Each method has strengths, weaknesses and even limitations.
Researchers will consider and identify an operational definition. According to Schacter, Gilbert & Wegner (2009), an operational definition is a description of a property in terms of a concrete condition that can be measured. The first step involved in making any measurement is to identify the property, concept or thing we want to measure in concrete terms. The second step needed is to identify a way to measure what we would like to assess (Schacter, Gilbert & Wegner, 2009). This can be accomplished in a variety of ways in research.
It is essential to ensure that our data are measured in both valid and reliable ways. Validity refers to the idea that we are indeed measuring what we set out to measure. Reliability is the tendency for results to be consistent whenever and wherever it is measured.
One of the most important considerations involves the ethical issues of an experiment or study. According to American Psychological Association (APA) (2010), all research must follow the standards set forth in the APA Code of Ethics. Before any research with subjects can be complete, the Institutional Review Board (IRB) must approve all parts of the research design. Informed consent must be provided for all subjects. This involves sharing all aspects of the study, the purpose of the research, identification of the benefits that may come from the research, identification of any risks, how confidentiality will be upheld and identifying who can be contacted with questions, just to name a few. Researchers may not coerce participation in an any experiment or study. Researchers must ensure that no harm comes to anyone involved in the research as well. After an experiment is complete, researchers need to debrief all subjects and explain the true nature and purpose of the study.
If all guidelines are followed, we can obtain some fantastic and even life-changing information with continued current and proper research. This research is published in peer reviewed journals and we are able to stay on top of what is happening in the field of psychology. It truly is so exciting!
Case Study 1.2: National Security or Computer Security?
In 2017, the world was rocked by massive computer attacks, the largest hitting 2,000 organizations in 65 countries. Hackers shut down hospitals in Britain, the Chernobyl nuclear site, Ukraine’s national bank, a Russian energy company, Merck pharmaceutical, and the Danish shipping company Maersk. They locked up computer files at a number of U.S. businesses, releasing the information after users paid a ransom.
The cyber weapons used in these assaults w ...
We are all prone to cognitive biases that make it easy to fool ourselves, even more so than others. Confirmation bias and motivated reasoning cause us to only see evidence that supports our existing beliefs and interpretations. The bias blind spot further prevents us from recognizing our own cognitive biases. While the scientific method aims to reduce bias through rigorous testing of hypotheses, even scientists fall prey to these biases and often fail to replicate their own seminal studies. Overcoming cognitive biases requires acknowledging their existence and establishing processes like "adversarial collaboration" that encourage challenging existing ideas without fear of reprisal.
This document discusses human behavior in disaster situations and dispels common myths about panic. It summarizes research showing that rather than panicking, people typically behave pro-socially, helping those around them. The document examines case studies and factors influencing perceptions of panic. It concludes that emergency plans should be based on expected pro-social behavior and should aim to provide clear communication to reduce perceptions that could lead to rare panic responses.
Cybersecurity Risk Perception and CommunicationStephen Cobb
Research into Cultural Theory, White Male Effect, and more. We show high level of concern about cybercrime among US adults and first evidence of White Male Effect in cyber risk perception.
Lecture 5. Mr Nzimah (Continuation of lecture 4).pdfMaclenny
The document summarizes Heinrich's Domino Theory of accident causation. The theory proposes that accidents result from a chain of five sequential factors or "dominoes" falling over: 1) Social environment and ancestry influence 2) faults of a person that lead to 3) unsafe acts/conditions which then cause 4) an accident and finally 5) an injury. While providing an early framework, the theory is limited as it views accidents as a simple linear sequence rather than recognizing their multifaceted nature. More modern theories emphasize that accidents typically develop through complex interactions of multiple factors over time.
"Security on the Brain" Security & Risk Psychology Workshop Nov 2013Adrian Wright
The document discusses using human psychology to improve security compliance, focusing on how people's perceptions of risk often differ from actual risks, and how compliance can be increased by appealing to different personality types and motivations. Various case studies are presented that leveraged psychological techniques like social comparison, gamification, and role-based messaging to successfully boost security awareness and adherence to policies. Effective word choices and framing issues in a positive light are emphasized as important strategies.
This document discusses accident causation theories and accident reporting. It describes several theories of accident causation including Heinrich's accident sequence theory, multiple causation theory, and biased liability theory. It also discusses accident costs, common myths, and the importance of identifying and analyzing contributing factors through root cause analysis. The document emphasizes the importance of accurate, timely accident reporting and how electronic reporting systems can help organizations collect, track, and analyze accident data.
Social Media in Pharma Summit 2011: Drug SafetyMichael Ibara
This document discusses successfully incorporating social media in drug safety strategies. It covers the history of social media and issues with applying traditional pharmacovigilance concepts. The current system was built for sparse data but we now have abundant data online. Implications include that the regulatory framework is unsuitable for the digital era. Solutions proposed include reconstructing the field from new fundamentals and focusing on where data comes from rather than traditional concepts like serious vs. nonserious adverse events. Designating social media data as a public good and allowing search/matching of potential adverse events is suggested.
Keynote : CODE BLUE in the ICU! by Jeff MossCODE BLUE
1. The document discusses cybersecurity threats from different groups like nation states, criminals, protesters, and hackers/researchers. It argues hackers and researchers play an important role in discovering vulnerabilities and spurring security improvements.
2. It notes the increasing scale of DDoS attacks and complexity of cloud systems makes failures difficult to predict. The lack of secure communication options shows current approaches have failed.
3. The author advocates for a public health approach to cybersecurity where risks are managed rather than eliminated, and emphasizes the role of the security community in providing leadership through education and best practices.
Dan Keeney, APR of DPK Public Relations was a featured presenter at the 2007 conference of the Insurance and Financial Communicators Association to discuss the fundamentals of crisis planning, response and recovery.
WORK & STRESS, 1998, VOL. 12, NO. 3 293-306 Achieving a sa.docxambersalomon88660
WORK & STRESS, 1998, VOL. 12, NO. 3 293-306
Achieving a safe culture: theory and practice
JAMES R E A S O N
Department of Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
Keywords: Safety culture; Accidents; Organizational factors; H u m a n error.
This paper discusses four topics relating to safety culture, three theoretical and one practical. The first
considers why it is that an unsafe culture is more likely to be involved in the causation of organizational
rather than individual accidents. It is the pervasive nature of culture that makes it uniquely suitable
for creating and sustaining the co-linear gaps in defences-in-depth through which an accident
trajectory has to pass. The second topic relates to pathological adaptations, and discusses two
examples: the Royal Navy of the mid-nineteenth century and the Chernobyl reactor complex. The
third issue deals with recurrent accident patterns and considers the role of cultural drivers in creating
typical accidents. The final topic is concerned with the practical question of whether a safety culture
can be engineered. It is argued that a safe culture is an informed culture and this, in turn, depends upon
creating an effective reporting culture that is underpinned by a just culture in which the line between
acceptable and unacceptable behaviour is clearly drawn and understood.
1. Introduction
Although there is no universally accepted definition of safety culture, there can be little
doubt that it is a concept whose time has come. Since the beginning of 1997, there have been
well-attended meetings and workshops devoted exclusively to this topic, and the interest
extends across many work domains. For example, the US National Transportation Safety
Board’s (NTSB) symposium on ‘ Corporate Culture and Transportation Safety ’ in April
1997 attracted some 550 delegates from all of its constituencies : aviation, railroads,
highways, the marine world, pipelines and the safety of hazardous materials. The
symposium was convened because the NTSB’s accident investigators were increasingly
conscious of the crucial role played by cultural factors in creating bad events (see, for
example, NTSB/AAR 1994, 1997, NTSB/RAR 1996).
The high level of concern with organizational culture in the world of hazardous
technologies poses both a challenge and an opportunity for those academics involved in the
safety-related sciences. W e need to develop a clearer theoretical understanding of these
organizational issues to create a principled basis for more effective culture-enhancing
practices. To this end, the paper presents arguments dealing with four culture-related issues,
three largely theoretical and one with more directly practical applications.
First, are modern, high-tech, well-defended technologies-such as nuclear power plants,
chemical process plants and commercial aviation-more vulnerable to the effects of a poor
safety culture than traditional industries involv.
Information and Knowledge Essay
Information Management Essay
Information System Essay
Holocaust Informative Essay
The annexation of Hawaii Essay
Informational Interview
General Information Essay
Running head MANUAL FOR SURGICAL FACE MASKS .docxjeanettehully
This document outlines a proposed research project to create a manual explaining the process for manufacturing surgical face masks. It notes that while information exists on making cloth masks, the process for medical-grade masks is more complicated and not well documented. The proposed research would study how surgical masks are made, including materials, steps, and resources, in order to provide clear instructions that manufacturers could follow to increase production. The manual would then be distributed online to organizations like the CDC and WHO to help manufacturers support public health during pandemics.
This document provides an overview of the precautionary principle, including its origins, key elements, and approaches to implementation. It discusses the principle in the context of environmental health problems caused by human activities that have led to issues like climate change, fishery collapses, and chemical contamination. The precautionary principle aims to take anticipatory action to prevent harm when threats exist, even in cases of scientific uncertainty, by shifting the burden of proof to those introducing potentially hazardous activities or technologies. The document examines uncertainties in science, different types of errors, and limits to proof when assessing environmental health issues. It also outlines values underlying the principle and ways to apply it in policy through setting goals, using science carefully, enhancing information sharing,
This document provides an overview of the precautionary principle, including its origins, key elements, and approaches to implementation. It discusses the principle in the context of environmental health problems caused by human activities that have led to issues like climate change, fishery collapses, and chemical contamination. The precautionary principle aims to take anticipatory action to prevent harm when threats exist, even in cases of scientific uncertainty, and places the burden of proof on those introducing potentially hazardous activities. The document examines uncertainties in science, different types of errors, and limits to proof when assessing environmental health issues. It also outlines values like respect, humility and responsibility that underlie the precautionary principle.
Cognitive Biases and Effects You Should Know AboutKevlin Henney
Cognitive biases are statistical, social, and memory errors that affect all human beings. They skew the reliability of evidence and significantly impact decision making by prioritizing information that confirms preexisting beliefs over contradictory information. Studies show people are overly optimistic and tend to overestimate their knowledge while underestimating the likelihood of being wrong. Larger portion sizes can induce people to eat more due to "unit bias," the sense that one portion is the appropriate amount. Wise crowds are characterized by diversity of opinions, independence of members, decentralization, and aggregation of information.
Cultural Contradictions of Scanning in an Evidence-based Policy EnvironmentWendy Schultz
Dr. Wendy L. Schultz discusses horizon scanning as an essential tool for foresight activities that identifies emerging issues and changes. However, scanning faces challenges in an evidence-based policy environment due to contradictions between the subjective, tentative nature of scanning and political and scientific desires for objective, authoritative conclusions. Various techniques like causal layered analysis, integral futures, and spiral dynamics can help overcome biases and validate scan findings from diverse sources to better identify surprises and alternatives for policymaking.
Week 6 GuidancePsychological ResearchThere are many ways to coladonnacamplin
Week 6 Guidance
Psychological Research
There are many ways to conduct research including but not limited to an experiment, survey, case study and naturalistic observation. Before any researcher decides how research will be conducted, he or she will look at the purpose of the study, as well as the research questions and hypothesis. Each method has strengths, weaknesses and even limitations.
Researchers will consider and identify an operational definition. According to Schacter, Gilbert & Wegner (2009), an operational definition is a description of a property in terms of a concrete condition that can be measured. The first step involved in making any measurement is to identify the property, concept or thing we want to measure in concrete terms. The second step needed is to identify a way to measure what we would like to assess (Schacter, Gilbert & Wegner, 2009). This can be accomplished in a variety of ways in research.
It is essential to ensure that our data are measured in both valid and reliable ways. Validity refers to the idea that we are indeed measuring what we set out to measure. Reliability is the tendency for results to be consistent whenever and wherever it is measured.
One of the most important considerations involves the ethical issues of an experiment or study. According to American Psychological Association (APA) (2010), all research must follow the standards set forth in the APA Code of Ethics. Before any research with subjects can be complete, the Institutional Review Board (IRB) must approve all parts of the research design. Informed consent must be provided for all subjects. This involves sharing all aspects of the study, the purpose of the research, identification of the benefits that may come from the research, identification of any risks, how confidentiality will be upheld and identifying who can be contacted with questions, just to name a few. Researchers may not coerce participation in an any experiment or study. Researchers must ensure that no harm comes to anyone involved in the research as well. After an experiment is complete, researchers need to debrief all subjects and explain the true nature and purpose of the study.
If all guidelines are followed, we can obtain some fantastic and even life-changing information with continued current and proper research. This research is published in peer reviewed journals and we are able to stay on top of what is happening in the field of psychology. It truly is so exciting!
Case Study 1.2: National Security or Computer Security?
In 2017, the world was rocked by massive computer attacks, the largest hitting 2,000 organizations in 65 countries. Hackers shut down hospitals in Britain, the Chernobyl nuclear site, Ukraine’s national bank, a Russian energy company, Merck pharmaceutical, and the Danish shipping company Maersk. They locked up computer files at a number of U.S. businesses, releasing the information after users paid a ransom.
The cyber weapons used in these assaults w ...
We are all prone to cognitive biases that make it easy to fool ourselves, even more so than others. Confirmation bias and motivated reasoning cause us to only see evidence that supports our existing beliefs and interpretations. The bias blind spot further prevents us from recognizing our own cognitive biases. While the scientific method aims to reduce bias through rigorous testing of hypotheses, even scientists fall prey to these biases and often fail to replicate their own seminal studies. Overcoming cognitive biases requires acknowledging their existence and establishing processes like "adversarial collaboration" that encourage challenging existing ideas without fear of reprisal.
This document discusses human behavior in disaster situations and dispels common myths about panic. It summarizes research showing that rather than panicking, people typically behave pro-socially, helping those around them. The document examines case studies and factors influencing perceptions of panic. It concludes that emergency plans should be based on expected pro-social behavior and should aim to provide clear communication to reduce perceptions that could lead to rare panic responses.
Cybersecurity Risk Perception and CommunicationStephen Cobb
Research into Cultural Theory, White Male Effect, and more. We show high level of concern about cybercrime among US adults and first evidence of White Male Effect in cyber risk perception.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
2. Accident, n: A condition in which
presence of mind is good, but
absence of body is better
Author unknown
3. Near miss: Unplanned event that did not
result in injury, illness, or damage – but had
the potential to do so. Only a fortunate
break in the chain of events prevented an
injury, fatality or damage.
Wikipedia
4. Heinrich Safety Triangle
William Heinrich
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_William_Heinrich
Empirical finding from his 1931 book "Industrial Accident Prevention, A Scientific Approach“.
1
Major Injury
29
Minor Injury
300Near Miss
Numbers critizised but effects proofed by Frank E. Bird (1969)
5. Heinrich Safety Triangle
William Heinrich
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_William_Heinrich
Empirical finding from his 1931 book "Industrial Accident Prevention, A Scientific Approach“.
Injury 30
300Near Miss
Huge
Potential
Best
Documented
6. Huge Potential for What?
100 similar bruises
don’t predict
the next fatal accident
so
documentation
of injuries
is only partly helping
Is safety pyramid a myth? Study suggests new approach to injury prevention
http://www.cos-mag.com/Hygiene/Hygiene-Stories/is-safety-pyramid-a-myth-study-suggests-new-
approach-to-injury-prevention.html
7. Huge Potential for What??
• “The BST study suggests […] that serious
injuries have different underlying causes than
minor ones.”
• “These underlying factors — missing controls,
lax procedures, badly designed equipment —
create high-risk situations that are likely to
lead to a major incident.”
Is safety pyramid a myth? Study suggests new approach to injury prevention
http://www.cos-mag.com/Hygiene/Hygiene-Stories/is-safety-pyramid-a-myth-study-suggests-new-
approach-to-injury-prevention.html
8. Huge Potential for What???
Sharing incidents helps, as it
• causes awareness
• discovers patterns
• changes mentality
and it
• triggers active discussion of
safety protocols
• helps identifying high-risk situations (precursors)
9. Approach
Peer groups with
• decentralized and anonymous
documentation and
• discussion of incidents
Centrally managed
• monitoring of incidents tagged as dangerous
• search for patterns to take better precautions
PRE:HAZRD website with more information
https://www.prehazrd.com
10. How it Works
Author of an incident report
Peers
Colleagues sharing the same experience,
language and mindset
PRE:HAZRD website with more information
https://www.prehazrd.com
@
21 3
3'
4
11. Recap
• The Safety Triangle contains hidden gems
• There are tools for decentralized
documentation and discussion of incidents
• Anonymity is crucial
Last but not least this approach
• integrates nicely with expert tools
• plays along classical incident reporting
Slide 1:
This is a short presentation about near miss documentation with PRE:HAZRD, an online platform where employees can anonymously share near miss events or actual accidents and get reviews from peers leading to learnings for the whole organization.
Slide 2:
We all know, that accidents happen —but they mostly happen to others. That’s something deeply rooted in our consciousness: We need to know that at the end everything will be OK. As soon as this doesn’t apply anymore, people won’t dare to leave their homes.
Slide 3:
And we all very well know when we witness a “near miss” — an unplanned event which we or others were fortunate enough to survive. Think about the last time you were texting while driving and nearly had a crash with a lazy guy crossing the road without paying attention.
In this presentation we will talk about what to learn from a near miss during work and how discussing a near miss could prevent a real accident.
Slide 4:
Studies say that for every major injury there are about 29 minor injuries and about 300 near miss events. The original numbers for this are by Herbert William Heinrich published in a book in the 1930s. The result is what is called the Heinrich Safety Triangle.
The numbers have been criticized and while the exact numbers may vary, the effects have been proofed e.g. by a huge study in the late 1960s.
Slide 5:
The top part of the Heinrich Safety Triangle — the minor and major injuries including fatal accidents — are best documented last but not least because insurances are involved at this level. You just can’t do without documentation, reviews and sometimes even changed safety protocols for these accidents.
But obviously there is huge potential in the lower part of the Safety Triangle: These are high numbers which should tell us something…
Slide 6:
But what do they tell us? The classical way of treating minor injuries — which aren’t even part of that huge lower base of the Safety Triangle — is by counting them and then hoping that reduced numbers will reduce the numbers of real accidents.
Studies tell us that this is just wishful thinking and misleading: While the numbers of minor injuries go down, the number of major accidents are constant.
Slide 7:
The reason for this is that the underlying causes are different: The biggest problems leading to major accidents are missing controls, lax procedures, badly designed equipment.
For badly designed equipment it could be something like it was with the very first digital insulin pumps where it was too easy to add an additional digit — which made it too easy to treat a person with tenfold the wanted medication. Sounds easy to solve.
For missing controls and lax procedures it is the mentally healthy belief that everything will work out fine. And it is missing awareness as these procedures are often created by other people than the ones having to follow them — or even by organizations outside the company. Why bother.
Addressing this ignorance is the huge potential of the lower part of the Safety Triangle as every near miss might be an interesting story to share…
Slide 8:
…and humans learn best by sharing stories, so the best way to raise awareness would be by sharing stories about incidents.
But often enough a near miss is embarrassing and anonymity is key to make people openly share what happened.
And for learning to happen, the sharing of stories has to be between the right people — typical paper forms that go to human resources don’t help. It would be best to trigger an active discussion between peers — colleagues working in the same field and sharing the same language?
There are software companies addressing exactly this field and one product is PRE:HAZRD.
Slide 9:
The approach of PRE:HAZRD is to provide an anonymous online platform where people post incident reports in peer groups — discussing incidents between colleagues working in the same field, sharing, language and mindset. Peers can ask questions, rate the severity of the incident and give advice which all leads to learnings.
This creates awareness and the discussed near miss events become part of the shared memory of the company.
Slide 10:
The completely anonymous approach of PRE:HAZRD works like this:
1) A colleague experiencing a near miss opens the secret link of a incident topic — that can be a link shared by e-mail within a department or a QR-code as seen on this slide.
2) The page contains a form for creating a new incident report starting with a title.
3) That opens a new page with a unique link private to the author. This link has to be saved e.g. as bookmark to allow later access as author again. The platform is truly anonymous and there is nothing like a “send me my lost link” function.
3’) After writing the initial incident report, an e-mail is sent to peers configured for the incident topic. All peers receive the same link to a review page — again, the platform is anonymous and there is no way to track peers.
4) Peers enter the discussion about the incident by opening the link and they are allowed to ask questions as well as rate the severity of the incident and provide feedback.
At some point the author is done with answering questions, filtering feedback and writing down learnings. They will close the incident report and this makes the report available to all people with access to the incident topic.
That’s a brief tour through the functionality and there’s more information on the homepage of PRE:HAZRD (https://www.prehazrd.com).
Slide 11:
As a recap, this is what we covered in this presentation:
Whatever the exact ratio between minor an major incidents is: The Safety Triangle contains a huge amount of undocumented near miss events as hidden gems.
These near miss events can’t be handled centrally but modern online platforms like PRE:HAZRD help with a decentralized approach.
It’s not only about documentation but about an active discussion as that creates the awareness we need to raise.
Anonymity is crucial as a near miss is embarrassing and not easy to share.
Last but not least this decentralized approach integrates nicely with expert tools — it generates the right questions and interesting cases. It also plays along classical incident reporting platforms — as it addresses a different part of the Safety Triangle.
Slide 12:
That‘s it. If you have questions, have a look at http://prehazrd.com or drop us an e-mail at info@prehazrd.com for more information.
Thank you!