Predicting past climates
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Paleoclimatology studies past climates using various proxy records such as glacial deposits, fossils, tree rings, coral reefs, and rock and sediment layers. These proxies provide clues about past climate conditions like temperature and precipitation. Ice cores contain air bubbles that reveal the levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere from different time periods. Tree rings and coral reefs also indicate year-to-year climate variations. Together these proxy records allow scientists to predict climate patterns dating back hundreds of thousands of years.
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Climate: Climatic Change - Evidence, Cycles and The Future
A PowerPoint used in class to cover the key forms of evidence you need to know for the Exam. Key Questions are likely to be focused on how we can gain information of past climatic change, and how it can be used to predict future, and I would expect you to be able to comment on the usefulness of the different types. For instance, Ice cores are highly accurate and quantifiable evidence, but gaining them is expensive, and only gives a climatic record for the site at which the snow formed. However, they do provide the longest record of change.
Complete the evidence for climate change
A large number of slides that begins to bring together climate change causes...will be edited and improved
Ice ages
An ice age is a period of long-term cooling where ice sheets and glaciers expand. The current ice age began 2.6 million years ago and there is evidence that previous ice ages occurred. Geological, chemical, and paleontological evidence support past ice ages. Factors that can influence ice ages include the positions of continents, uplift of land masses, ocean iron levels, atmospheric CO2 levels, and astronomical cycles like the Milankovitch cycle that affects seasonal temperatures.
Long term & short term effects of climate 2
The document discusses both long-term and short-term effects of climate change. Over millions of years, continental drift and changes in Earth's orbit have triggered changes by altering ocean currents, wind patterns, and the distribution of land masses. In the short-term, volcanic eruptions and shifts in air and ocean currents can temporarily cool the climate by blocking sunlight. The Milankovitch cycles of Earth's orbit and axial tilt occurring over tens of thousands of years are linked to recurring ice ages and interglacial periods.
The causes of climate change
Paleoclimatology is the study of past climates through the use of proxies such as microbial life found in sediment cores, ice cores, and tree rings. Researchers use various analytical methods to extract information from these proxies about past climate conditions. For example, oxygen isotope ratios in foraminifera and diatom shells can provide information about past water temperatures, and the abundance and composition of microbial populations may indicate environmental conditions like temperature. Volcanic eruptions can influence climate in both the short and long term. Large eruptions that eject ash and sulfur dioxide into the stratosphere can block sunlight and cool the planet for several years through radiation scattering. However, massive eruptions that release large amounts of carbon dioxide may
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2) The Medieval Warm Period from 800-1300 AD and Little Ice Age from 1300-1900 AD were global phenomena.
3) Many parts of the world were warmer during the Medieval Warm Period than in the 20th century.
Long term & short term effects of climate 2
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1.-Evidence-of-Climate-Change.pptx
Ice cores, tree rings, paintings/drawings, and global temperature data provide evidence of past climate change:
- Ice cores contain air bubbles that allow scientists to estimate past temperatures over 800,000 years and identify climate patterns. However, data is limited to specific locations.
- Tree rings indicate past climate conditions, with narrow rings representing cooler periods and wide rings warmer periods. But some tree species do not produce reliable rings.
- Paintings and diaries describe visual representations of past climate events but are subjective accounts that are hard to date accurately.
- Global temperature records from weather stations and satellites show modern warming of 0.6°C since 1950, but data is limited and station coverage is uneven.
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This document discusses evidence from paleoclimate records that shows Earth's climate has varied dramatically in the past. It provides examples of periods of extreme warming and cooling, including the Cryogenian ice age 850-630 million years ago where ice sheets engulfed the planet, and the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum 55 million years ago where temperatures were over 20 degrees Celsius warmer than today. The document examines different climate proxy records like tree rings, ice cores, and pollen that provide evidence about past climate changes. It also discusses human activities like burning fossil fuels that are increasing greenhouse gases and warming the planet ten times faster than past changes seen in the paleoclimate record.
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The document discusses several natural causes of past climate change:
1) Solar activity, with periods of lower sunspot activity corresponding to "Little Ice Ages" and higher activity to warm periods like the Medieval Warm Period. However, solar activity does not correlate with warming since 1975.
2) Orbital cycles known as Milankovitch cycles, which cause ice ages and warm interglacial periods over 100,000 year cycles.
3) Large volcanic eruptions, which eject aerosols that reflect sunlight and cause short-term global cooling lasting several years.
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The physical environment
This document discusses physical geography and environmental systems. It notes that physical geography research has progressed from detailed observations in small areas to modeling at global scales. It provides examples of interactions within the global physical environment, such as how changes in one region can impact climate in other regions. The document also discusses how viewing the biosphere as a system of nested environmental systems has helped scientists understand ecosystem structure and function.
Science climate project
This document discusses both short-term and long-term changes in climate. Short-term changes are caused by volcanic eruptions, small variations in solar radiation, and ocean and air currents. Long-term changes are influenced by changes in the Earth's energy balance, temperature variations due to greenhouse gas emissions, orbital and solar cycles, glacial activity, plate tectonics, and human influences. The document also discusses past climate events like the Medieval Climate Optimum and Little Ice Age, and predicts future climate impacts including increased forest fires in Canada and rising sea levels worldwide due to melting polar ice caps.
Ice ages
This document discusses ice ages and their causes. It begins by defining an ice age as a long period where the Earth's surface cools and large ice sheets form. Evidence for ice ages includes geological features from glaciation as well as chemical and paleontological records. There have been at least five major ice ages in Earth's history. Causes of ice ages include changes in the atmosphere, positions of continents, ocean currents, uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, and volcanic activity. Variations in Earth's orbit also influence ice ages through their impact on solar radiation received.
Long term & short term effects of climate
This document discusses both long-term and short-term causes of climate change. Long-term causes occurring over millions of years include continental drift, changes in Earth's orbit and tilt, which affect ocean currents and temperatures. Short-term causes operating over decades to thousands of years include volcanic eruptions, which eject particles that block sunlight, and shifts in ocean and air currents driven by wind and temperature changes. Together, these natural factors have triggered shifts between ice ages and warmer periods throughout Earth's history.
Hansen
The document discusses human-caused global warming and how it can be slowed and stopped through practical actions. While some predictions of global warming effects are exaggerated, the evidence is clear that warming is occurring due to increased greenhouse gases from human activities. Studying factors like glacial melting and climate forcing agents shows that global warming can be addressed by reducing emissions to achieve a healthier atmosphere.
Geological time scale & Dating methods
The document provides an introduction to the geological time scale and methods for dating rocks and events in Earth's history. It discusses that the geological time scale is a system that relates geological strata and events to periods of time in Earth's past. Relative dating methods look at principles like superposition to determine the sequence of rock layers, while absolute dating provides numerical ages using radiometric dating techniques like uranium-lead dating. The document outlines important divisions of the geological time scale including eons, eras, periods, and epochs, and summarizes some key boundaries that indicate changes in life forms, like the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary marking the rise of multicellular life.
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Predicting past climates
- 1. Predicting Past Climates By: Ronald, Salih, Anmol, Usman and Alex
- 2. What Is Climate? How Does Climate Affect Us? Introduction To Predicting Past Climates Table Of Contents
- 3. Climate is basically weather averaged over a period of time in any area. Climate deals with many factors, such as temperature, humidity, and wind. These factors determines a region’s Climate. The climate of a location is affected by altitude, closeness to a body of water, and latitude. What Is Climate?
- 4. Climate affects us, because it determines whether or not if we could grow plants. It also affects what our main diet includes, due to what grows in the climate we live in. It also affects what sort of activities that we can do. Climate can also change the types of clothes we wear. (EX: jackets in the winter) How Does Climate Affect Us?
- 5. Paleoclimatology is another word for the study of prehistoric climates. It can be studied from a regional to a global scale. Some methods for predicting past climates include: Studying glacial deposits Studying sedimentary structures Studying fossils By Predicting past climates we can know if the Earth’s climate follows a set pattern Introduction To Predicting Past Climates
- 6. Continental drift- as the continents move, the ocean currents and wind patterns change. Creation of mountains and landmasses have changed the climate. There have been cycles of hot and cold weather over the past 800 000 yrs or more Long term changes in the climate
- 7. MilutinMilankovitch created theories as to why there are climate cycles Three reasons: Eccentricity- shape of earth’s orbit changes from elliptical to circular due to Jupiter and Saturn's gravity. Tilt- earth’s tilt changes from 22.1˚ to 24.5˚ over 41000 yrs. Angle of tilt ∝ seasonal differences. Currently, angle is 23.5˚ and it is decreasing Precision of tilt (wobble)- the earth wobbles in a cycle of over 26000 yrs. The direction of tilt changes. The north star also changes over a few thousand years Climate cycles - Reasons
- 8. Proxy records are used to predict past climate. Proxy records are stores of info that we can measure that tell us what the past climate was like Scientist compare the proxy records with historical records over the past centuries This allow them to predict climate from the very distant past Clues to Past Climate
- 9. Air bubbles have been trapped in ice in Greenland and Antarctica for many millennia Scientists dig into the ice and retreat long cylinders of ice called ice cores The bottom of it can be very old The cores are cut into thin slices and tests are done to measure variuos gases The amount of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide is measured which shows how much of these gases were present at different times in the past Clue to Past Climate – Ice Cores
- 10. Oxygen tests are also done to see if the O₂ is heavy or light The more light oxygen is present, the colder the air was. Ice cores also give info on precipitation and volcanic eruptions As the temperature increases, the levels of greenhouse gases do too Continued
- 11. Trees get a growth ring every year If the conditions are warm and wet, the ring will be thick. If the are cold and dry, the ring will be thin Some trees such as the bristlecone and California redwood live for many millennia Scientists get clues from both living and dead trees to get records of climate from the past 10 000 yrs Trees in Ontario have provided records for 2767 yrs Clue to Past Climate -Tree RIngs
- 12. Coral reefs also grow rings for each year. Scientists study the layers to determine the surface ocean temperatures when the layers were growing. Reefs such as the Great Barrier reef in Australia have provided info on ocean temperature from many centuries in the past Clue to Past Climate – Coral Reefs
- 13. Layers of soil and rock build up on the earth over time in which fossils and dead plants can be found Pollen grain fossils can be used to find out plants that grew in the past Fossils are also found on the ocean floor which can be used to predict ocean temperature in the past In caves, rocks are formed from dripping water. They form faster in wet weather so this info is used to measure past precipitation. Clue to Past Climate – Rock, Ocean Sediment and Caves
- 14. Adam-Carr, Christine. "Earth's Climate Change and Natural Change." Science Perspectives 10. Toronto: Nelson Education, 2010. Print. "Climate." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 16 Jan. 2011. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate>. "Reading Past Climates From Ice Cores." Science Daily: News & Articles in Science, Health, Environment & Technology. Web. 16 Jan. 2011. <http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/10/071011102631.htm> Works Cited
- 15. Predicting past climate can be done using different sources: Ice cores, Tree rings, Coral reefs, rocks, sediments and caves. All these have helped scientists learn about past climates and how it has affected life at that time. THANKS FOR WATCHING AND BEST OF LUCK ON THE EXAM Conclusion