This document describes a study that uses vignettes to examine perceptions of online piracy. It presents 18 hypothetical stories about a character named Johnny engaging in different acts to acquire TV shows. The stories vary along six dimensions: loss, physicality, alternatives, peers, sharing, and protection. Respondents rate the acceptability of each story. The study collects data from university students and non-profit organization Facebook profiles to analyze how perceptions differ based on these dimensions and characteristics of respondents like past downloading behavior. Ordered logit regressions are used to analyze the effects of the story dimensions and respondent characteristics on ratings of acceptability.
This document summarizes the results of a field experiment on the impact of internet piracy on book sales in Poland. The experiment involved 11 Polish publishers who provided sales data for 249 book titles over more than a year. The titles were split into matched pairs based on attributes like publication date. For each pair, one book was protected from piracy (enforcement treatment) while the other was not (control treatment). The experiment found no significant differences in sales between the protected and unprotected books, suggesting that internet piracy may not currently pose a threat to the Polish book industry. The results were robust to additional checks and regressions analyzing potential heterogeneous effects.
'Piracy is not theft!' - Is it just the students who think so?GRAPE
This document discusses a study comparing the views of students and members of an intellectual property group on the ethics of different methods of acquiring copyrighted content without payment. The study presented participants with 18 hypothetical stories varying across dimensions like physical theft, loss to rights holders, and sharing content. It found that both groups viewed physical theft as least acceptable and considered similar story aspects as more or less ethical. The study concludes that students can be a representative sample for research on piracy views.
Internet piracy and book sales. A field experiment.GRAPE
This document summarizes a field experiment on the impact of internet piracy on book sales in Poland. Researchers obtained sales data for almost 250 books from 9 publishers and matched them into pairs. For each pair, they randomly designated one book as the control and removed unauthorized copies of the other book (treatment) from piracy websites for a year. Tests found no significant differences in sales between the control and treatment groups, suggesting that internet piracy may not negatively impact book sales. The researchers conducted additional analyses to test more complex relationships but still found no effects of piracy on sales.
Friends or foes. A Meta Analysis of the Link Between Online Piracy and Sales ...GRAPE
This document summarizes a meta-analysis of studies on the link between online piracy and sales of cultural goods like music and films. The analysis found little support for the view that piracy significantly hurts or helps sales. For films, piracy tended to have a small negative effect on sales over time, while for music the effect was slightly positive. The literature shows no consensus, and different industries and technologies may affect piracy's impact. Conceptualizing consumer choice may help explain why meta-analysis finds no clear overall effect of piracy on sales.
Why is online piracy ethically different from theft? A vignette experiment.GRAPE
This document describes a study that uses vignette experiments to understand the differences between online piracy and theft. The study presents respondents with hypothetical stories about a character named Johnny who acquires a TV show in different ways that vary across six dimensions: loss, physicality, alternatives, peers, sharing, and protection. Respondents rate each story and answer additional questions. The study aims to identify what makes piracy ethically different from theft by examining how ratings change based on the dimensions in each story. Previous research on analyzing controversial behaviors like different types of theft through vignette experiments is discussed.
The strength of ‟anchoring effect” on Pay What You Want payments: Evidence fr...GRAPE
This document presents research on the "anchoring effect" of reference prices on voluntary payments in a "Pay What You Want" (PWYW) system for ebooks. The study hypothesized that: 1) external reference prices lower payments compared to no reference, 2) perceived production/author costs increase payments, and 3) experience of a good affects willingness to pay before/after consumption. A survey of 343 Polish ebook readers tested these hypotheses through scenarios varying reference price and perceived quality. The results supported the hypotheses and suggest informing consumers of production costs and rewarding authors could increase voluntary payments in PWYW systems.
‟If I can set my own price for tonight’s show I will pay more after watching ...GRAPE
The document summarizes a study on "Pay What You Want" ticket pricing for live performances. The study found that when audience members chose their own ticket price after seeing a show (ex post), the average payment was higher than when they chose the price beforehand (ex ante). Ex post payments were also significantly correlated with how engaged and entertained audience members felt during the performance. However, ex ante payments were not correlated with audience members' expectations for the show. The study concludes that allowing audiences to pay after a show results in higher voluntary payments than paying before, and may be a better alternative pricing method for live performances.
This document describes a study that uses vignettes to examine perceptions of online piracy. It presents 18 hypothetical stories about a character named Johnny engaging in different acts to acquire TV shows. The stories vary along six dimensions: loss, physicality, alternatives, peers, sharing, and protection. Respondents rate the acceptability of each story. The study collects data from university students and non-profit organization Facebook profiles to analyze how perceptions differ based on these dimensions and characteristics of respondents like past downloading behavior. Ordered logit regressions are used to analyze the effects of the story dimensions and respondent characteristics on ratings of acceptability.
This document summarizes the results of a field experiment on the impact of internet piracy on book sales in Poland. The experiment involved 11 Polish publishers who provided sales data for 249 book titles over more than a year. The titles were split into matched pairs based on attributes like publication date. For each pair, one book was protected from piracy (enforcement treatment) while the other was not (control treatment). The experiment found no significant differences in sales between the protected and unprotected books, suggesting that internet piracy may not currently pose a threat to the Polish book industry. The results were robust to additional checks and regressions analyzing potential heterogeneous effects.
'Piracy is not theft!' - Is it just the students who think so?GRAPE
This document discusses a study comparing the views of students and members of an intellectual property group on the ethics of different methods of acquiring copyrighted content without payment. The study presented participants with 18 hypothetical stories varying across dimensions like physical theft, loss to rights holders, and sharing content. It found that both groups viewed physical theft as least acceptable and considered similar story aspects as more or less ethical. The study concludes that students can be a representative sample for research on piracy views.
Internet piracy and book sales. A field experiment.GRAPE
This document summarizes a field experiment on the impact of internet piracy on book sales in Poland. Researchers obtained sales data for almost 250 books from 9 publishers and matched them into pairs. For each pair, they randomly designated one book as the control and removed unauthorized copies of the other book (treatment) from piracy websites for a year. Tests found no significant differences in sales between the control and treatment groups, suggesting that internet piracy may not negatively impact book sales. The researchers conducted additional analyses to test more complex relationships but still found no effects of piracy on sales.
Friends or foes. A Meta Analysis of the Link Between Online Piracy and Sales ...GRAPE
This document summarizes a meta-analysis of studies on the link between online piracy and sales of cultural goods like music and films. The analysis found little support for the view that piracy significantly hurts or helps sales. For films, piracy tended to have a small negative effect on sales over time, while for music the effect was slightly positive. The literature shows no consensus, and different industries and technologies may affect piracy's impact. Conceptualizing consumer choice may help explain why meta-analysis finds no clear overall effect of piracy on sales.
Why is online piracy ethically different from theft? A vignette experiment.GRAPE
This document describes a study that uses vignette experiments to understand the differences between online piracy and theft. The study presents respondents with hypothetical stories about a character named Johnny who acquires a TV show in different ways that vary across six dimensions: loss, physicality, alternatives, peers, sharing, and protection. Respondents rate each story and answer additional questions. The study aims to identify what makes piracy ethically different from theft by examining how ratings change based on the dimensions in each story. Previous research on analyzing controversial behaviors like different types of theft through vignette experiments is discussed.
The strength of ‟anchoring effect” on Pay What You Want payments: Evidence fr...GRAPE
This document presents research on the "anchoring effect" of reference prices on voluntary payments in a "Pay What You Want" (PWYW) system for ebooks. The study hypothesized that: 1) external reference prices lower payments compared to no reference, 2) perceived production/author costs increase payments, and 3) experience of a good affects willingness to pay before/after consumption. A survey of 343 Polish ebook readers tested these hypotheses through scenarios varying reference price and perceived quality. The results supported the hypotheses and suggest informing consumers of production costs and rewarding authors could increase voluntary payments in PWYW systems.
‟If I can set my own price for tonight’s show I will pay more after watching ...GRAPE
The document summarizes a study on "Pay What You Want" ticket pricing for live performances. The study found that when audience members chose their own ticket price after seeing a show (ex post), the average payment was higher than when they chose the price beforehand (ex ante). Ex post payments were also significantly correlated with how engaged and entertained audience members felt during the performance. However, ex ante payments were not correlated with audience members' expectations for the show. The study concludes that allowing audiences to pay after a show results in higher voluntary payments than paying before, and may be a better alternative pricing method for live performances.
Labour reallocation in Poland during transition and post-transitionGRAPE
This document outlines a study on labor reallocation in Poland during its transition to a market economy and afterwards. It discusses previous literature on the topic, describes the data and methodology used, and presents results. The study finds that many jobs were created in the private service sector while being destroyed in the public sector. It also finds that net changes in the service sector and flows between sectors and age groups followed the business cycle in a procyclical pattern, but the public sector had a weaker link to economic fluctuations. In conclusions, the author notes that the results are consistent with other East European countries experiencing significant reallocation between sectors and a weakening public sector role during transition.
This document discusses overlapping generations models with heterogeneous agents. It introduces an overlapping generations model framework where cohorts live for multiple periods and differ in their preferences and decision rules. This allows for analysis of policy instruments aimed at voluntary pension savings. The model includes heterogeneous subcohorts within cohorts that differ in factors like preferences, financial literacy, and pension expectations. The document outlines the standard household problem and possible extensions, as well as the production sector, government policies, and different pension system components that could be analyzed using this type of model framework. The goal is to use this model to analyze potential reforms by first finding an initial stable solution and then examining the transition path after a policy change.
This document analyzes the welfare effects of increasing the retirement age under different pension schemes (defined benefit, notional defined contribution, and fully funded) using overlapping generations models. The key findings are:
1) Increasing the retirement age leads to welfare gains for all cohorts under all pension schemes by increasing aggregate labor supply and lifetime earnings.
2) The sources of gains differ by pension scheme, for example in fully funded schemes it decreases capital per worker and increases interest rates.
3) Raising the retirement age reduces pension deficits, lowers taxes, and boosts pensions and welfare compared to baseline projections.
This document summarizes a study on the welfare effects of Poland's 1999 pension reform, which introduced a three-pillar pension system including a notional defined contribution scheme and a fully funded defined contribution scheme. The study uses an overlapping generations model to assess the aggregate efficiency of the reform, the effects across generations, and the importance of different fiscal closure approaches used to finance the transition. The results show that the reform improved welfare and most gains came from reduced pension benefits rather than pre-funding. The choice of fiscal closure, such as using public debt, also significantly impacted welfare and the distribution of costs across generations.
Starzenie się społeczeństwa w Polsce jest faktem i system ubezpieczeń społecznych musiał w związku z tym zostać zreformowany. W 1999 roku system emerytalny zdefiniowanego świadczenia został zmieniony na system zdefiniowanej składki - czy w tej sytuacji podniesienie wieku emerytalnego wciąż jest konieczne?
Does social security reform reduce gains from higher retirement age?GRAPE
Increasing the minimum eligibility retirement age was evaluated under different pension systems: defined benefit (DB), notional defined contribution (NDC), and fully funded defined contribution (FDC). Raising the retirement age was found to increase welfare in all systems. Under DB, leisure decreased and taxes fell. Under NDC and FDC, leisure decreased but pensions increased. Labor supply adjusted downward for individual workers but increased in aggregate due to longer careers. Capital decreased primarily from lower precautionary savings rather than changes in productivity. Overall, retirement age increases were found to have economy-wide benefits regardless of pension system design.
The document discusses a 2009 reform in Poland that gradually increased the retirement age. It presents the following:
1) The reform eliminated early retirement eligibility for most workers born after 1954 (women) and 1949 (men), increasing the retirement age to 55-60 or 55-65 respectively.
2) Using a regression discontinuity design on longitudinal data, it finds a statistically significant but small discontinuity in transitions to early retirement around the cutoff dates.
3) Placebo tests find similar sized discontinuities in other time periods, suggesting the observed effect may not be caused solely by the reform. The reform had a small impact on retirement behavior relative to its scope.
Is the retirement age increase in Poland still necessary given the 1999 reform of the pension system? EmerytGRAPE analysis with the use of OLG model answers this question.
Effiency of the pension reform: the welfare effetcs of various fiscal closuresGRAPE
This document describes a model developed to analyze the welfare effects of different fiscal closures (ways of financing) for pension reforms in Poland. The model is an overlapping generations model that considers household optimization of consumption and leisure over a lifetime, as well as a production sector. The document outlines the baseline scenario, pension reform scenario, and three fiscal closure options analyzed: labor tax increases, lump sum taxes, and debt accumulation. Preliminary results suggest that while all reforms increase long run GDP and capital, a labor tax increase leads to the smallest reduction in labor supply and is most efficient according to a lump sum redistribution analysis.
Welfare effects of fiscal closures when implementing pension reformsGRAPE
This document discusses modeling pension reforms in Poland using an overlapping generations model. It aims to analyze the welfare effects of different fiscal closures used to finance gaps in the social insurance fund resulting from pension reforms. The model will examine five potential fiscal closures: lump sum taxes, labor taxes, consumption taxes, debt financing plus labor taxes, and debt financing plus consumption taxes. The results will help determine which fiscal closure has the best or worst effects on welfare, savings, labor supply, and economic output.
This document summarizes a study that examines the welfare effects of increasing the retirement age under different pension schemes (defined benefit, notional defined contribution, and funded defined contribution) using overlapping generations models. It finds that increasing the retirement age leads to overall welfare gains in all schemes. The mechanisms through which welfare increases differ across schemes, with labor supply, pensions, taxes, and other macroeconomic variables changing to different degrees depending on the pension design. The study aims to better understand how macroeconomic effects and welfare impacts may vary when the retirement age is increased under different existing pension-benefit linkages.
Inequalities in an OLG economy with heterogeneous cohorts and pension systemsGRAPE
1) A pension system reform from defined benefit to defined contribution in Poland would likely increase consumption inequalities but decrease wealth inequalities.
2) The demographic transition alone would increase consumption inequalities more than the pension reform.
3) Minimum pensions could reduce the rise in consumption inequality from the pension reform by around 40% by targeting those with lower incomes, but would slightly increase consumption by reducing savings incentives. The effects of contribution caps would be negligible.
The Sooner The Better - The Welfare Effects of the Retirement Age Increase Un...GRAPE
This document summarizes a study that analyzes the macroeconomic and welfare effects of increasing the retirement age under different pension systems (defined benefit, notional defined contribution, and funded defined contribution). It finds that increasing the retirement age has universally positive welfare effects and increases aggregate labor supply. These effects are largest under a funded defined contribution system and enhanced when productivity increases with age. Various robustness checks considering alternative demographic and productivity assumptions confirm these overall conclusions.
This document discusses using an overlapping generations model to analyze the welfare effects of different fiscal closure options for financing the pension reform in Poland in 1999. The reform transitioned the pension system from a defined benefit pay-as-you-go system to a combination of notional defined contribution and funded defined contribution systems. The model will compare the welfare effects across generations and over time for five different fiscal closure options to finance the gap created by contributions staying in the pay-as-you-go system. The analysis will provide insight into which fiscal closure option has the best effects on savings, labor supply, output, and overall welfare.
Identifying Age Penalty in Women's Wages: New method and evidence from GermanyGRAPE
This document describes a study that uses a new method to identify age penalties in women's wages in Germany. The study extends an existing decomposition method to separate the effects of cohort, time, and age on the gender wage gap. The researchers use long-term panel data from Germany and control for factors like education, experience, and household characteristics. Their results show that the adjusted gender wage gap changes as women age through their careers, with some cohorts experiencing wider gaps and others narrower gaps at different points. The researchers control for non-working years by including working for a wage in their statistical model.
Dostęp kobiet do rynku pracy i płac w kontekście transformacjii gospodarczejGRAPE
We analyze the differences in wages and employment in transition economies in the post transformation period. Using non parametric methods we found that countries differ to a great extent in the paths followed and that institutional features alone fail to explain variation.
W poszukiwaniu optymalnego sposobu wprowadzenia lara kapitałowegoGRAPE
Joanna Tyrowicz i Krzysztof Makarski
oraz Marcin Bielecki, Marcin Waniek i Jan Woznica
Group for Research in Applied Economics
Konferencja D lugoterminowe Oszczedzanie - SGH - 2016
Inequality in an OLG economy with heterogeneous cohorts and pension systemsGRAPE
This document discusses inequality in an overlapping generations economy with heterogeneous cohorts and pension systems. It motivates the study by noting that wealth inequality has increased due to demographic transitions and pension reforms from defined benefit to defined contribution systems. The document outlines an overlapping generations model with ex ante heterogeneity in endowments and preferences within cohorts to examine the distributional effects of pension reforms and policy instruments. Key results presented are that a reform from defined benefit to defined contribution pensions increases both wealth and consumption inequality, and that a minimum pension reduces inequality from the reform by 40-50% by affecting the endowments margin.
Seminar: Gender Board Diversity through Ownership NetworksGRAPE
Seminar on gender diversity spillovers through ownership networks at FAME|GRAPE. Presenting novel research. Studies in economics and management using econometrics methods.
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
Labour reallocation in Poland during transition and post-transitionGRAPE
This document outlines a study on labor reallocation in Poland during its transition to a market economy and afterwards. It discusses previous literature on the topic, describes the data and methodology used, and presents results. The study finds that many jobs were created in the private service sector while being destroyed in the public sector. It also finds that net changes in the service sector and flows between sectors and age groups followed the business cycle in a procyclical pattern, but the public sector had a weaker link to economic fluctuations. In conclusions, the author notes that the results are consistent with other East European countries experiencing significant reallocation between sectors and a weakening public sector role during transition.
This document discusses overlapping generations models with heterogeneous agents. It introduces an overlapping generations model framework where cohorts live for multiple periods and differ in their preferences and decision rules. This allows for analysis of policy instruments aimed at voluntary pension savings. The model includes heterogeneous subcohorts within cohorts that differ in factors like preferences, financial literacy, and pension expectations. The document outlines the standard household problem and possible extensions, as well as the production sector, government policies, and different pension system components that could be analyzed using this type of model framework. The goal is to use this model to analyze potential reforms by first finding an initial stable solution and then examining the transition path after a policy change.
This document analyzes the welfare effects of increasing the retirement age under different pension schemes (defined benefit, notional defined contribution, and fully funded) using overlapping generations models. The key findings are:
1) Increasing the retirement age leads to welfare gains for all cohorts under all pension schemes by increasing aggregate labor supply and lifetime earnings.
2) The sources of gains differ by pension scheme, for example in fully funded schemes it decreases capital per worker and increases interest rates.
3) Raising the retirement age reduces pension deficits, lowers taxes, and boosts pensions and welfare compared to baseline projections.
This document summarizes a study on the welfare effects of Poland's 1999 pension reform, which introduced a three-pillar pension system including a notional defined contribution scheme and a fully funded defined contribution scheme. The study uses an overlapping generations model to assess the aggregate efficiency of the reform, the effects across generations, and the importance of different fiscal closure approaches used to finance the transition. The results show that the reform improved welfare and most gains came from reduced pension benefits rather than pre-funding. The choice of fiscal closure, such as using public debt, also significantly impacted welfare and the distribution of costs across generations.
Starzenie się społeczeństwa w Polsce jest faktem i system ubezpieczeń społecznych musiał w związku z tym zostać zreformowany. W 1999 roku system emerytalny zdefiniowanego świadczenia został zmieniony na system zdefiniowanej składki - czy w tej sytuacji podniesienie wieku emerytalnego wciąż jest konieczne?
Does social security reform reduce gains from higher retirement age?GRAPE
Increasing the minimum eligibility retirement age was evaluated under different pension systems: defined benefit (DB), notional defined contribution (NDC), and fully funded defined contribution (FDC). Raising the retirement age was found to increase welfare in all systems. Under DB, leisure decreased and taxes fell. Under NDC and FDC, leisure decreased but pensions increased. Labor supply adjusted downward for individual workers but increased in aggregate due to longer careers. Capital decreased primarily from lower precautionary savings rather than changes in productivity. Overall, retirement age increases were found to have economy-wide benefits regardless of pension system design.
The document discusses a 2009 reform in Poland that gradually increased the retirement age. It presents the following:
1) The reform eliminated early retirement eligibility for most workers born after 1954 (women) and 1949 (men), increasing the retirement age to 55-60 or 55-65 respectively.
2) Using a regression discontinuity design on longitudinal data, it finds a statistically significant but small discontinuity in transitions to early retirement around the cutoff dates.
3) Placebo tests find similar sized discontinuities in other time periods, suggesting the observed effect may not be caused solely by the reform. The reform had a small impact on retirement behavior relative to its scope.
Is the retirement age increase in Poland still necessary given the 1999 reform of the pension system? EmerytGRAPE analysis with the use of OLG model answers this question.
Effiency of the pension reform: the welfare effetcs of various fiscal closuresGRAPE
This document describes a model developed to analyze the welfare effects of different fiscal closures (ways of financing) for pension reforms in Poland. The model is an overlapping generations model that considers household optimization of consumption and leisure over a lifetime, as well as a production sector. The document outlines the baseline scenario, pension reform scenario, and three fiscal closure options analyzed: labor tax increases, lump sum taxes, and debt accumulation. Preliminary results suggest that while all reforms increase long run GDP and capital, a labor tax increase leads to the smallest reduction in labor supply and is most efficient according to a lump sum redistribution analysis.
Welfare effects of fiscal closures when implementing pension reformsGRAPE
This document discusses modeling pension reforms in Poland using an overlapping generations model. It aims to analyze the welfare effects of different fiscal closures used to finance gaps in the social insurance fund resulting from pension reforms. The model will examine five potential fiscal closures: lump sum taxes, labor taxes, consumption taxes, debt financing plus labor taxes, and debt financing plus consumption taxes. The results will help determine which fiscal closure has the best or worst effects on welfare, savings, labor supply, and economic output.
This document summarizes a study that examines the welfare effects of increasing the retirement age under different pension schemes (defined benefit, notional defined contribution, and funded defined contribution) using overlapping generations models. It finds that increasing the retirement age leads to overall welfare gains in all schemes. The mechanisms through which welfare increases differ across schemes, with labor supply, pensions, taxes, and other macroeconomic variables changing to different degrees depending on the pension design. The study aims to better understand how macroeconomic effects and welfare impacts may vary when the retirement age is increased under different existing pension-benefit linkages.
Inequalities in an OLG economy with heterogeneous cohorts and pension systemsGRAPE
1) A pension system reform from defined benefit to defined contribution in Poland would likely increase consumption inequalities but decrease wealth inequalities.
2) The demographic transition alone would increase consumption inequalities more than the pension reform.
3) Minimum pensions could reduce the rise in consumption inequality from the pension reform by around 40% by targeting those with lower incomes, but would slightly increase consumption by reducing savings incentives. The effects of contribution caps would be negligible.
The Sooner The Better - The Welfare Effects of the Retirement Age Increase Un...GRAPE
This document summarizes a study that analyzes the macroeconomic and welfare effects of increasing the retirement age under different pension systems (defined benefit, notional defined contribution, and funded defined contribution). It finds that increasing the retirement age has universally positive welfare effects and increases aggregate labor supply. These effects are largest under a funded defined contribution system and enhanced when productivity increases with age. Various robustness checks considering alternative demographic and productivity assumptions confirm these overall conclusions.
This document discusses using an overlapping generations model to analyze the welfare effects of different fiscal closure options for financing the pension reform in Poland in 1999. The reform transitioned the pension system from a defined benefit pay-as-you-go system to a combination of notional defined contribution and funded defined contribution systems. The model will compare the welfare effects across generations and over time for five different fiscal closure options to finance the gap created by contributions staying in the pay-as-you-go system. The analysis will provide insight into which fiscal closure option has the best effects on savings, labor supply, output, and overall welfare.
Identifying Age Penalty in Women's Wages: New method and evidence from GermanyGRAPE
This document describes a study that uses a new method to identify age penalties in women's wages in Germany. The study extends an existing decomposition method to separate the effects of cohort, time, and age on the gender wage gap. The researchers use long-term panel data from Germany and control for factors like education, experience, and household characteristics. Their results show that the adjusted gender wage gap changes as women age through their careers, with some cohorts experiencing wider gaps and others narrower gaps at different points. The researchers control for non-working years by including working for a wage in their statistical model.
Dostęp kobiet do rynku pracy i płac w kontekście transformacjii gospodarczejGRAPE
We analyze the differences in wages and employment in transition economies in the post transformation period. Using non parametric methods we found that countries differ to a great extent in the paths followed and that institutional features alone fail to explain variation.
W poszukiwaniu optymalnego sposobu wprowadzenia lara kapitałowegoGRAPE
Joanna Tyrowicz i Krzysztof Makarski
oraz Marcin Bielecki, Marcin Waniek i Jan Woznica
Group for Research in Applied Economics
Konferencja D lugoterminowe Oszczedzanie - SGH - 2016
Inequality in an OLG economy with heterogeneous cohorts and pension systemsGRAPE
This document discusses inequality in an overlapping generations economy with heterogeneous cohorts and pension systems. It motivates the study by noting that wealth inequality has increased due to demographic transitions and pension reforms from defined benefit to defined contribution systems. The document outlines an overlapping generations model with ex ante heterogeneity in endowments and preferences within cohorts to examine the distributional effects of pension reforms and policy instruments. Key results presented are that a reform from defined benefit to defined contribution pensions increases both wealth and consumption inequality, and that a minimum pension reduces inequality from the reform by 40-50% by affecting the endowments margin.
Seminar: Gender Board Diversity through Ownership NetworksGRAPE
Seminar on gender diversity spillovers through ownership networks at FAME|GRAPE. Presenting novel research. Studies in economics and management using econometrics methods.
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
Revisiting gender board diversity and firm performanceGRAPE
Cel: oszacować wpływ inkluzywności władz spółek na ich wyniki.
Co wiemy?
• Większość firm nie ma równosci płci w organach (ILO, 2015)
• Większość firm nie ma w ogóle kobiet we władzach
Demographic transition and the rise of wealth inequalityGRAPE
We study the contribution of rising longevity to the rise of wealth inequality in the U.S. over the last seventy years. We construct an OLG model with multiple sources of inequality, closely calibrated to the data. Our main finding is that improvements in old-age longevity explain about 30% of the observed rise in wealth inequality. This magnitude is similar to previously emphasized channels associated with income inequality and the tax system. The contribution of demographics is bound to raise wealth inequality further in the decades to come.
(Gender) tone at the top: the effect of board diversity on gender inequalityGRAPE
The research explores to what extent the presence of women on board affects gender inequality downstream. We find that increasing presence reduces gender inequality. To avoid reverse causality, we propose a new instrument: the share of household consumption in total output. We extend the analysis to recover the effect of a single woman on board (tokenism(
Gender board diversity spillovers and the public eyeGRAPE
A range of policy recommendations mandating gender board quotas is based on the idea that "women help women". We analyze potential gender diversity spillovers from supervisory to top managerial positions over three decades in Europe. Contrary to previous studies which worked with stock listed firms or were region locked, we use a large data base of roughly 2 000 000 firms. We find evidence that women do not help women in corporate Europe, unless the firm is stock listed. Only within public firms, going from no woman to at least one woman on supervisory position is associated with a 10-15% higher probability of appointing at least one woman to the executive position. This pattern aligns with various managerial theories, suggesting that external visibility influences corporate gender diversity practices. The study implies that diversity policies, while impactful in public firms, have limited
effectiveness in promoting gender diversity in corporate Europe.
This document introduces a framework for analyzing contracts between a principal and multiple agents who have interdependent preferences. It begins with a simple example involving two agents who can choose between working and shirking, and whose outputs are either success or failure. The agents have interdependent utility that depends on both their own material payoff and their conjecture of the other agent's utility.
The document then outlines the research agenda, which is to characterize optimal contracts when agents have interdependent preferences and to provide recommendations for contract design based on whether preferences are positively or negatively interdependent. Finally, it presents some general results, finding that independent contracts are no longer optimal when preferences are interdependent, and that contracts should incorporate both individual performance bonuses and team
Tone at the top: the effects of gender board diversity on gender wage inequal...GRAPE
We address the gender wage gap in Europe, focusing on the impact of female representation in executive and non-executive boards. We use a novel dataset to identify gender board diversity across European firms, which covers a comprehensive sample of private firms in addition to publicly listed ones. Our study spans three waves of the Structure of Earnings Survey, covering 26 countries and multiple industries. Despite low prevalence of female representation and the complex nature of gender wage inequality, our findings reveal a robust causal link: increased gender diversity significantly decreases the adjusted gender wage gap. We also demonstrate that to meaningfully impact gender wage gaps, the presence of a single female representative in leadership is insufficient.
Gender board diversity spillovers and the public eyeGRAPE
A range of policy recommendations mandating gender board quotas is based on the idea that "women help women". We analyze potential gender diversity spillovers from supervisory to top managerial positions over three decades in Europe. Contrary to previous studies which worked with stock listed firms or were region locked, we use a large data base of roughly 2 000 000 firms. We find evidence that women do not help women in corporate Europe, unless the firm is stock listed. Only within public firms, going from no woman to at least one woman on supervisory position is associated with a 10-15\% higher probability of appointing at least one woman to the executive position. This pattern aligns with the Public Eye Managerial Theory, suggesting that external visibility influences corporate gender diversity practices. The study implies that diversity policies, while impactful in public firms, have limited effectiveness in promoting gender diversity in corporate Europe.
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large New Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economies, we use this model to provide comparative statics across past and contemporaneous age structures of the working population. Thus, we quantify the extent to which the response of labor markets to adverse TFP shocks and monetary policy shocks becomes muted with the aging of the working population. Our findings have important policy implications for European labor markets and beyond. For example, the working population is expected to further age in Europe, whereas the share of young workers will remain robust in the US. Our results suggest a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle. Furthermore, with the aging population, lowering inflation volatility is less costly in terms of higher unemployment volatility. It suggests that optimal monetary policy should be more hawkish in the older society.
This document discusses how labor market inequality may push disadvantaged groups like women into entrepreneurship out of necessity. It presents a theoretical framework showing how greater gender employment gaps could increase the prevalence of female self-employment. The authors test this using data on gender wage and employment gaps matched with survey data on entrepreneurship. Their results show a robust positive effect of gender employment gaps on necessity-driven female entrepreneurship but little effect of wage gaps. This provides empirical support that labor market discrimination can push disadvantaged groups into self-employment when other employment options are limited.
Evidence concerning inequality in ability to realize aspirations is prevalent: overall, in specialized segments of the labor market, in self-employment and high-aspirations environments. Empirical literature and public debate are full of case studies and comprehensive empirical studies documenting the paramount gap between successful individuals (typically ethnic majority men) and those who are less likely to “make it” (typically ethnic minority and women). So far the drivers of these disparities and their consequences have been studied much less intensively, due to methodological constraints and shortage of appropriate data. This project proposes significant innovations to overcome both types of barriers and push the frontier of the research agenda on equality in reaching aspirations.
Overall, project is interdisciplinary, combining four fields: management, economics, quantitative methods and psychology. An important feature of this project is that it offers a diversified methodological perspective, combining applied microeconometrics, as well as experimental methods.
- The document discusses the optimal assignment of property rights when a social planner cannot commit to future trading mechanisms. This lack of commitment results in ex-post inefficiency and inefficient investment decisions due to hold-up problems.
- The social planner chooses property rights to alleviate these frictions. The paper proposes a framework to characterize the optimal property right using a mechanism design approach. The main result is that the optimal property right is simple but flexible, often featuring an option to own the property.
The document presents a framework for studying the optimal design of contractual property rights using mechanism design. It discusses how property rights determine agents' outside options in economic interactions and impact ex-post efficiency and investment incentives when the social planner cannot commit to future mechanisms. The authors analyze how to design property rights to alleviate these frictions in a setting with one-sided private information and bargaining power. A key result is that the optimal property right is often simple but flexible, featuring an option to own the resource.
The document presents a framework for studying the optimal design of contractual property rights. It discusses how property rights determine agents' outside options in economic interactions and impact ex-post efficiency and investment incentives when a social planner cannot commit to future mechanisms. The authors' contribution is characterizing the optimal property right from a non-parametric class in a setting with one-sided private information and bargaining power, finding that flexible rights featuring an option to own are often optimal.
Prawo autorskie w czasach zmiany - dla Centrum Cyfrowego Projekt Polska
1. Group for Research in Applied Economics
Prawo autorskie w czasach zmiany
Komentarz do raportu CCPP
dr hab. Joanna Tyrowicz
2. O czym?
1. Korzyści z raportu
2. W pokoju marzyciela
3. „Ja bym to zrobił inaczej…”
16/12/2013
Prawo autorskie w czasach zmiany | Joanna Tyrowicz
2
3. Korzyści z raportu
Stawiajmy „cyferki”
losowa próba ogólnopolskiej z zachowaniem reprezentatywności (!)
różnice w opiniach pomiędzy internautami i nie-internautami
sprowadzają się do stanowczości opinii
Prawo autorskie łamane pomimo wiedzy o nielegalności
zbieżność interesów artystów i użytkowników: deklaratywna?
większość w opinii większości łamie zasady – co to znaczy?
przyzwolenie na pozorną karę – co to znaczy?
co to znaczy „willingness to pay”?
16/12/2013
Prawo autorskie w czasach zmiany | Joanna Tyrowicz
3
4. W pokoju marzyciela
Co to są prawa własności?
52%: kto nie zwraca uwagi na prawo jest nieuczciwy
Usus/abusus/fructus (33 ways to steal a bicycle)
Konsumenci nie są homogeniczni
Motywacja gdy konsumpcja=zakup konsumpcja=konsumpcja
Różnice wg wieku i exposure
Kultura nie jest homogeniczna
Gry i książki to inna motywacja, target, sposób konsumpcji
Modele biznesowe są różne, do czego innego przyzwyczajając (Spotify)
16/12/2013
Prawo autorskie w czasach zmiany | Joanna Tyrowicz
4
5. „Ja bym to zrobił inaczej…” – my zrobiliśmy
Normatywne a pozytywne myślenie o świecie:
52%: ściąganie muzyki i filmów z Internetu jest nieuczciwe
75% nie jest to kradzież
72% skoro Internet umożliwia swobodne kopiowanie i korzystanie z
treści, to wykorzystywanie tego w celach niezarobkowych nie jest złe i
nie powinno być karane
Czym „piractwo” różni się od kradzieży (WP 109 WNE UW)
historyjki rozpinające 6 wymiarów: strata, fizyczność, dostępność
alternatyw, „kolega”, łamanie zabezpieczeń, dzielenie się
spodziewany wpływ na ocenę działania poza alternatywą => tłumaczenie
pozorne
najsilniej oddziałuje aspekt „fizyczności” (brudzenie sobie rąk), nie troska
o tracącego
normy społeczne luźniejsze niż indywidualne
16/12/2013
Prawo autorskie w czasach zmiany | Joanna Tyrowicz
5