1. ~ 1 ~
g]kfnsf] abln“bf] ;Gbe{df
e"ld / e"ld;DaGwL d'2fx?
g]kfn cWoog s]GGb|
sf7df8f}“, g]kfn
;Dkfbg
uf}td /fO{

2. ~ 2 ~
© ;jf{lwsf/ M g]kfn cWoog s]Gb|
k|yd ;+:s/0f M l8;]Da/ @)!$
n]cfp6 M w|'j a:g]t
g]kfn cWoog s]Gb|
k'tnL;8s, sf7df8f}“
kmf]gM (&&–)!–$@#@!*)
e-mail: cns.nepal@gmail.com
Land and Land Based Issues in
the Changing Context of Nepal
(The Publication of this books funded and supported by
Rosa Luxemburg Foundation)

3. ~ 3 ~
e"ldsf
g]kfn cWoog s]Gb| g]kfndf dfS;{jfb / g]kfnL sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngaf/]
cg'lqmof ug]{ ;+:yf xf] . o; s]Gb|n] ljleGg ;dodf dfS;{jfbL b[li6sf]0faf6
ax; tyf cGt/lqmofsf] ;fy} dfS;{jfbL :s'nÚ ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf]
5 . ;g @)!$ sf] >[+vnfdf o; s]Gb|n] /f]hf nShDau{ kmfpG8];gÚsf]
;xof]udf d'Vo tLgj6f ljifodf ljrf/ uf]i7L / tLgj6} dfS;{jfbL :s"nÚ
cfof]hgf u¥of] . tL ljrf/ uf]i7Lx? d"ntM abln“bf] g]kfnL ;dfhsf]
ljleGg cfofd;Fu ;DalGwt lyP . tL laifo / d'2fsf] ;fGble{stfsf]
sf/0f s]Gb|åf/f cfof]lht tL ljrf/ uf]i7Lx?df g]kfnsf ljleGg kf6L{sf
g]tf, sfo{stf{, a'l4hLjL tyf ljåQ dxfg'efjx?sf] ?lrk"j{s ;lqmo
;xeflutf /Xof] . tLgj6} sfo{qmddf k|:t't sfo{kq, l6Kk0fL, ljrf/
tyf ;'emfjx?nfO{ ljleGg :yfgdf k|rf/ tyf k|a4{g / ljt/0f ubf{
cGtlqm{ofdf ;xefuL gx'g] cfd hg;d'bfonfO{ klg tL 5nkmn pkof]uL
x'g] 7flgPsf] 5 .
g]kfndf )^@÷^# sf] hgqmflGt kZrft g]kfnsf b'O{ 7"nf sDo'lgi6
kf6L{x? g]skf Pdfn] -gjf}“ dxflwj]zg_ / Pg]skf dfcf]jfbL -x]6f}“8f
dxflwj]zg_n] g]kfn cfwf/e"t ?kdf k"FhLjfbL ;dfh ePsf] lgisif{df
k'u]sf 5g . cGo sDo'lgi6 kf6L{x? klg o;af/] ;xdt eO;s]sf 5g .
To;}n], ;dfhsf] k"FhLjfbL ?kfGt/0f;Fu} kl/jlt{t d'2fx?, Ph]08f /
;"rsx?nfO{ dfS;{jfbL b[li6sf]0faf6 ax; u/L cfhsf] jfd cfGbf]ngn]
;xL sfo{ef/ to ug{ ;sf]; eGg] x]t'n] g]kfn cWoog s]Gb|n] o:tf
sfoqmdx? ub}{ cfPsf] xf] .
of] k':ts, s]Gb|n] cfof]hgf u/]sf] g]kfndf e"ld / e"ld ;DaGwL d'2fx?Ú laifos
sfo{qmddf k|:t't sfo{kq, pQm sfo{kqdflysf] l6Kk0fL, ;xefuLx?åf/f
k|:t't ljrf/ / lgisif{ dGtJonfO{ lnlka4 tyf ;Dkfbg u/L tof/ kfl/Psf]
xf] . pQm sfo{qmddf vfB ;Dk|e'tf, n}lËs tyf e"ld;'wf/ dfdnfdf
cg';Gwfg/t od'gf 3n]n] sfo{kq k|:t't ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . sfo{qmdsf]
cWoIftf k"j{ k|wfgdGqL emngfy vgfnsf] /x]sf] lyof] eg] s]zj a8fn,

4. ~ 4 ~
wd{bQ b]jsf]6f, 8f= huGgfy clwsf/L, 8f= g]q ltlD;gf, 8f= ;'/]z 9sfn,
8f= s[i0f kf}8]n l6Kk0fLstf{sf] ?kdf /xg' ePsf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf ljleGg
/fhgLlts bn– g]skf -Pdfn]_, Pg]skf -dfcf]jfbL_, g]kfnL sfªu|];,
g]skf–dfcf]jfbL, g]skf -dfn]_, g]skf -;+o'Qm_ nufotsf s]Gb|Lo g]tf tyf
sfo{stf{x?sf ;fy} g]kfnsf] e"ld;Fu ;DalGwt cg';GwfgsdL{, cWo]tf,
ljåQ dxfg'efjx?sf ;fy} clwsf/sdL{x?sf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] .
pQm laifodf af}l4s of]ubfgåf/f sfo{qmdnfO{ ;d[4 agfpg'x'g] ;Dk"0f{
;xefuLx? k|lt g]kfn cWoog s]Gb| xflb{s cfef/ tyf wGojfb 1fkg
ub{5 .
o; k':tsdf k|:t't laifo, l6Kk0fL tyf ljrf/x?nfO{ h:tfsf] To:t}
k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . o;df s]Gb|n] s'g} Ps k|sf/sf] ljrf/sf] dfq
k|ltlglwTj gu/L k|:t't laifodf v'Nnf ax; tyf 5nkmn xf]; / g]kfnsf]
sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngn] ;xL sfo{lbzf tyf sfo{ef/ to ug{ ;sf]; eGg]
ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .
o; s]Gb|n] cfof]hgf u/]sf x/]s sfo{qmdx?df g]skf Pdfn]sf pkdxf;lrj
3gZofd e";fn, Pdfcf]jfbLsf g]tf /fd sfsL{ / g]skf ;+o'Qmsf dxf;lrj
;'lgn dfgGw/sf] k|f]T;fxg / ;xof]u k|lt xfdL cfef/ JoQm ub{5f}“ .
;fy}, sfo{qmdsf] bf}/fg ;Nnfx, ;'emfj tyf cd"No ;xof]usf] nflu
uf]ljGb 1jfnL, of]u]z e§/fO{, 8f= ljho kf}8]n, 6+s sfsL{, 7fs'/ u}/],
d'df/fd vgfn, 8f= ;'/]z 9sfn, 8f= tf/f k|;fb hf]zL, k|f=8f=;'/]Gb|
s]=;L=, /fds'df/L emfFqmL, O{= gGb a~hf8], lg/h cfrfo{, nId0f nD;fn
nufotk|lt s]Gb| cfef/ k|s6 ub{5 .
cfufdL lbgx?df s]Gb|n] cfof]hgf ug]{ sfo{qmdx? dfkm{t g]kfndf
dfS;{jfbsf] ;fGble{stfnfO{ plhNofpg ;xof]u k'Ug] ck]Iff tyf k|lta4tf
JoQm ub}{ oxfFx?sf] cd"No ;Nnfx ;'emfjsf] xflb{s ck]Iff ;lxt Û
sf]dn e§/fO{, of]u]Gb| zfxL, piffls/0f ltD;]gf, uf}td /fO{,
zflns/fd e08f/L tyf cWoog s]Gb|sf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:ox? .

5. ~ 5 ~
!= ljifo k|j]z
o; cfn]vdf e"ld;DaGwL ljleGg d'2fx?, ltgLx?larsf] cGt/;DaGw /
;d;fdlos k|j[lQx? af/]df 5f]6f] rrf{ ul/Psf]5 . o; ;Gbe{df, o;n]
;fGble{s / kl/j]zhGo /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;/f]sf/x?sf] ljZn]if0f
ub{5, h'g ;/f]sf/x? -;d[4, ;dtfd"ns / Gofok"0f{ ;dfh lgdf{0fsf
lglDt_ ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts / cfly{s ¿kfGt/0f ;DaGwL 5nkmnaf6
lgld{t ePsf 5g . ;|f]tsf] ?kdf g]kfn;Fu e"ld;|f]t ;Lldt ePklg,
ljljwtfx?n] k|z:t wgf9o 5 / To;}n] e"lddfcfwfl/t ;|f]t Joj:yfkg ug]{
sfd ;|f]tsf] ef]uflwsf/ / Joj:yfkgsf] ljlzi6tfdf cfwfl/t cfkmg}kgsf]
k|0ffnLdf Pp6f /rgfTds tl/sfaf6 ug{ ;lsg] k|r'/ ;Defjgf ljBdfg
5 . P]ltxfl;s ¿kdf, e"ld;DaGwL ;|f]tx?dflysf] kx'Fr, ltgsf] k|of]u
/ Joj:yfkgn] hgtf, ;d'bfo / /fi6«sf] ;fj{ef}ldstfnfO{ ulx/f]u/L
k|i6ofpFb5 . tyflk, /fhgLlts, cfly{s /÷jf ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fdf
of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] u/L o; cjwf/0ffsf] ;fGbeL{lss/0f / cfw'lgsLs/0fdf
kof{Kt k|oTg ePgg, a? o;nfO{ sd{sf08L ?kdf ;Daf]wg jf hfgLghfgL
kG5fpg] sfd ul/of] . ctM o; cfn]vn] o; d'2fnfO{ ;du| ¿kfGt/0fsf]
g]kfnsf] abln“bf] ;Gbe{df
e"ld / e"ld;DaGwL d'2fx?
– od'gf 3n]*
!
* od'gf 3n]– vfB ;'/Iff tyf ;Dk|e'tf, n}lËs tyf e"ld;'wf/;DaGwL ;jfnx?df
cg';Gwf/t tyf cleofgstf{sf ?kdf ;'kl/lrt x'g'x'G5 .

6. ~ 6 ~
kl/k|]Ifdf ljZn]if0f ug]{ nIo lnPsf] 5 . o; nIosf ;fy, oxfF e"ld–
cfwfl/t ;|f]tx?sf] rnfodfg cjl:yltnfO{ ljZn]if0f ug{ u'0ffTds ljlw
ckgfOPsf] 5 .
@= e"ld / e"ld–cfwfl/t ;|f]tx?sf] ;fGbeL{lss/0f
@=! /fhgLlts kl/jt{gx? / cGt/;DalGwt e"ld;DaGwL d'2fx?
xfn;Dd ePsf /fhgLlts kl/jt{gx? w]/} dfg]df ¿kfGt/0fsf ;fIfL
ag]sf 5g . ;a}eGbf k|d'v, /fhgLlts kf6L{x?n] k|fs[lts ;|f]tx?nfO{
ljz]iftM e"ldnfO{ ;di6Lut ¿kfGt/0f Ph]08fsf ckl/xfo{ tyf dxTjk"0f{
tTj dfg]sf 5g . Oltxf;nfO{ lgofNbf d'Vo /fhgLlts cfGbf]ngx?n]
e"ldnfO{ /fhgLlts ¿kfGt/0f, cfly{s cj;/x?sf] bf]xg / ;fdflhs
Gofo k|fKt ug]{ kxnsf lglDt d'Vo ;|f]tx?dWo] Ps xf] egL :yflkt u/]sf]
b]vfpFb5 . e"ldsf] dxTj a'em]/ g}, /fhgLlts kf6L{x?n] cfgf r'gfjL
3f]if0ffkqx?df Ps jf csf]{ tl/sfn] e"ldnfO{ ;Daf]wg ul/g'kg]{ Pp6f
dxTjk"0f{ d'2fsf ¿kdf /fv]sf 5g . t/ lj8Dagf, of] ;d:of bL3{sflng
¿kdf clxn] klg ljBdfg 5 / of] k|j[lQ s'g} 7f]; kl/jt{g lagf cfhsf
ldlt;Dd Ho'F sf To'F /lx/x]sf] 5 . xfn;Dd /fhgLlts kf6L{x?n]
o;nfO{ hg–s]lGb|t ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] d'2f agfpg ;s]sf 5}gg .
t}klg xfnsf /fhgLlts ax;x?n] k|To]s gful/snfO{ hLljsfsf plrt
ljsNkx?sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;s]sf]] cj:yfdf e"ldsf] :jfldTj hl6n d'2f
alg/xg] 5}g eGg] ;ªs]t ub}{5 .
@=@ zlQmsf] ;|f]tsf ¿kdf e"ld / ;dfj]lztf÷alxis/0f;Fu To;sf] ;DaGw
;|f]tx? / zlQm k|ToIf jf k/f]If ¿kdf cGt/;DalGwt x'G5g . ;|f]tn]
zlQm k|fKt ug{ / To;sf] pkof]u ug{ cfwf/e"t hu k|bfg ub{5 /
To;}sf/0fn] ubf{ zlQmn] ljleGg k|sf/sf ;|f]tx?sf] s]Gb|Ls[t / kl/rfng
ug{ ;lsg] kx'FrnfO{ a9fpFb5 . s[lifdf cfwfl/t ;dfhx?df, e"ld cfwf/
e"t ;|f]tx?dWo] Ps k|d'v zlQmsf] cfwf/ x'g] ub{5 -nf]r/ / cGo,
@)!@_ . lautsf bzsx?df, of] k|j[lQ xfd|f] b]zdf cem 68sf/f] ¿kdf

7. ~ 7 ~
b]lvPsf] 5 . ctM clxn] klg e"ldsf] :jfldTj / e"ld–;DaGwL ;|f]t dflysf]
lgoGq0fn] d'Vo u/L u|fdL0f If]qdf zlQmsf] :t/ tyf k|s[lt lgwf{/0f u5{
-zdf{ / cGo, @)!#_ . e"ld;DaGwL ;|f]tx? dflysf] kx'Fr / lgoGq0fn]
s[lif ;dfhx?df JolQmsf] x}l;otnfO{ ;'b[9 ub{5, dgf]j}1flgs zlQm
k|bfg u5{, h;n] cGttM JolQmsf] k|fs[lts, ef}lts, ljQLo, ;fdflhs jf
/fhg}lts x}l;otdf k|efj kfg{ ;Sb5 jf To:tf] jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0f ug{
klg ;Sb5 . o;sf cltl/Qm, e"ld ;|f]tsf] :jfldTj / cflwkTon] oyfl:ylt
/ zlQm ;DaGw lgwf{/0f ug]{ ub{5, h'g g]kfnsf] clwsf+z If]qx?df clxn]
klg k|e'TjzfnL 5 . kmn:j¿k, o;n] ;dfhdf c;dfg zlQm ;+/rgf /
dflns–;]js pTkfbg ;DaGw (patron—client production relationship)
nfO{ lgdf{0f ug{ / sfod /flv/fVg an k'¥ofPsf] 5 .
cem, c;dfg zlQm ;DaGwn] alxis/0f / l;dflGts/0fsf] cj:yfnfO{
l;h{gf, sfod / k|aw{g ub{5, h;n] ;du| ;fdflhs–/fhgLlts tyf
cfly{s ¿kfGt/0f k|lqmofdf cj/f]w v8f ub{5 . ;+/rgfut ¿kd} /lx/x]sf]
lb3{sflng / hl6n c;dfg zlQm ;DaGwn] sdhf]/, alxis[t / l;dflGts[t
gful/sx? ljz]iftM dlxnf, blnt / cflbjf;L ;d'bfox?sf] efjgfTds
/ :j—klxrfg ug]{ zlQmsf] clt g} cjd"Nog ub{5 .
;dfj]lztf g]kfnsf] xsdf gf}nf] ljifo gePtf klg a[xt zflGt ;Demf}tf
kl5sf] ;Gbe{n] o; d'2fnfO{ cem dxTj lbPsf] 5 . tyfkL, zlbof}“ k'/fgf]
c;dfg / k|fozM e"lddf cfwfl/t zlQm ;DaGwx? JolQmx?df k|0ffnLut
algagfp dfgl;stf 5 . To;sf/0f ljz]iftM lg0f{o–lg?k0fstf{x? /
/fHosf lgsfox?sf nflu of] d'2fk|lt ;sf/fTds ?kdf cfTd;ft ug{
sl7g eO/x]sf] b]lvG5 . P]ltxfl;s¿kd}, e"ldsf] auL{s/0f -cAan, bf]od,
l;d / rfx/, h;dWo] cAan hldgsf] :jfldTj k|fozM zlQmzfnLsf]
x'GYof]_ n] e"ld cfwfl/t alxis/0fsf] cfsf/ lnof] / :jfldTj k|0ffnLn]
lg0ff{os e"ldsf lgjf{x u¥of] . oxL :jfldTj k|0ffnLn] ubf{ cTolws
pTkfbs hldgdflysf] :jfldTj /fhvnsdf /xg] / dflns–;]js pTkfbg
;DaGw (patron—client production relationship) sf sfod /fVg] d"n
sf/0f ag]sf]5 . o; ax;df csf]{ Pp6f alnof] 7DofO{ / a'emfO{ 5, h;
cg';f/ e"ldsf] auL{s/0f / afF8kmfF6 k|0ffnLn] cflbjf;L tyd hghfltx?

8. ~ 8 ~
lj:yflkt / zlQmlxg aGg k'u] . pgLx? :jfldTjsf] xs / gLltut
k|fjwfgx?k|lt cgle1 /x]sfn] klg pgLx?;Fu ;Demf}tf ug{ ;Sg] cfjZos
Ifdtf / ;Lksf] sdLsf] sf/0fn] klg o:tf] cj:yfnfO{ an k'Uof] .
o;/L g} >ddf cfwfl/t juL{s/0f / >f]tsf] Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL leq} klg
dlxnfx?nfO{ ldYos >lds jf ;]jfk|bfos dfq 7flgof] . zf;sju{ tyf
zlQm;DkGg JolQmx?df dlxnfx?nfO{ kb, zlQm / /fhgLlt afF8kmfF6
ug'{sf ;fy;fy} pgLx?nfO{ :yfg / cfjfh nfu" x'g];DaGwL clwsf/
dfk{mt, 1fg / ;Lk ;d]t x:tfGt/0f ug{ ;w}“ clgR5's /xg] k|j[lQ b]lvG5
-3n], @)!!_ . zlbof}“b]lv dlxnfx? pTkfbg –>lds / pTkfbgsf
;|f]tx?sf] ;+/Ifssf ¿kdf /x] t/ s'g} klg sfg'gL clwsf/x? pkef]u
ug{af6 eg] al~rt /flvP . kl/0ffdtM dlxnfx? yk hf]lvdof]Uo tyf
tNnf] bhf{df /xg afWo ag] / cfgf clwsf/x? bfaL tyf pkef]u ug{
c;dy{ /x] -pk|]tL @))^, a]g]6 @)!)_ .
clxn] klg, dlxnfsf gfddf 3/w'/Lsf] !(=&! k|ltzt dfq hdLg jf 3/ jf
b'j}df :jfldTj 5 . zx/L If]qdf dlxnfsf] gfddf 3/w'/Lsf] @^=^^ k|ltzt
dfq crn :fDklQdf :jfldTj 5 eg] u|fdL0f If]qdf of] !*=)@ k|ltzt dfq
5 . hgu0fgfsf] ljlwaf6 3/d"nL dlxnf xf] egL ul/Psf] klxrfg ul/g]
tl/sfn] /0fgLlts ;zlQms/0f ;DklQsf] ?kdf hdLgdflysf] dlxnfsf]
clwsf/ 5 eGg ;lsb}g -NLSS, @)!!_1.
;g !(() sf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{gkl5, dlxnfx?nfO{ pTkfbgsf
;|f]t;fwgx?sf] :jfldTj / ;DklQaf6 al~rt ul/Psf] d'2f hf]8tf]8n]
p7fOof] / ;z:q åGåsfndf ljb|f]xLx?n] o; d'2fnfO{ cfgf] kIfdf
hgdt cfsif{0f ug{ Ps cf}hf/sf ¿kdf k|of]u u/] . e"lddf cfwfl/t lje]b
/ alxis/0fnfO{ ;z:q åGåsf ;+/rgfut sf/0fx? dWo] Ps / ¿kfGt/0f
k|lqmofsf] cj/f]w / cj;/sf] ;fwg 7flgof] -pk|]tL, @))(_ . ctM lj:t[t
zflGTf ;Demf}tfn] e"ld d'2fsf] ;Djf]wg ug{ ljz]if k|fjwfgx?sf] Joj:yf
1 3/d'nL eGgfn] b}glGbg ultljlw / vr{sf] Joj:yf / lg0f{o ug]{ JolQm egL
kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 . o;n] 3/d"nL slDtdf klg 5 dlxgf;Dd lgoldt ¿kdf
3/df pkl:yt /x]sf] x'g'kb{5 eg]sf] 5 .

9. ~ 9 ~
u/]sf] lyof] . h;cg';f/, o; ;Demf}tfsf] v08 # wf/f & n] æ;fdGtL
e":jfldTjsf] cGTo ub}{ j}1flgs e"ld;'wf/ sfo{qmd nfu" ug]{ gLlt cjnDjg
ug]{ Æ eg]sf] 5 . To:t} wf/f #=!@ n] æb]zsf] cfly{s –;fdflhs ?kfGt/0f
Pj+ Gofosf ;fy} b]znfO{ l56f] ;d'Ggt / cfly{s ?kn] ;d[4zfnL agfpg
Ps ;femf ljsf; cjwf/0ff lgdf{0f ug]{Æ eGb5 . v08 & sf] wf/f %=@
n] æb'j} kIf ;a} hgtfsf] vfB ;'/Iff;DaGwL xssf] ;Ddfg Pj+ k|Tofe"lt
ug{ k|lta4 5g . vfBj:t', vfB pTkfbg, vfBfGgsf] k|of]u, cf];f/k;f/
tyf ljt/0f sfo{df s'g} x:tIf]k gul/g] ;'lglZrttf ub{5gÆ -a[xt zflGt
;Demf}tf @))^_ . o; kl/k|]Iodf, e"ld ;DaGwL e]befj / alx:s/0fsf]
;Daf]wg ug{ / g]kfnsf] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ?kfGt/0f ;xh t'Nofpg
lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tfsf oL k|fjwfgx? dxTjk"0f{ 5g . b]zsf] ;|f]t h:t}M
hl8a'6L, vlgh, hnzlQm, jgk}bfj/, cf/If0f If]q, afn'jf tyf 9'Ëf cflb
h:tf ;DefJotf k|r'/ ePsf] cj:yfdf, /0fgLlts b'/b[li6 / lj:t[t zflGt
;Demf}tf ;DalGwt k|fjwfgx? tyf cGo gLlt lg0f{ox?sf] OdfGbf/Lk"j{s
sfof{Gjogn] e"ld:fDaGwL alx:s/0fsf] ;jfnnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ / xfnsf]
g]kfnsf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s / /fhg}lts ¿kfGt/0fnfO{ ;xh t'Nofpg
oy]i6 of]ubfg k'¥ofpg]5g .
@=# e"ld ;|f]taf/] ljljw / lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ a'emfO{sf] cj:yf / ;+lIfKt ljj]rgf
/fhgLlts zlQmx?n] e"ld ;|f]t Joj:yfkgaf/] cfgf] k|lta4tf /
k|fyldlss/0f cltzof]lQmk"0f{¿kn] ;g !(() sf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g kZrft
lg/Gt/ e§ofO/x]tf klg, e"ld ;|f]t Joj:yfkg / pkof]u, -h:t} ljt/0fd"vL
e"ld;'wf/, e"ldsf] :jfldTj ;DaGwdf /fHo / JolQmaLr xf]8afhL cflb_ n]
;DaGwdf ljBdfg ljljw / lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ a'emfOsf sf/0fn] g]kfnsf] e"ld
;|f]tsf] pkof]lutfnfO{ clwstd ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ jfwf k'¥ofO/x]sf] 5 . e"ld
/ e"lddf cfwfl/t ;|f]tx? af/]df k[ys / cem ljjfbf:kb a'emfO{ tyf
ljj]rgfn] ljrf/ lgdf{0f, c8fg / ;lqmo sfjf{xLx?df w|'ljs/0f l;h{gf t
u5{ g}, yk o;n] k|hftflGqs k|lqmofnfO{ ;d]t sdhf]/ agfpF5, ;femf
;xdtLsf] :yfgnfO{ l;ldt ub{5 / kl/0ffdtM g]kfnsf] s[lif ¿kfGt/0fsf
nflu ul/g] ?kfGt/0fd"ns e"ld;'wf/sf] k|lqmofdf cj/f]w v8f u5{ -pk|]tL,
/ cGo @))*_ . o;/L /fhgLlts kf6L{x?, ljwfosx? / sd{rf/LtGq

10. ~ 10 ~
-oyfy{df k'/} d'n'sdf_ aLr Go"gtd ;femf ;dembf/Lsf] cefjn] k|fozM
e"ld dflysf] kx'Fr / :jfldTjaf6 ljlwjt alxis/0fdf k/]sf l;dflGts[t
;d"xx?nfO{ xtf;f / lg/f;f tkm{ 8f]¥ofpFb5 .
#= e"ld / e"ld;Fu ;DalGwt k|d'v d'2fx? / ltgsf] ;Daf]wgsf]
cj:yf
g]kfndf e"ld ;|f]t Joj:yfkg bzsf}“;Dd ;dfwfg x'g g;s]sf] d'2fsf
¿kdf /x]sf] ePtf klg -pk|]tL / cGo @))*Ù 3n], @)!!_, xfn}sf jif{x?df
7"nf /fhgLlts kl/jt{gx?n] ubf{ cj;/x?sf] ;Defjgf / To; ;DaGwL
sfdsf] bfo/fx? km/flsnf ePsf 5g . olb / ha o:tf cj;/x?nfO{
pko'Qm 9Ëaf6 xTofOg]5, ta ;lbof}“ b]lvsf yfFlt /x]sf e"ld;DaGwL
d'2fx?sf] ;Daf]wg x'g ;Sg]5 . xfn k|fKt ePsf s]xL dxTjk"0f{ cj;/
x?af/] rrf{ tn ul/g] 5 .
#=! e"ld / e"ld cfwfl/t ;|f]t;DaGwL d'2fx?af/] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg / ;+ljwfg
;efn] p7fg u/]sf s]xL k|d'v k|fjwfgx?
cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf e"ldnfO{ zflGt :yfkgf, ;fdflhs – cfly{s ;Da[l4 /
;dfj]zLtfsf] cËsf] ¿kdf kof{Kt dxTj lbOPsf] 5 . vfB ;fj{ef}ldstfsf]
bfo/fn] e"ldnfO{ pTkfbgsf] ;fwg dfq geO{ hgtfsf] ;fj{ef}d zlQmsf
¿kdf cGt/lglxt /x]sf] Ps k|d'v >f]t dfg]sf] 5 . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf
lglxt e"ld;DaGwL s]xL k|d'v k|fjwfgx? o; k|sf/sf 5g2 M
wf/f #= /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0f / åGå Joj:yfkgM #=&
æ;fdGtL e"—:jfldTj cGTo ub}{ j}1flgs e"ld;'wf/ sfo{qmd nfu"
ug]{ gLlt cËLsf/ ug]{Æ .
wf/f !(, ;Dkltdflysf] clwsf/M !(=#, j}1flgs e"ld;'wf/ sfo{qmd nfu"
ubf{ jf ;fj{hlgs lxtsf] nflu /fHon] s'g} JolQmsf] ;DklQ
2 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @))&

11. ~ 11 ~
clwu|x0f jf k|fKt ubf{ jf To:tf] ;DklQ pk/ s'g} clwsf/sf]
l;h{gf ubf{ sfg"g adf]lhd Ifltk"lt{ lbOg]5 . Ifltk"lt{ / ;f]sf]
cfwf/ / sfo{ k|0ffnL sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f ul/P adf]lhd x'g]5 .
wf/f ##, /fHosf] bfloTjM ## -r_ ;fdGtL e"–:jfldTjsf] cGTo ub}{
j}1flgs e"dL;'wf/ sfo{s|d nfu" ug]{ gLlt cjnDag ug]{, ##
-em_ ;'s'Daf;L, sd}of, xlnof, x?jf, r¿jf nufotsf cfly{s
;fdflhs ¿kn] k5fl8 kfl/Psf ju{nfO{ hUuf nufot cfly{s
;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf ug]{ gLlt lng],
wf/f #%, /fHosf gLltx?M #% -!$_ /fHon] dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L
hghflt, dw]zL, d'l:nd nufot cNk;+Vos, e"ldxLg, ;'s'Daf;L,
sd}of, ckfË, lk5l8Psf If]q tyf ;d'bfo / åGå kLl8tsf nflu
;sf/fTds lje]bsf cfwf/df ljz]if Joj:yf ug]{ gLlt cjnDag
ug]{5 .
Gtl/d ;+ljwfgsf oL k|fjwfgx? g} /fHonfO{ e"lddf cfwfl/t lje]b,
alxis/0f / l;dflGts/0fsf] d'4fnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ / ;fdflhs tyf
cfly{s ¿kfGt/0f ;fsf/ kfb}{ /fhgLlts :yfloTj k|fKt ug]{ sfo{9fFrf
k|bfg ug{ ;xof]uLl;4 x'g ;Sb5g . j}1flgs e"ld;'wf/sf] k|fjwfgn]
Jofks /fhgLlts, cfly{s / ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fsf] b"/b[li6 /fVg'sf
;fy} To;nfO{ åGå Joj:yfkgsf] dxTjk"0f{ pkfo 7fg]sf] 5 . o;}
u/L ;DklQsf] clwsf/Ú klg e"ld;DaGwL d'2fx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ Ps
dxTjk"0f{ k|fjwfg xf] . oBkL xbaGbL dflysf] hdLgsf] Ifltk"lt{sf] d'2fsf
;Gbe{df /fhgLlts txdf ljjfb /x]sf] ePtf klg cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] To;
;DaGwdf ;+j}wflgs txd} cfwf/ tof/ kf/]sf] 5 . d"ntM cNk;ªVos,
e"ldxLg, ;'s'Daf;L, aFw'jf dhb'/ -sd}of_, lk58f ;d'bfo / If]q /
dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L, hghflt, dw];L / d'l:nd ;lxtsf åGå
lk8Ltx?sf r'gf}ltx? ;dfwfg ug]{ sfo{ Ps jf csf]{ k|sf/n] e"ld;DaGwL
d'2fx?;Fu ;DalGwt 5g . t;y{ cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] j}1flgs e"ld;'wf/åf/f
jt{dfg e"—:jfldTjsf] cGTo ug]{ / e"ldxLg, aFw'jf dhb'/ -sd}of_,
;'s'Daf;L, xlnof, x?jf–r?jf h:tf cfly{s ¿kdf k5f8L kfl/Psf

12. ~ 12 ~
ju{sf JolQmx?nfO{ hdLg pknAw u/fP/ ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ;'/Iff
;'lglZrt ug]{ nIo klg /fv]sf] 5 . ctM /fhgLts lg0f{ostf{x? /
;+ljwfg;efnfO{ oL / o:tf d'2fx? tyf cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf /flvPsf
k|fjwfgx?sf] cfnf]rgfTds k/LIf0f clg ;ldIff ub}{ ;d[4 ug]{ of] Pp6f
cj;/ xf] .
o:t} k|sf/n] gofF ;+ljwfg n]Vgsf nflu g]kfnL hgtfn] lgjf{rg dfkm{t
:yfkgf u/]sf] ;fj{ef}d ;+ljwfg;efsf] nflu klg e"ld;DaGwL ;+/rgfut
d'2fx?nfO{ bL3{sflng ¿kdf ;Djf]wg ug]{ 7'nf] cj;/ xf] . o; ;Gbe{df
cl3Nnf] ;+ljwfg;ef cGtu{tsf] k|fs[lts ;|f]t, cfly{s clwsf/ / /fh:j
afF8kmfF6 ;ldltn] u/]sf sfo{x?n] e"ld ;DaGwL w]/} d'2fx? ;Daf]wg ug]{
ljlwjt cfwf/ tof/ kf/]sf] 5 . pQm ;ldltn] ;|f]tx?sf] ;+DefJotf, ;+3Lo,
k|fGtLo / :yfgLo lgsfox? dfem zlQmsf] afF8kmfF6, ef]urngdflysf]
:jfldTj;DaGwL d'2fx?, cfly{s ;Defjgf / åGå Go"lgs/0f ug]{ pkfox?af/]
plrt ;dembf/L lgdf{0f ug{ Jofks If]qsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;Fu -s]lGb|o
tx b]lv :yfgLo If]q;Dd_ k/fdz{ u/]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfg ;efsf] of]
;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgn] lgDg cGt/f{li6«o l;4fGtx? klg cjnDag
u/]sf] 5 M
à lbuf] ljsf;sf] l;4fGt
à ;'/IffTds l;4fGt
à ;fj{hlgs sf]if;DaGwL l;4fGt
à k|b'if0fstf{n] w]/} hl/jfgf ltg'{kg]{ l;4fGt
à k|fs[lts ;|f]tdfly :yfoL ;fj{ef}ldstfsf] l;4fGt
à nfesf] ;dtfd"ns afF8kmfF6sf] l;4fGt
à Ifltk"lt{;lxt /fHo jf /fHosf lgsfon] gLlh ;DklQ lng] l;4fGt
(Principle of Eminent Domain)
oBkL o; k|ltj]bgdf s]xL km/s dtx? klg /x]sf 5g . tL o; k|sf/
5g M

13. ~ 13 ~
à /fHon] clwu|x0f u/]sf] hldgdfly lbOg] Ifltk"lt{sf] k|fjwfgnfO{
cfwf/e"t dfgjclwsf/ lj¿4 dflgPsf] 5,
à ;xeflutf / lg0f{o lg?k0f — k|ltj]bgn] ;ldltsf ;a} ;b:ox?sf]
ljrf/x?nfO{ :yfg lbg ;s]sf] 5}g,
à vfB ;fj{ef}ldstfsf] a'emfO{ / kl/efiffdf Ps¿ktf 5}g,
à cflbjf;L hgtfnfO{ cu|flwsf/ lsg lbg] eGg] k|Zg oyfjt ¿kdf 5,
cflb .
;+ljwfg;efsf] pQm ;ldltn] dfly 5nkmn ul/Psf pNn]lvt l;4fGtx?
/ km/s dtx?n] oL d'2fx? ;Daf]wgsf] dxTj / hl6ntfsf] ;fy} ;fy{stf
/ :jfldTj, ;femf ;dembf/L :yfkgf / logsf] sfo{Gjog k|ltsf] rf;f]
/ r'gf}tLnfO{ bzf{pFb5 . t;y{ e"ld;DaGwL ;jfndf cfwfl/t ax; /
sfo{of]hgfx?nfO{ cl3 a9fpg, To;nfO{ kl/:s[t ug{, ;xdtLdf k'Ug /
;dfwfg ug{ jt{dfg ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ k"j{ ;+ljwfg;efsf] k|fs[lts ;|f]t,
cfly{s clwsf/ / /fh:j afF8kmfF6 ;ldltn] tof/ kf/]sf] dxTjk"0f{
b:tfj]h Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ ;|f]tsf] ¿kdf pknAw 5 .
#=@ d"n sfo{;"lrsf] ¿kdf e"ld;'wf/ / e"ld ;DaGwL d'Vo b[li6sf]0f
;g !(() sf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g kl5 e"ld;'wf/ ;DaGwL d'2fx?
a9L hf]8tf]8n] p7fOof] . g]kfn ;/sf/n] e"ld ;DaGwL yfFtL /x]sf
;a} d'2fx? ;Daf]wg ug{ ljleGg …pRr:t/Lo e"ld;'wf/ cfof]uÚ u7g
ul/;s]sf]5 . o; qmddf g]kfn ;/sf/n] ljleGg ;/sf/sf sfndf
;j{k|yd lj=; @)%! ;fndf s]za a8fnsf] cWoIftfdf -k|rngdf a8fn
cfof]u_, bf];|f], lj=; @)^& xl/af]n uh'/]nsf] cWoIftfdf -k|rngdf uh'/]n
cfof]u_ / t];|f], lj=; @)^* ;fndf 3g]Gb| a:g]tsf] cWoIftfdf -k|rngdf
a:g]t cfof]u_ u7g ul/Psf lyP . ;g !(() kl5 ul7t tL tLgj6f
pRr:t/Lo e"ld;'wf/ cfof]ux?n] lglb{i6 u/]sf / d'Vo hf]8 lbPsf
s]xL a"Fbfx? oxfF pNn]v ug'{ ;fGble{s x'G5, h'g lrq g=! df k|:t't
ul/Psf] 5 .

14. ~ 14 ~
àà k|hftGq k'gM:yfkgfkl5sf] klxnf] e"ld;DaGwL pRr:t/Lo cfof]u
àà g]kfnsf] e"ld Joj:yf / To;sf] Joj:yfkgaf/] clen]lvs/0f
àà e"ld k|zf;g tyf ;+rfng k|lqmofsf] af/]df ;'Jojl:yt b:tfj]h .
àà sd}of, e"ldxLg, e"ld>f]tdf cfwfl/t u/La cflb h:tf hg–s]lGb|t k|fyldsLs/0f
ul/Psf]
àà e"lda}°sf] cjwf/0ff k|:tfj ul/Psf]
àà e"ld pkof]usf] gLltut k|fjwfgaf/] kl/sNkgf ul/Psf]
àà c;dtfd"ns pTkfbg ;DaGwx? cGTo ug]{af/] jsfnt ul/Psf]
àà sfof{Gjog 9fFrfaf/] kl/sNkgf ul/Psf] .
a8fncfof]u
àà ;du| lasf;sf afwssf] ?kdf ;fdGtL -c;dfg_ pTkfbg ;DaGwx?
pTkfbg ;DaGwx? ePsf] cfwf/e"t ;dembf/L .
àà æhldg s:sf] < hf]Tg]sf]Æ l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t j}1flgs e"ld ;'wf/nfO{
k|fyldstf lbPsf]
àà vf; k|of]usf] cfwf/df e"–pkof]u of]hgf k||:t't ul/Psf]
àà pTkfbglzntf, u'0f:t/ a[l4 (enhancement), jftfj/0fLo ;''/Iff, Jojl:yt
a;f]af; / cf}Bf]lusLs/0f -e"lddf cfwfl/t ;|f]t Jo:yfkg;lxt_ df
cfwfl/t e"ld juL{s/0f k|:tfj ul/Psf]
àà ;dtfd"ns Joj:yfsf] ;'lglZrt ug{ cu|flwsf/sf] k|fjwfg k|:tfj ul/Psf]
àà l;dfGtLs[t ;d'bfo -h:t} /fp6]_ sf] kx'Fr, zlQm / ;fdYo{sf] af/]df
laifout p7fg u/]sf]
àà >d pTkfbsTjsf] ;'wf/ / pTkfbg If]qsf] auL{s/0fsf nflu e"ldsf] PsqLs/0f
uh'/]ncfof]u
àà ;fdGtL ef]urng, :jfldTjsf] k|sf/ / c;dfgtfd"ns e"ld Joj:yfkgsf
sf/0f ax';+Vos hgtfx? u/La x'g'sf] k|d'v sf/0f
àà cfGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] cfTd;ft u/]cg'¿k el"dsf] ;+j}wflgs dxTj—pbfx/0fsf
nflu j}1flgs e"ld;'wf/nfO{ dfGotf lbPsf]
àà e"ldsf] k|d'v :jfldTj /fHodf lglxt /xg' kg]{ dfGotfnfO{ cl3 ;fl/Psf]
àà @))& ;fn b]lv s} e"ld;'wf/sf k|of;x? pbfx/0fsf] nflu e"ld ;'wf/nfO{
lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tfsf] cleGg cËsf] ¿kdf cËLsf/ ul/Psf]
àà cfO{Pncf] !^( sf cfwf/df e"lddfly :yfgLo ;d'bfo / hghfltsf]
:jfldTjnfO{ dfGotf lbPsf]
àà ljZjJofkLs/0fsf ;Defljt k|efjx? dfly ljrf/ k'¥ofOPsf] .
a:g]tcof]u
;|f]t M a8fn cfof]u -lj=; @)%!_, uh'/]n cfof]u -@)^&_ / a:g]t cfof]u -@)^*_
lrq !M pRr:t/Lo el"d;'wf/ cfof]usf s]xL k|d'v hf]8x?

15. ~ 15 ~
#=# e"ld M s[lifsf nflu k|d'v >f]t / o; If]qk|ltsf] b[li6sf]0f
k|ydtM g]kfndf e"ld / e"ld ;DalGwt d'Vo If]qx?dWo] s[lif ;a}eGbf
dxTjk"0f{ If]q xf] lsgsL &^ k|ltzt hg;ªVof cem} s[lifdf cfl>t 5g .
s[lif g} pTkfbg ;DaGwsf] 9fFrfnfO{ lgwf{/0f ug]{ Pp6f d'Vo If]q xf] .
o; ;Gbe{df, bL3{sflng s[lif of]hgf (Agriculture perspective plan–
APP) g]kfndf s[lifsf] ¿kfGt/0fsf] Pp6f k|d'v vfsfsf] ?kdf /x]sf]
5 . bL3{sflng s[lif of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] cg'ejaf6 xfn} cfP/ g]kfn
;/sf/n]] vfB ;'/Iff clea[l4 / ul/aL Go'lgs/0fsf] p2]Zo /fvL s[lif
ljsf; /0fgLlt -MoAD, @)!$_ tof/ u/]sf] 5 . To:t} k|sf/n] xfn;fn}
tof/Lsf] r/0fdf /x]sf] ag /0fgLlt / pknAw /x]sf] l;FrfO, e"—pkof]u
gLlt / cfjlws lqaifL{o of]hgfx? s[lif / e"ld tyf e"lddfcfwfl/t d'2fx?
;Daf]wg ug]{ s]xL k|d'v lgb]{zs tyf gLltut sfo{9fFrfx? 5g . o;sf
cltl/Qm, ljleGg ;+j}wflgs cËx?sf y'k|} ljwfgx?, /fli6«o of]hgf
cfof]u, ;+alGwt dGqfnox? / ljefux?, ljz]ifu/L lglZrt lhDd]jf/Lsf
;fy ul7t cfof]ux?n] s[lif / e"ld ;DaGwL d'2fx? x]l//x]sf 5g .
hdLgsf] k|To]s 6'qmf ljleGg p4]Zosf nflu dxTjk"0f{ /xG5g . cem a9L
dxTjk"0f{ d'2f eg]sf] e"—pkof]u gLltsf]] Joj:yf / s[lifsf nflu v]]tLof]Uo
hldgsf] ;+/If0f xf] . ctM s[lifsf] ¿kfGt/0f / e"ld tyf e"lddf cfwfl/t
ljjflbt d'2fx?sf] ;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu /fHosf ;+/rgfx? / ;DalGwt
;a} stf{x?sf] (Actor) ;+of]lht k|oTgsf] k|z:t ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 .
#=$ cGt//fli6«o cfofdx?
e"ld / e"lddf cfwfl/t ;|f]tx?sf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ ;DaGwdf w]/} cGt//fli6«o
;lGw—;Demf}tfx? pknAw 5g . tL ;lGw—;Demf}tfx?leq hnjfo'
kl/jt{g, cl:y/ Jofkfl/s ;DaGwx? / ;fdflhs ljrngn] lgDTofPsf
r'gf}ltx?sf ;Gbe{df kl/jfl/s vfB;'/Iff, ef]sd/L tyf ul/aL Go'lgs/0f,
lbuf] ljsf; tyf jftfj/0f ;+/If0f, lhDd]jf/k"0f{ nufgL / ;'wfl/Psf]
hLjg:t/ ;'lglZrt ug]{ k|fjwfgx? ;dfj]z 5g . To;sf/0f, olb /fHo
tyf ;/sf/n] cfgf /fli6«o k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] cfsng, Joj:yfkg /
ljsf; of]hgfx?, gLltx? / /0fgLltx?df tL ;lGw — ;Demf}tfx?sf]
dd{ / k|fjwfgx?nfO{ k|efjsf/L¿kdf d"n k|jfxdf Nofpg ;s]sf] v08df,

16. ~ 16 ~
ck]lIft k|ltkmn k|fKt ug{ ;lsg]5 . o:tf w]/} jfWosf/L / :j]lR5s
cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw — ;Demf}tfx?df g]kfn kIfw/ /fi6« ePsf] x'gfn] ltgdf
lglxt ;fGble{s k|fjwfgx?sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ lhDd]jf/L /fHo / ;/sf/sf]
xf] . s]xL k|d'v ;lGw—;Demf}tfx? / k|fjwfgx?sf] ;f/;+If]k tn k|:t't
ul/Psf] 5 .
#=$=! cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ 3f]if0ffkq— !($*
;f+:s[lts, cfly{s, jftfj/0fLo / ;fdflhs ;Gt'ng ;+/If0f / k|aw{g
ug]{ sfo{df e"ld / cGo e"lddf cfwfl/t ;|f]tx?sf] e"ldsf cxd x'G5 .
o; ;Gbe{df, cGt/f{li6«o dfgj clwsf/ 3f]if0ff !($*, ;+o'Qm /fi6«sf]
a8fkqdf pNn]v ePcg';f/sf clwsf/x?nfO{ k|:6ofpgsf nflu cToGt
dxTjk"0f{ 5 . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] ;b:osf] gftfn] o;nfO{ cfgf /fli6«o
k|fjwfgx?df :jLsf/ ug'{ g]kfnsf] bfloTj xf] . vfg kfpg] clwsf/,
hLpg kfpg] clwsf/ g} ePsf] x'gfn], cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ 3f]if0ffkqn]
dfgjclwsf/sf cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx?sf cfwf/df oL k|fjwfgx?sf] ;Ddfg
ug]{ cfwf/e"t hu k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . tnsf] aS;df To;sf s]xL dxTjk"0f{
ljz]iftfx? k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
aS; !M vfBfGg ;DaGwL dfgjclwsf/ b[li6sf]0fsf s]xL k|d'v ljz]iftfx?
à vfg kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ dfgj clwsf/sf] dfGotf k|fKt
à k|To]s dflg;nfO{ o; k|sf/sf] clwsf/ k|fKt JolQm dfGg]
à vfg kfpg] clwsf/ /fHosf] bfloTj xf] eg] k|ultzLn dfGotf
à lje]b /lxt (non-discrimination) ;dtf, kf/blz{tf, ;xeflutfsf]
dfGotf
à hjfkmb]lxtf / sfg'gsf] zf;gsf l;4fGtx? cjnDag
à clwsf/ pNnª3gsf] bfjL ePsf] cj:yfdf ph'/L / To;sf] ;Daf]wg
ug]{ ;+oGqsf] Joj:yf .
#=$=@ vfB / s[lif ;ªu7g M e"ld / cGo k|fs[lts ;|f]tx?sf ;DaGwdf
ag]sf] :j]lR5s dfu{lgb]{lzsf

17. ~ 17 ~
vfB / s[lif ;ªu7gnfO{ To;sf] !(^% ljwfgcg''';f/ vfB / s[lifsf]
If]qdf ;+nUg x'g] sfof{b]z 5 . To;sf] k|:tfjgfdf g} kf]if0f / hLjg:t/
;'wf/ tyf / ef]sd/Laf6 dfgjhfltsf] d'lQm ;'lglZrt ug{ ;fd'lxs
sfo{sf] dxTjnfO{ clËsf/ ul/Psf]5 . ;g !((^ sf] ljZj vfB lzv/
;Dd]ngn] k|To]s dflg;sf] ef]saf6 d'lQm kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ yk b[9tfsf
;fy :jLsf/]sf] 5 . o; kl/l:yltdf, gjDj/ @))$ df vfB / s[lif
;ªu7gn] ckgfPsf] :j]lR5s dfu{lgb]{lzsf3n] cfgf ;b:o /fi6«x?sf
nflu cfgf gful/ssf] vfB clwsf/ (right to food) ;'lglZrt ug{
cfjZos sfo{9fFrf (framework) / cg'udg ug{ cfjZos ;+oGq th"{df
ug{ ;lsg] Jojxfl/s dfu{bz{g k|bfg u5{, h;nfO{ ;b:o geO;s]sf
/fi6«x?n] klg g}lts cfwf/df pQm k|fjwfgx?nfO{ nfu" ug{ ;Sb5g .
/fli6«o vfB ;'/Iffsf] ;Gbe{df, hldg, dT:okfng / agsf] ef]urng
ug]{;DaGwL :j]lR5s lgb]{lzsfn] lzIff, ;zlQms/0f / r]tgf clej[l4,
cg'udg tyf hjfkmb]lxtfsf] ;'lglZrttf, ;|f]tx? / Ifdtf clej[l4,
kf/blz{tf, hjfkmb]lxtf / ;"rgfdfly kxF'rsf] ;'lglZrtdf hf]8 lbG5
-Pkm P cf] @)!@_. g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df, vfB ;'/Iff / j}1flgs e"ld;'wf/Ú
Pkm= P= cf]=n] kl/eflift u/]sf] vfB clwsf/k|ltsf] k|lta4tf ;fsf/ kfg]{
k|d'v cfwf/lznf x'g;Sb5 . tn lrq @ df b]vfOP h:t} hgtfsf] vfB
clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg, /Iff / ;fsf/ kfg]{ bfloTj /fHosf] x'g]5 .
lrq tflnsf @ M vfB clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrt ug]{ /fHosf] bfloTj
;Ddfg ug]{ ;+/If0f ug]{ k"/f ug]{
vfB clwsf/
3 lgb]{lzsf :jo+ jfWofTds b:tfj]h xf]Og tyflk o; b:tfj]hn] kIf/fi6« tyf
cGo /fi6« tyf ;/sf/nfO{ pgLx?sf] bfloTjnfO{ lgjf{x ug{ cfjZos Jojxfl/s
ljsNkx? k|bfg u5{ .

18. ~ 18 ~
#=$=# dlxnfdfly x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj lj?4sf] cle;lGw
dlxnfdfly x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj lj?4sf] cle;lGw (Convention on
Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women/CEDAW)
sf] x:tfIf/stf{ / ;b:o /fi6«sf] x}l;otn] pTkfbgsf ;fwgx?dfly
hgtfsf] kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug]{, pgLx?n] cfkm"nfO{ e/0fkf]if0f ug{ ;Ifd
t'Nofpg] jftfj/0f tof/ ug]{ jf hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/ ug{sf nflu ;Ifd
agfpg] lhDd]jf/L g]kfn /fi6« tyf ;/sf/sf] x'g cfpFb5 . cle;lGw
sf] wf/f !$ n] s[lif pTkfbgsf nflu cfjZos nufgL / e"ld tyf s[lif
;'wf/df ;dfg Jojxf/af/] dlxnfx?sf] clwsf/ ls6fg u/]sf] 5 -;+ /f ;,+
!(&(_ . of] k|fjwfg PsLs[t zflGt ;Demf}tfsf] sfof{Gjog / ¿kfGt/0fsf
nflu k|:tfljt cGo sfo{;"lrx?sf ;fy;fy} n}lËs ¿kdf pQ/bfoL e"ld
k|0ffnL / Joj:yfkg k|lt /fhgLlts kf6L{x? / /fHosf]= k|lta4tfnfO{
sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu ;xof]u l;4 x'g]5 .
#=$=$ ljsf; clwsf/ ;DaGwL 3f]if0ffkq
ljsf; clwsf/ ;DaGwL 3f]if0ffkq (Declaration on right to development)
-cf/ l6 8L, !(*^_ sf] k|fs[lts ;DklQ / ;|f]tdfly k"0f{ ;fj{ef}ldstfsf]
csf6o clwsf/ ;DaGwL wf/f ! / wf/f * df ljsf;sf] clwsf/ ;fsf/
kfg{ cfjZos kg]{ ;a} pkfox?sf] k|fjwfg 5 / ltgsf] cfwf/e"t
;|f]tx? vfB, /f]huf/L / cfocfh{gsf] Gofok"0f{ ljt/0f ;'lglZrt
ug]{5 . o; k|sf/n] pQm 3f]if0ffkqn] ljsf; k|lqmofdf dlxnfsf] ;lqmo
e"ldsfnfO{ ;'lglZrt ub{5 -;+ /f ;, !(*!_ . t/, xfnsf] k|j[lt cg';f/,
clwsf+z cf}Bf]lus ;+/rgfx? kfgLsf ;|f]t, ag / ;fj{hlgs hldg
jl/k/L jf 5]p5fpdf :yfkgf ul/Psf sf/0f laz]iftM ljkGg, cflbjf;L
hfltx? / :yflgo ;d'bfox?sf] hghLljsfdf gsf/fTds c;/ k'¥ofPsf]
5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf xfn klg ul/aLsf] /]vfd'gL /x]sf / ljsf; k|lqmofsf]
d'nwf/af6 cnUofOPsf ax';+Vos hgtfsf] hLljsfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg e"ld
clwsf/ / e"lddf cfl>t /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x? / lbuf] cfocfh{gsf
nflu /fHox?n] s;/L ljrf/ k'¥ofpg ;Sb5g egL ljleGg k|fjwfgx?sf]
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

19. ~ 19 ~
#=$=% cGt/f{li6«o >d ;ªu7g
cGt/fli6«o >d ;ªu7g -cfO{ Pn cf] !^(_ b:tfj]hsf] v08 # n]
ls6fg u/]/} k|fs[lts ;|f]tdfly cflbjf;L hghfltsf] clwsf/ pNn]v
u/]sf] 5 . pQm wf/fn] lglZrt e"efusf] cjwf/0ffaf/] pNn]v u/]sf]
5 . o;}u/L wf/f !$ n] k|fs[lts ;|f]tdflysf] :jfldTj, clwg:ytf /
bfjL k|lqmof af/]df, wf/f !% n] ljz]if ;'/Iff, / wf/f !* n] cltqmd0f
ePdf To;sf] b08 hl/jfgfsf] k|lqmofaf/]df / hldgsf] pkof]u ;DaGwdf
ljz]ifu/L /fli6«o s[lif sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf] ;Gbe{df ljz]if ¿kdf ;/f]sf/
/fVb5 -cfO{ Pn cf], !(*(_ . o;}u/L ljsfzsf sfo{qmdx? to
ubf{ :yfgLo ;d'bfox?;Fu plrt k/fdz{ / k'g:yf{kg ug'{kg]{ cj:yf
cfPdf pko'Qm Joj:yf ldnfpg'kg]{ x'G5, cGoyf ahf/lj:tf/ / ljsf;sf
sfo{qmdx? dfkm{t k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] cfwf/dfly x'g] cltqmd0fn] :yfgLo
;d'bfox?sf] hLljsfdfly vt/f k}bf ug]{ ;Defjgfaf/] ;ts{tf ckgfpg
Wofgfsif{0f u/]sf] 5 .
#=$=^ ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIox?
;+o'Qm /fi6«sf] ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo (Millenium Development
Goals/MDG) n] ef]sd/L / ul/aL lgjf/0fnfO{ ;a}eGbf klxnf] / dxTjk"0f{
nIo dfg]sf] 5 . o;sf nflu dlxnf ;zlQms/0fnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfo
/ kIf /fi6«x?n] ;Daf]wg ug'{kg]{ u/L o;sf] dxTjnfO{ ;zQm ?kdf
clËsf/ u/]sf] 5 . o:t} k|sf/n] nIo & n] jftfj/0fLo bLuf]kgaf/] /
ljsf;sf nflu ljZjJofkL ;fem]bf/Laf/] nIo * n] eg]cg'?k jftfj/0fLo /
hghLljsfsf] clwsf/ ;Daf]wg ug'{ kIf/fi6« / cGo u}x|;b:o /fi6«x?sf]
;femf bfloTj x'g -;+=/f=;+= @)))_ .
#=$=& h}ljs ljljwtf dxf;lGw / vfB tyf s[lif ;DaGwL jg:kltsf]
cfg'j+lzs ;|f]t;DaGwL cg'aGw (ITPGRFA)
pTkfbgsf ;fwgx?sf] ;DaGwdf ljz]iftM h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f,
Joj:yfkg / pkof]usf] ;Gbe{df h}ljs ljljwtf dxf;lGw (Convention
of Biological Diversity/CBD) / vfB tyf s[lifaf/] ag:kltsf]

20. ~ 20 ~
cfg'jf+l+zs ;|f]t;DaGwL cg'aGw (The International Treaty on Plant
Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture/ITPGRFA) n] cfg'j+l+zs
;|f]tx?dfly :yfgLo ;d'bfo / ls;fgsf] clwsf/sf] kIfdf b[9tfk"j{s
jsfnt u/]sf] 5 . o:tf h}ljs ljljwtfsf] lbuf]kgf k|jw{g /
pkof]u hnjfo'sf] cj:yfcg';f/ e"ldsf] juL{s/0f, To;sf] afF8kmfF8 /
Joj:yfkgaf6 dfq ;Dej x'G5 . ljz]if u/L h}ljs ljljwtf dxf;lGwsf]
wf/f *= h] n] h}ljs ljljwtfsf] bf]xgsf] Joj:yfkg, pkof]u / To;af6
k|fKt x'g] nfedfly ;d'bfosf] Gofof]lrt afF8kmfF6sf] clwsf/af/] pNn]v
u/]sf] 5 (CBD, !((@ / ITPGRFA, @))$_ . o:tf ;a} clwsf/x?sf]
;'lglZrt ug{ pko'Qm e"ld Joj:yfkg / ef]urngsf] :jfldTj k|0ffnLn]
cxd e"ldsf /fVb5 .
#=$=* ljZj Aofkf/ ;Ë7g
cGt/f{li6«o k|fjwfgx?n] k|fljlws / j}1flgs 1fgsf] k"0f{ pkof]u ub}{ /
e"ld / e"lddf cfwfl/t ;|f]tx?sf] ;b'kof]u ub}{ ;a}eGbf k|efjsf/L ljsf;
;fsf/ kfg{ s[lif k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ ub}{ vfBfGg pTkfbg, ;+/If0f / ljt/0f
larsf] ;DaGwnfO{ w]/} k|sf/n] hf]8 lbPsf] kfOG5 . o; kl/l:yltdf ljZj
Aofkf/ ;Ë7g cGt/utsf Aofkf/ ;DaGwL ;Demf}tfx?n] ljz]if ¿kdf Aofkf/
/ s[lif pTkfbg, ahf/, vfB ;xfotf, af}l4s ;DklQ clwsf/, vfB
u'0f:t/, vfB ;fdfu|Lsf] cfoft / lgof{t;Fu o;sf] ;DaGwsf] dxTjdfly
hf]8 lbG5 . o; k|lqmofdf ahf/pGd'v t/ vfBfGgafnL k|lt:yfkg ug]{
vfnsf] xfnsf] a9bf] k|j[lQn] ljz]ifu/L cflbjf;L hghflt tyf :yflgo
;d'bfox?sf] cgflbsfnb]lvsf] df}lns 1fg, k|ljlw / l;klj?4 vt/f
pTkGg u/]sf] 5 . o;n] cGttM ahf/ lgb]{lzt cfoftdf lge{/ t'Nofpg]
k|0ffnLsf] lasfz ub{5 / vfB ;+k|e'tfdfly g} vt/f lgDTofpF5 .
#=% e"ld / n}lËs d'2fx?;Fu cGt/;DalGwt s]lx cGt/f{li6«o kl/b[Zox?
cGt/f{li6«o cg'ejn] e"ld / n}lËs d'2fx?lar cy{k"0f{ ;DaGw x'G5 eGg]
b]vfPsf] 5 . To;}n] e"ld ;DaGwL lg0f{ox? ubf{ gLlt lgdf{tfx?n] n}lËs
;jfn tyf ljljw cfofdx? dfly ljrf/ k'¥ofpg h?/L x'G5 . tn
lbOPsf] tflnsf ! n] e"ld / n}lËs ;DaGwsf] af/]df k|:6ofpFb5 .

21. ~ 21 ~
tflnsf ! M ljZjsf ljleGg b]zx?df ePsf e"ld / n}lËs ;jfnlarsf]
;DaGw / k|of;x?
e"ld ;|f]tx?df n}lËs / hflto cNk;ªVosx?sf]
kx'Frsf] cj:yf / k|of;x?
3fgf
of] /fi6«n] s]xL sfg'gx? dfkm{t ljwjf / afnaflnsfsf
clwsf/x? ;+/If0f u/]sf] lyof] t/ pgLx?dWo] w]/}hgf o:tf
k|fjwfgx?af/] cgle1 /x]sf] kfOPsf] lyof] .
s]Gof
dlxnfx?sf] clt hf]lvdtfsf] ;dfwfgfy{ Pp6f sfo{bn agfOof]
t/ e"ld ;DaGwL ;sf/fTds / x:tIf]ksf/L sfdsfjf{xL nfu"
gePsf sf/0f tL of]hgfx? cem} yfFtL /x]sf 5g .
dnfjL
;g !(() sf] ;+ljwfgn] dlxnfn] ;DklQ ;DaGwL clwsf/
;'lglZrt u/]sf] 5 t/, ;+ljwfgcg'?k lg0f{o ;'lglZrt
tyf sfof{Gjog ug]{ pko'Qm ;+oGqsf] cem} klg cefj
/x]sf] 5 .
df]hflDas
;g !(() sf] ;+ljwfgn] dlxnf / k'?ifnfO{ ;dfg clwsf/
k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs e"ld ;d'bfonfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf]
ePtfklg To;n] ;dGoflos ljt/0f k|0ffnLsf] ;Daf]wg ug{
;s]sf] 5}g, h;n] ubf{ ls;fg kl/jf/x? cem} klg dsf{df
k/]sf 5g .
tfGhflgof
e"ld P]g / u|fdL0f e"ld P]g !((( n] ;x—:jfldTj lglb{i6
u/]sf] 5, t/, Jojxf/df To;n] hdLgsf] cefj / a]bvnL
h:tf ;jfnnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . o:f} u/L s'g}
pko'Qm cg'udg ;+oGqsf] ;f]r lagf tL sfg'gx? kf; ug{ hf]8
lbO/x]sf] cj:yf oyfjt 5 .
o'ufG8f
;g !((* sf] e"ld P]gn] dlxnfnfO{ e"ld ;DklQ cfh{g ug{ af6
al~rt u/]sf] 5 . e"ld;DklQ;Fu ;DalGwt d'2fx?sf km};nfx?
k|fozM kIfkftL x'Gf] u/]sf 5g .

22. ~ 22 ~
Pl;of
ef/t, g]kfn, kfls:tfg h:tf w]/} PlzofnL b]zx?df ;+o'Qm
kl/jf/sf] ;DklQdf 5f]/fx?n] dfq c+z kfpg] cfd k|rng
5, h'g qmlds?kdf ?kfGt/0f eO/x]sf] klg 5 . ef/tsf
s]xL /fHox? h:t} s]/nf, tfldngf8' / cfGw|k|b]zdf k}t[s
;DklQdfly 5f]/fsf]dfq clwsf/ x'g] To:tf] Joj:yfsf] cGTo
ul/Psf 5g . leotgfddf hdLg a]rlavg ubf{ dlxnfsf]
x:tfIf/ cfjZos x'g] k|fjwfg 5, tyflk Tof] dlxnfsf] rfxgf /
;'ema'emeGbf klg bjfjdf k/]/ ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 .
blIf0f
cd]l/sf
w]/}h;f] b]zx?df ;+ljwfgsf d'n'sL P]gn] bf]xf]/f] 3/d'nLsf]
Joj:yfnfO{ dfGotf k|bfg u/]sf 5g . t/ ;+o'Qm btf{sf 36gf
lj/n} x'G5g . klxn] k'¿ifsf] gfddf btf{ ePsf] hdLgsf] xsdf
bf]xf]/f] :jfldTjsf] ;jfn klg df}g /x]sf] 5 . ;g @))! sf]
a|flhnsf] ;sf/fTds x:tIf]ksf/L sfo{qmdn] hdLg vl/b /
kx'Fr, shf{ of]hgf tyf kx'Fr a9fpg] tflndx? cflbdf dlxnfsf]
k|ltlglwTj #)Ü k'¥ofpg] nIo lnPsf] 5 t/ To;n] Psn,
;DaGw ljR5]b ePsf / ljwjf dlxnfx?sf ljz]if ;/f]sf/x?
af/]df klxrfg / ;Daf]wg ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . Pj+ k|sf/n] blIf0f
cd]l/sL d'n'sL P]gx?n] afnaflnsfnfO{ c+z clwsf/ k|bfg t
u/]sf 5g t/ 5f]/Lx?nfO{ To;af6 cem} klg jl~rt ul/Psf]
5 . To:t} a|flhnsf] sfg'gn] ljwjfnfO{ ;DklQsf] Ps rf}yfO{
c+zdfq pknAw u/fPsf] 5 t/ pgn] k'gM ljjfx u/]df Tof]
;DklQ /fVg kfpg] 5}gg . Ujf6]dfnfdf ;g !((( sf] cfb]zåf/f
lgld{t e"ld a}° ;DaGwL csf]{ Pp6f of]hgfn] hdLgsf ;fy}
C0fsf] dfu ePdf ;+o'Qm :jfldTj cfjZos x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf]
5 t/ e"ld a}°df nufgL kof{Kt gx'gfn] ls;fg k'¿if / dlxnfsf]
kx'FrnfO{ uDeL/ ¿kdf l;ldt kf/]sf] 5 .
;|f]tM 3n], @))* af6 ;fef/ .
xfd|f] b]zsf] klxnf] ;+ljBfg;efsf] k|fs[lts ;|f]t, cfly{s clwsf/ /
/fh:j afF8kmfF6 ;ldltn] s]xL ;+3Lo d'n'sx?sf] cg'ej ;+sng u/]sf]
5, h;nfO{ tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

23. ~ 23 ~
a|fhLnM jftfj/0f Joj:yfkg P]g ;+3Lo ;/sf/sf] cËsf ¿kdf /x]sf] t/
To;sf] sfof{Gjog ;+3Lo / k|fGtLo b'j} ;/sf/n] ug'{ kg]{ .
Sofgf8fM ;fj{hlgs hdLg / k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf gLlt / Joj:yfkg b'j}
;+3Lo / k|fGtLo ;/sf/sf] lhDd]jf/Ldf lglxt .
hd{gLM e"ld / If]qLo ;Ldfgfsf] Joj:yfkg, s[lif, ljp—ljhg cflb ;DaGwL
P]g ;+3Lo ;/sf/sf] lhDd]jf/L cGtu{t lglxt .
;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfM hdLg / hn cltqmd0f ;DaGwL ljz]if sfg'g
agfpg] clwsf/ s+u|];df lglxt .
oL b]zx?af6 e"ld / k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;DaGwL d'2faf/] k|fKt ;Gb]z eg]sf]
…;a}lt/ Pp6f k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;DaGwL dfks sfg'gL k|fjwfg ;'lglZrt ug]{
zlQm s]lGb|t x'Fb}gÚ eGg] xf] . t;y{ s]Gb|Lo, k|fGtLo / :yfgLo ;/sf/
dfem zlQmsf] afF8kmfF6 ul/Psf] 5 .
lgisif{tM, cGt/f{li6«o k|fjwfgx?sf] ;Ddfg ub}{ P]g, gLltx? /
sfo{ljlwx?nfO{ ablnbf] kl/l:ylt;Fu cg's'ng ug{' h?/L 5 .
$= e"ld / e"ld;DaGwL d'2fx?sf] ;Daf]wg ;DaGwL ;+lIfKt ljZn]if0f
ca g]kfnsf] e"ld cfwfl/t ;|f]tx?;DaGwdf nfdf] ;dob]lv yfFtL /x]sf
ljjfbx?sf] ;dfwfgsf nflu /fHon] ;Daf]wg ug'{kg]{ dxTjk"0f{ e"ld;DaGwL
d'2fx?af/] ;+lIfKt ljZn]if0f ug'{ plrt g} x'G5 .
$=! sfg'gL xs / clwsf/ k|0ffnLnfO{ :ki6 kfg{'kg]{ cj:yf
e"lddf cfwfl/t hghLljsf rnfpg] ;d'bfodf t'ngfTds ?kdf ul/aL
JofKt 5 . ;fwf/0ftof lje]b, l;dflGts/0f / åGåsf] cfwf/e"t sf/0f
;DklQ -ljz]iftM e"ld / cGo ;|f]tx?_ dflysf] :jfldTj / ef]urngsf]
clwsf/df lglxt /x]sf] 5 . ctM sfg'gL xs / clwsf/ k|0ffnLnfO{
kl/eflift ug{ To; k|sf/sf >f]tx?dfly /fHo, JolQm jf ;d'bfosf]
clwsf/sf] bfo/fnfO{ :ki6 ?kdf kl/eflift ul/g'kb{5 . e"ld;DaGwL

24. ~ 24 ~
ljljw ;jfnx? h:t}M s] e"ld JolQmsf] dfgj clwsf/ xf] / /fHon]
plrt Ifltk"lt{ glbO{ vf]:g kfpFb}g < s] e"ld /fHosf] ;DklQ xf] /
gful/snfO{ To;sf] ef]u ug]{ clwsf/ dfq x'G5 < o; afx]s s;n],
s:tf] k+|sf/sf] hdLg s'g p2]Zosf] lglDt /fVg kfpg] < e"ld k|fKt JolQm
tyf ;d'bfosf] clwsf/nfO{ s;/L ;'/lIft /fVg] < e"ldsf] k"glj{t/0f,
Ifltk"lt{ / ef]urngsf] :jfldTj Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL d'2fx?sf] s;/L
;dfwfg ug]{ < h:tf d'2fx?sf] ;Daf]wg x'g afFsL g} 5 . Ps k6s
sfg'gL xs / clwsf/ k|0ffnL;Fu ;DalGwt lhDd]jf/Lx? tyf ;DalGwt
lgsfox?sf] e"ldsf :ki6 kfl/Pkl5 Joj:yfkg tyf sfof{Gjog k|0ffnLsf]
:yfkgf ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . ls6fgLsf ;fy eGg' kbf{, ha sfg'gL xs
/ clwsf/ k|0ffnLx? :ki6 agfOG5, To;avt ;dtfd"ns k|fjwfgsf]
canDag u/L nfdf] ;dob]lv ljBdfg cGofonfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ cfjZos
x'G5 . o; kl/k|]Ifdf hdLgsf] oyfy{ k|flwsf/ hf] ;'s} ePtf klg hdLgdf
cfwfl/t n}lËs lje]b / l;dflGts/0fsf] cGTo ug{ dlxnf / k'?ifsf]
;o'+Qm :jfldTj :yflkt ug'{ tyf hdLgdfly ;dtfd"ns kxF'r / lgoGq0f
sfod ul/g' cfjZos 5 .
$=@ e"ld, s[lif / e"lddf cfwfl/t ;|f]tx?sf] lj:t[t Kofs]h ;dfwfgsf]
cfjZostf
jt{dfg ;dodf e"dL ;|f]tnfO{ cGo ;|f]tx?af6 cnUu} /fv]/ gLltut,
/0fgLltut / ;+:yfu txdf Jojxf/ ug]{ k|rng JofKt 5 . e"ld s[lif
¿kfGt/0fsf] dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ ePtf klg pko'Qm ;+of]hg / hjfkmb]lxtfsf]
;+oGqljgf If]qut e"ldsf, lhDd]jf/L / sfof{b]z tyf If]qut af8FkmfF6n]
w]/} gLlt, k|lqmofx? / ltgsf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ sfdnfO{ ljleGg txdf afwf
k'¥ofO/x]sf] 5 . e"ld / e"lddf cfwfl/t ;|f]tx?sf] aGbf]a:t ldnfpFbf
lj:t[t sfo{9fFrfsf] cefjn] ubf{ w]/}h;f] cj:yfx?df ;dfwfgsf] abnfdf
tgfjdfq l;h{gf u/]sf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu ;'s'Daf;Lx?nfO{ hdLgsf]
sfg'gL xs k|bfg ul/bf k|fo;M pgLx?nfO{ hËn kmfF8]/ / jf ;fj{hlgs
hdLgdf a;f]jf; u/fOG5 . o;n] ljleGg clwsf/ k|fKt ;d"xx?dfem
pbfx/0fsf] nflu ag pkef]Qmfx?;Fu yk tgfjsf] l;h{gf ub{5 . ctM
e"lddf cfwfl/t s[lif ¿kfGt/0fsf r'gf}tL / ;Defjgfx?sf] ;Daf]wg ug{

25. ~ 25 ~
e"ld —s[lif—hn tyf cGo k|fs[lts ;|f]t Joj:yfkgsf] lj:t[t Joa:yfkg,
;+of]hg tyf ;xhLs/0f ug{' clt g} cfjZos k5{ .
$=# hdLgdfly cfl>t hglhljsfsf] ;Daf]wg
e"ld k|d'v ¿kdf g]kfnsf u|fdL0f hgtfsf] s[lif, vfB ;'/Iff / hglhljsfsf
rf;f]x?;Fu ufFl;Psf] x'G5 . To;sf/0f e"ld s[lif tyf u|fld0f ;'wf/sf]
klxnf] cfwf/ xf], hf] cem} klg ;dfwfg x'g g;s]sf] Ps k|d'v d'2f xf] .
;aeGbf k|d'v sf/0fx?dWo] e"ldsf] auL{s/0f, pknAw s[lifof]Uo hldgsf]
wfGg ;Sg] Ifdtf, e"lddf cfwfl/t hghLljsfsf cj;/x?sf] ¿kfGt/0f /
;]jf If]qsf] ljsf;åf/f u}x|—s[lif If]qaf6 k|fKt x'g] hghLljsfsf cj;/
x?;Fu ;dfof]hg ug]{ sfo{sf] Jojl:yt ljZn]if0f, /fhg}lts b[li6sf]0f /
;xL sfof{Gjogsf] cefj xf] . o;sf cltl/Qm, g]kfn e"agf]6sf] prfO
/ df};dsf] ljljwtfsf] lx;fan] j/bfg k|fKt d'n's ePsf] x'gfn] b]zsf
hg;+Vofsf] vfB ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf ldnfpgsf nflu e"ld / e"lddf cfwfl/t
;|f]tx? Joj:yfkg ug]{ ljlzi6 bIftf /fHo / /fi6«;Fu lglxt 5 . plrt
/f]huf/L / cfocfh{gsf cj;/x? / pko'Qm ;fdflhs ;'/Iff ;+oGq
dfkm{t u'hf/fd'vL pTkfbgdf lge{/ ax';+Vos s[ifsx?nfO{ s[lifaf6 aflx/
lgl:sP/ cfgf] hghLljsfsf lglDt e"ld;Fusf] lge{/tf 36fpFb} cfgf]
rfxgf / ;Lkd"ns k]zftkm{ pGd'v x'g ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;lsG5 . o;
;Gbe{df, slt hg;+VofnfO{ s[lifIf]qdf /xg lbg' pko'Qm x'G5 / To;sf]
efjL lbgsf nflu k|If]k0f, k|lt:kwf{ds s[lifIf]qsf] lasfz, s[lifIf]qsf]
ljlzi6Ls/0f ug]{, / ablnbf] kl/l:yltsf] kmfO{bf lnFb} / r"gf}tLx?sf]
;fdgf / ljklQaf6 af}/fpg] Ifdtf lasfz ug]{ vfnsf ;+oGqx? dfkm{t
hgtfsf] vfB ;'/Iffsf ;jfnx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ k|sf/sf] ;";'lrt /
/0fgLlts k'gc{led'lvs/0fsf] cfjZostf 5 .
$=$ e"ld / e"lddf cfwfl/t lj:t[t ;"rgf tyf tYof° ;+u|x
s'g} klg c;n gLlt, /0fgLlt / sfof{Gjog of]hgf th'{df ug{ ;"rgf
tyf tYof° -8f6fj];_ cToGt cfjZos x'G5 . t/ g]kfndf lj:t[t /
cflwsfl/s 8f6fj]; sf] cefj ;w} vl6sG5 . lj:t[t ef}uf]lns ;"rgf

26. ~ 26 ~
k|0ffnL (GIS), dfglrqsf] gzf°g, e"ld pkof]usf] tYof° / hg;f+lVos
;"rgfsf] cefjdf ultnf] tyf e/kbf]{ gLlt lg0f{o / k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog
ug{ sl7g / sd o'lQm;+ut x'g hfG5 . zx/f]Gd'v / zx/L s]Gb|x?df
x'g] gofF ;]jf / ;'ljwfx?sf] s]lGb|s/0f, ;3gtf, ;fdflhs kl/jt{g /
zx/Ls/0f k|lqmofsf sf/0f a;f]af;sf] 9fFrf / dflg;sf] ultlzntf jf
a;fO{;/fOdf Jofks kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5, h;sf nflu e"–pkof]u / ahf/sf]
la:tf/af/] hfgsf/ /xg klg e"ld / e"lddf cfwfl/t lj:t[t 8f6fj];sf]
clt dxTj /x]sf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm ;a{dfGo 8f6fj];sf] cefjdf s;n]
s'g k|of]hgsf] lglDt s:tf] k|sf/sf] hdLgsf] :jfldTj u|x0f u/]sf] 5 /
s;/L clwstd ljZjf;sf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug]{ k|lqmofdf ;fd]n ug]{ eGg]
ljifodf ljleGg If]qsf ;DalGwt stf{x?dfem o;n] cGof}n / ;Gb]x k}bf
klg u/]sf] 5 .
$=% ;+:yfut bIftf M 1fg÷a'emfO{, dgf]wf/0ff / cEof;df /x]sf leGgtfx?
e"ld / e"lddf cfwfl/t ;jfn;Fu ;DalGwt ;+oGqx?df sfd ug]{ /fHo tyf
;/sf/sf ;+/rgfx? / dfgj ;+;fwgsf] e"ldsf e"ld / e"lddf cfwfl/t
;|f]tx?sf] ;kmn Joj:yfkg / pkof]usf nflu dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . oBlk,
/fhgLlts cl:y/tf / clgZro, ;/sf/L ;+oGqx?sf] /fhgLlts/0f /
clwsf+z gLltlgdf{tfx?sf] e"ld / e"lddf cfwfl/t ;jfnnfO{ ;du|tfdf
a'‰g] / ;Daf]wg ug]{ ;'ema'emsf cefjsf sf/0fx?n] ljBdfg ;+:yfut
bIftf clt sdhf]/ cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ o; ;jfnsf]
;dembf/L, c8fg / gLltx?nfO{ sfo{qmlds ?kdf sfof{Gjog ug]{ sfdx?
vl08s[t / lg:ke|fjL aGb} uO/x]sf 5g . e"ld / e"lddf cfwfl/t
;|f]tx? ;DaGwL gLltx?nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ k|d'v lhDd]jf/ JolQmx?sf]
b[li6sf]0f w]/} xb;Dd /fhgLlts k|lqmofn] ljsf; x'g] / aGg] ub{5 .
To;f] x'gfn] gLltx?sf] sfof{Gjog ug{] sfo{nfO{ JolQmsf] JolQmut r]tg
wf/0ff / cEof;af6 clt k|efj kf/]sf] x'G5 . ctM ;du| e"ld / e"lddf
cfwfl/t ;|f]tx?sf] Joj:yfkgaf/] ;Dk"0f{ stf{x?sf] ;'ema'em / cf}lrTotf
;lxtsf] hjfkmb]lxtf ;'lglZrt x'g] u/L k"0f{ bIftf;fy ;+:yf tyf dfgj
+;fwgx?sf] k'gM cled'lvs/0f ug'{ clt cfjZos 5 .

27. ~ 27 ~
d"ntM s]lGb|o txd} klg ;"rgfx? ;xL tl/sfn] cfbfg—k|bfg ul/Psf
x'Fb}gg g t tL ;++:yfx?nfO{ cfjZos dfqfdf cled'v ul/Psf x'G5g .
o; afx]s gLlt lgodx?sf] sfof{{Gjog k|fo;M JolQmlaz]if / tt ;+/rgfsf
clwsf/Lsf] :jljj]sdf 5f]l8Psf] x'G5 . h;sf sf/0f w]/}h;f] cj:yfx?df
cflwsfl/s JolQmsf] :jefj / Jojxf/df cfwfl/t x'g] x'Fbf ;dfhdf JofKt
dgf]dflnGok"0f{ afwf v8f ul/G5g . o:tf] kl/l:yltsf sf/0f slxn]sfFxL
gful/sx?nfO{ cfgf sfg'gL xs / clwsf/ pkef]u ug{] qmddf ckdflgt
agfOG5g . pbfx/0fsf nflu s]xL gLltlgdf{tf / ;/sf/Lkb:y sd{rf/Lx?
dlxnfsf] gfddf hUuf btf{ ubf{ lbOg] 5'6nfO{ ;/sf/sf] /fh:jdf
gf]S;fgL xf] egL cYof{p5g . o;}u/L s]xL uflj; ;lrjx? cfg} gfddf
hUuf / 3/sf] nfnk"hf{ ePsf dlxnfx?nfO{ klg pgLx?sf afa'cfdfx?n]
cfkm}“;Fu cfgf] 3/df gleœofpg] jftfj/0f agfpg / lgif]w ug{ p4t
x'G5g . o:tf dfgl;s c8rgx?nfO{ pko'Qm lzIff k|lzIf0f, ;r]tgf /
b08 ;hfosf Joj:yfx?åf/f lgd"{n kfg'{ cTofjZos 5 .
$=^ cg';Gwfg, gLlt / cEof;x?sf] ;+of]hgsf] dxTj, cj:yf / lbzflgb]{z
;du|df, e"ld / e"lddf cfwfl/t ;|f]tx?sf d'2fx?sf ;Gbe{df laifout
hfgsf/L, ;+of]hg / cg';Gwfgsf] cfjZostfsf] dgg tyf sfof{Gjog
ug]{ k|j[lQsf] Jofks sdL /x]sf] 5 . oxfF s'g} laifout k|fl1s kf7oqmd
jf Jojl:yt k|fl1s cg';Gwfg klg ;+rfng ePsf] kfOb}g . o;sf
cltl/Qm, cg';GwfgnfO{ obfsbf lnOg] k|fl1s k/fdz{df l;ldt t'NofP/
cg';Gwfgsf] l;Ëf] ;fGble{stfnfO{ cjd"Nog ul/Psf] 5 . o;n] ubf{
s'g} ;}4flGts cfwf/, cjwf/0ffut ;"rgf, ljwf / ljlwut b[9tf
ljgf g} e"lddf cfwfl/t cg';Gwfg k|0ffnL :yfkgf / ;+:yfut ul/g]
k|of;x? ePsf 5g, h;n] ubf{ g]kfndf ;dfj]zL / pTkfbglzntfdf
cfwfl/t el"d Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL ljsf; ug{ Hofb} sl7g aGb} uO/x]sf]
5 . xfn;Dd gLlt k|lqmofx? ;DalGwt ljifoj:t', gLlt / sfof{Gjog
9fFrfx?sf] ljlzi6 cWoogx?af6 kof{Kt ?kdf ;";'lrt x'g ;s]sf
5}gg . pbfx/0fsf nflu, e"ld, aghËn, hn cflb ljifodf pRrtxsf]
lzIff k|bfg ug]{ ljZjljBfnox?sf kf7oqmdx? s]jn pTkfbg a9fpgsf
nflu nufgL / k|ltkmnnfO{ s;/L Jojl:yt agfpg] eGg] ljifodf cfwfl/t

28. ~ 28 ~
5g t/ ef]urng :jfldTj Joj:yfkg, n}lËs ;Da]bglzntf / ;dfj];L
clwsf/x?nfO{ Jofks¿kdf ;Daf]wg ul/Psfaf/] 5Fbf5}g 5 eGbf klg
x'G5 . o;n] kl/l:ylthGo hl6ntfx?, :jfldTjsf] oyfy{ cj:yf, ;|f]tsf]
;+lrlts/0f / alxis/0fsf] cj:yf, e"ldsf] auL{s/0f / nufgLd}qL ;+oGq
lgdf{0f, hjfkmb]lxtfsf] jftfj/0f, ;+oGq / ;Daf]wgsf] k|f?k s:tf] x'g]
/ ;|f]t ;DaGwL åGå h:tf hl6ntfx?n] ubf{ ;du| e"b[iosf] a'emfOnfO{
uDeL/ ¿kn] l;ldt t'NofO{ lbPsf] 5 . ctM gLlt, gLlt–lgdf{0f k|lqmof
/ sfof{Gjogof]Uo of]hgf lgdf{0f ug{ e"ld, e"lddf cfwfl/t ;|f]tx?,
To;sf] kl/l:ylthGo cj:yf / kl/rfngaf/] lj:t[t, ;3g / Plss[t
cg';Gwfgsf] cToGt cfjZos x'g cfpFb5 .
$=& ljZjJofkLs/0fn] NofPsf cj;/ / r'gf}ltx?
cfhsf] ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] o'udf pbf/Ls/0f / gLhLs/0fsf cGt/;DaGwsf
kl/0ffdx? s;}n] klg gsfg{ ;Sb}g -nf]r/ / cGo, @)!@_ . ;g *) sf]
bzsdf ;+/rgfut ;dfof]hg sfo{qmd (Structural adjustment program)
nfu' eP b]lv g} g]kfnn] o;sf] cg'ej ul//x]sf] 5 . To;kl5sf]
bzsdf ljZj Jofkf/ ;ªu7g / cGo If]qLo Aofkf/ Joj:yfx?sf] ;b:o
aGgsf nflu cfjZos k|lqmofsf] cf}krfl/stf k"/f ug]{ qmddf g]kfn
h:tf b]zx?nfO{ ljZjJofkL dfkb08x?k|lt a9L hjfkmb]xL aGg s/
nfUg] cj:yf aGb} uPsf] 5 . ljZj Jofkf/ ;ªu7gsf] ;b:o aGbf clt
sd ljsl;t /fi6«x?sf lglDt s]xL k|fjwfgx? / ;f}ljWok|fKt ;'ljwfx?
5g, tfklg ;b:otfsf nflu cfjZos Kofs]h Joj:yfsf sf/0f sltko
r"gf}ltx?nfO{ u|x0f ug'{kg]{ afWofTds ca:yf /xg uPsf] s'/fnfO{ gsfg{
;lsb}g . o;/L g}, g]kfnn] ;g @)@@ ;Dddf clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«af6
ljsl;t /fi6«df k'Ug] nIo lnPsf] x'gfn] p;n] cem s]xL yk zt{x? k"/f
ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .
ljZjJofkL?kdf, zlQm s]Gb|Ls/0fsf] dgfzfo / vfB ;'/Iffsf] p2]Zox?
;lxtsf] e"ld tyf e"lddf cfwfl/t ;|f]t s]Gb|Ls/0f x'g' cfhsf] a9bf]
k|j[lQ xf] . e"ld ;DaGwL tYof°cg';f/, #&,!*),@^$ x]S6/ hdLg (^$
j6f hdLg x8Kg] sf/f]af/Lsf] clwgdf 5g eg] yk !*$ sf/f]af/ ug{]

29. ~ 29 ~
nIosf ;fy cl3 al9/x]sf] 54 . a9bf] ¿kdf e"ld / e"lddf cfwfl/t
;|f]tx?;DaGwL ax;, ef]urng :jfldTj 9fFrf / e"ld Joj:yfkgsf If]q
ca ahf/sf] ;+oGqåf/f lgb]{lzt x'Fb}5g . hdLgsf] d"No cf}Bf]lus
sf/vfgf :yfkgf ug]{, a;f]af; nflu ejg v8f ug]{ / cf}Bf]lus v]tL
ug]{ h:tf ahf/ lgb]{lzt dfusf cfwf/df cfjZostfsf ljleGg k|sf/sf
e"—pkof]usf p4]Zox?åf/f lgwf{/0f x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o:tf k|of]hgsf
nflu ul/g] nufgLsf If]qx?n] k|fozM k|fs[lts >f]tx? ljz]iftM k|z:t
kfgLsf ;|f]tx? ePsf] tyf /d0fLo b[iofjnf]sg ug{ ;lsg] 7fpFsf 7"nf
rsnf 5fGg] ub{5g . ctM e"ld / e"lddf cfwfl/t ;|f]tx?;DaGwLsf]
a'emfO, ltgsf] kf/l:yltlso cj:yf / ;/f]sf/jfnfx? k|i6¿kdf ahf/af6
k|efljt 5g eGg] tYo cf]e]mndf k/]sf] 5}g . t;y{, olb ;dodf g} /fd|/L
;f]r]/ of]hgf agfOPg eg] b]zaf;L gful/sx? sDkgLx?sf] :jfldTjdf
/x]sf cf}Bf]lus nufgLx?sf >lds aGg k'Ug]5g / lj:tf/} /fHosf]
e"ldsf uf}0f aGb} hfg]5 . o;n] gful/sx? ljz]ifu/L cflbjf;L, hghftL,
e"lddf cfwfl/t ul/ax?, alxis/0fdf k/]sfx? tyf :yfgLo ;d'bfox?sf]
/fHosf ;+/rgf tyf clwsf/Lx?;Fu ;DaGw sdhf]/ x'Fb} ;Dk"0f{ ?kdf
;DaGwljR5]b x'g ;Sb5, h'g s'/f s'g} klg ;fj{ef}d;DkGg /fi6«sf nflu
dfGo x''g ;Sb}g . o:tf k|a[lQx?n] hdLg hldGbf/ tyf /fHoåf/f eGbf
klg ahf/n] sf/f]af/, Joj:yfkg tyf ljlgdo ul/g] a:t' aGb} uO/x]sf]
:ki6 kfb{5 . To;sf/0f e"ld / e"lddf cfwfl/t ;|f]tx? / cGof]Gofl>t
?kdf ;DalGwt df}lns 1fg, ;Lk / Ifdtfdfly d'gfkmf sdfpg] sDkgLx?sf]
k|e'Tj a9b} hfFbf x'g] zlQm ;+rosf sf/0f x'g hfg] b"/ufdL c;/sf] af/]df
/fHo / gful/s ;hu x'g' clgjfo{ cfjZostf xf] .
$=* e"ld / e"lddf cfwfl/t ;|f]tx?sf sf/0f x'g] åGåx?sf] ;dfwfg ;DaGwL
;+lIfKt rrf{
ha e"ld;'wf/sf d'2fx?nfO{ PSNofP/ ;Daf]wg ul/G5 /÷jf ha hgtfn]
;dfhsf] s'g} lx:;fnfO{ cGofo ePsf] 7fGb5, åGå cjZoDefjL 5
-pk|]tL, @))$ / @))@_ . g]kfn / ljZjsf cGo efux?df s] b]lvPsf]
4 lj:t[t ljj/0fsf nflu http://www.landmatrix.org/en/ x]g'{xf]; .

30. ~ 30 ~
5 eg] ;|f]t;DaGwL åGåx? ;lhn} lx+;fTds åGåx?;Fu hf]l8g ;Sb5g
-pk|]tL, @))$_ . o:tf åGåx? e"ld / cGo ;|f]tx?sf sf/0f pTkGg x'g
;Sb5g . g]kfnsf] ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] aflif{s k|ltj]bgcg';f/ cem} klg
cfwf eGbf a9L d'2fx? hdLg;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf] tYon] e"lddf cfwfl/t
åGåx?sf] ufDeLo{tfnfO{ phfu/ ub{5 -;jf]{Rr cbfnt, @)&)_ . ctM
/fHo k"g;{+/rgfsf] ax; rln/x]sf] xfnsf] kl/j]zdf, ;+3Lotfsf] :j?k
lgwf{/0f ubf{ k|fs[lts ;|f]t;DaGwL åGåx?sf] ;dfwfg ug]{ sfo{sf nflu
/fli6«o k|fs[lts ;|f]t cfof]usf] :yfkgf cToGt cfjZos 5 -kf]v/]n P;
s], @))*_ . tnsf] tflnsf # n] ;|f]t;DaGwL åGåx? / u[xo'4sf larsf]
;DaGw k|i6ofpFb5 .
tflnsf # M k|fs[lts ;|f]tx?;Fu ;DalGwt åGåx? -!(()–@)))_
b]z ;dofjlw ;|f]tx?
ckmuflg:tfg !((*–@))! /Tgx?, clkmd
c+uf]nf !(&%–@))@ t]n, lx/f
c+uf]nf -sflj08f_ !()%– t]n
adf{ !($(– ns8L, l6g, /Tgx? clkmd
sDaf]l8of !(&*–!((& ns8L, /Tgx?
sf]nlDaof !(*$– t]n, ;'g sf]sf
sËf] u0ftGq !((&– t]n
sËf] k|hftflGqs u0ftGq !((^–!((& tfdf, sf]N6fg, lx/f, ;'g sf]afN6
O08f]g]l;of -cfr]_ !(&%– k|fs[lts Uof;, ufFhf
O08f]g]l;of -klZrd kk'cf_ !(^(– tfdf, ;'g
nfOa]l/of !(*(–!((^ ns8L, lx/f, kmnfd, kfd t]n, sf]sf
df]/f]Ssf] !(&%– kmf]:km]6, t]n
kk'cf Go' lulg !(**– tfdf, ;'g
k]? !(*)–!((% sf]sf
;]/f lnof]g !((!–@))) lx/f
;'8fg !(*#– t]n
;|f]tM kf]v/]n P; s], @))*

31. ~ 31 ~
%= lgisif{
dfly pNn]lvt ;Gbe{ / kl/j]zsf] uxg cWoogn] e"ld / e"lddf cfwfl/t
;|f]tx? Joj:yfkgsf hl6ntfx?sf ;fy;fy} ;DefJotfnfO{ ;fsf/
t'Nofpg] ;DefjgfnfO{ k|i6ofpFb5 . e"ld cfkm}df /fhg}lts >f]t /x]sf]
/ lglxt /fhgLlts :jfy{sf lglDt k|of]u eO/x]sf] ePtf klg kl5Nnf]
;dodf ljz]if u/L cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, ;+ljwfg;ef cGtu{tsf] k|fs[lts >f]t,
cfly{s clwsf/ tyf /fh:j afF8kmfF6 ;ldlt / aGb} u/]sf] s[lif ljsf;
/0fgLltsf k|fjwfgx? pT;fxhgs 5g .
e"ld / e"lddf cfwfl/t ;|f]tx?sf] k|efjsf/L, ;Ifd / lbuf] Joj:yfkg,
;Ifd hgzlQmx?sf] ljsf; ug{ / lj:t[t 8f6fj]; :yfkgf ug{sf ;fy}
hdLg ;DaGwL d'2fx?nfO{ ;du| ;Daf]wg ubf{ hgtf tyf /fi6«sf] ;fj{ef}d
clwsf/nfO{ :jLsf/ ug'{ cTofjZos 5 . o;sf nflu d"ntM /fhgLlts
lg0f{ostf{x?n] cfgf] algagfp ;f]rnfO{ kl/jt{g ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
o;}u/L ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx?aLr yfFtL /x]sf tyf pJhg ;Sg] ljjfb /
o;sf ;dfwfgsf nflu cfaZos ;+afbx?sf] ;xhLs/0f /fHon] ug'{ clt
g} h?/L 5 . o; k|sf/sf] /fhgLlts ;|f]t Joj:yfkg a9L dfqfdf b]zsf]
;+j}wflgs k|fjwfgx? / /fhgLlts k|lta4tf, ;+:yfut ;'wf/, gLltut
jftfj/0f / hgd'vL sd{rf/LtGqsf] Jojxf/df lge{/ /xG5 .
e"ld;'wf/ eg]sf] ljlzi6 tyf k|fljlws ljifoa:t' ePsf] /fhgLlts k|lqmof
xf]5 . ctM e"ld / e"lddf cfwfl/t d'2fx?sf] ;Daf]wgfy{ k"0f{ / lj:t[t
;dfwfg Kofs]hsf] cfjZostf 5 . o:tf] Kofs]hleq e"ld / e"lddf
cfwfl/t ;|f]tx?sf] k'glj{t/0f, Ifltk"lt{ / ef]urngsf] :jfldTj Joj:yfkg
;DaGwL d'2fx? laz]if?kdf åGå lgDTofpg ;Sg] tyf ;dfwfg x'g g;s]sf
d'2fx? x'g .
csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ d'2f eg]sf] e":jfldTj xf] . e"ldsf] clGtd :jfldTj -/fHo,
;d'bfo jf JolQm hf];Fu /x]klg o;af/] /fli6«o ;xdtL sfod ug} k5{ .
5 tTsflng e"dL;'wf/ tyf Joj:yfkg dGqfnosf ;x;lrj >L s[i0faxfb'/ lj=l;=
;Fusf] cGt/jftf{

32. ~ 32 ~
o;f] gu/L e"ld / e"lddf cfwfl/t ;|f]tx?sf] Joj:yfkg Ps lj:t[t
Kofs]h leq} klg ;Daf]wg ug{ sl7g x'G5 . t;y{ e"ld s'6gLlt ;lxtnfO{
lj:t[t Kofs]hsf] Ps cË dflgg' kb{5 . o; ;Gbe{df laz]if k|fjwfg
h:t} a:g]t cfof]un] p7fPsf] hdLgdfly ;d'bfosf] clwsf/nfO{ cfO Pn
cf] !^( sf] b[li6sf]0faf6 klg x]l/g'kb{5 .
g]kfn;Fu l;ldt hdLg ePtf klg ljljwtfk"0f{ e"agf]6 / df};dL ljljwtfnfO{
cj;/sf] ?kdf lnOg'kb{5 . ctM g]kfn /fi6«, ;/sf/ / gful/s;Fu e"ld /
el"ddf cfwfl/t ;|f]tx?sf]] ;du| Joj:yfkgsf] nflu :ki6 b'/b[li6 x'g' clt
cfjZos 5 . ;a}eGbf klxn] lgoda4 tyf a}1flgs cg';Gwfgsf cfwf/df
/fHo;Fu slt hdLg 5 < ljsf;sf k|f?kx? s:tf 5g < / hdLgsf]
afF8kmfF6, pTkfbghGo tyf cGo k|of]hgdf pkof]u ug{ pknAw hdLgsf]
wfGg ;Sg] Ifdtf slt 5< cflbaf/] hfgsf/L x'g' cTofjZos 5 .
o;n] ubf{ cGo /f]huf/L, cfocfh{gsf] j}slNks Joa:yf / a;f]af;
Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug{ ;]jf If]qx?;Fu pko'Qm ;DaGw s;/L ufF:g
;lsG5 eGg] cfwf/ k|bfg u5{ .
g]kfnn] e"ld / e"lddf cfwfl/t ;|f]t;DaGwL ax'cfoflds hl6ntfx? -hdLg
;DaGwL åGåx?, e"pkof]u of]hgf, hdLgsf] Ifdtf juL{s/0f, ;fF:s[lts,
wfld{s, P]ltxfl;s cfofdx? cflb_ sf] ;dfwfgfy{ ljlzi6 bIftf ljsf;
ug'{k5{ . r"gf}tLx? / cj;/x?sf] ;Daf]wg ug{ ;+:yfut / hgzlQm
Ifdtfsf] pko'Qm ljZn]if0f ul/g'k5{ / e"lddf cfwfl/t ;|f]tx? ;DaGwL
:jfldTj / Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL sfo{qmdnfO{ ckgTj / k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog
x'g] ;'lglZrt ul/g'k5{ . o;f] x'Fbf sfo{of]hgf agfpg tyf cfjZos
;|f]tsf] cfsng / k|If]k0f ug{ ;xof]u k'Ub5 . o; qmddf cf}krfl/s /
cgf}krfl/s If]qsf] lzIff tyf ;"rgfk|0ffnLx?n] ;|f]t cfwfl/t /fhgLlt
/ To;sf] /fhgLlts cy{zf:qaf/] ;"lrt x'g kfpg' kb{5 . o;n] ;a}
;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ alxis/0fsf] ;jfn, ;dfj]zLtfsf] dxTj / ljz]ifu/L
n}lËs d'2fx?nfO{ a'‰g d2t ub{5 .
g]kfndf e"ld / e"lddf cfwfl/t tYof°sf] uDeL/ sdL 5 . pknAw
tYof° klg Psåf/ k|0ffnLaf6 Joj:yfkg ul/Psf] 5}g . t;y{ oxfF

33. ~ 33 ~
ljleGg :jfy{df cfwfl/t ;d"xx?sf] ar{:j /xg'sf ;fy} pgLx?sf lglxt
:jfy{cg'?k pknAw ;"rgfsf] JofVof / ljj]rgf ug]{ ul/Psf5g . o:tf
ck"0f{ / cgflws[t tYof°n] ;du| e"ld Joj:yfkg k|lqmofdf hl6ntfx?
k}bf ug{] ;Defjgfx? cem} k|an ?kdf /lx/xg ;Sb5g .
e"ld / e"lddf cfwfl/t ;|f]tsf If]qdf /x]sf] Pp6f cfwf/e"t sdL pko'Qm
cg';Gwfg k|0ffnLsf] sdL xf], h;n] ;femf :jfldTjsf] e/kbf]{ ;"rgf k|0ffnL
:yfkgf ug{, To;nfO{ cf}krfl/s lzIff k|0ffnLdfkm{t ;";'lrt ug{ / sfg'g
lgdf{tf / sd{rf/LtGqnfO{ b'/b[li6, gLltx?, of]hgfx? / sfof{Gjogsf
k|fjwfgx? lgdf{0f ug{ ;xof]u ug{ ;Sb5 . o;/L ;|f]t ;DkGg / bIf
JolQm tyf ;+:yfx?n] cWoog ug{, Go"gtd ;dembf/L;lxtsf sfof{Gjog
of]hgfx?sf] k|:yfg laGb' kl/eflift ug{, ;du| u|fld0f tyf s[lif ;'wf/sf]
k|lt/f]w ug]{ lglZrt ;d"xx?sf] ;jfnnfO{ klg ;Daf]wg ug{ o:tf
cg';Gwfgdf cfwfl/t tYof°sf] ljz]if e"ldsf /xG5 . o:tf cg';Gwfgdf
cfwfl/t tYof°x?n] e"ld / e"lddf cfwfl/t ;|f]tx?sf] s]Gb|Ls/0f
gLlhs/0f / pbf/Ls/0f, hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf ;Defljt c;/x?, ljleGg
cGt/f{li6«o k|fjwfg cg'?k tof/L ug{ / ljZjJofkLs/0fn] NofPsf cfly{s
cj;/x?åf/f l;lh{t r'gf}lt / cj;/x?sf] ;Daf]wg ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx?
Bennet L, 2010, Unequal Citizens: Gender, Caste and Ethnic Exclusion
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34. ~ 34 ~
South Asia Regional Coordination Office of NCCR North-South
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Sharma, S. R., Upreti B.R., & Müller-Böker U. 2013. Negotiating
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and Conflict in Nepal: Realities and Potentials for Agrarian
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University and South Asia Regional Coordination Office of
NCCR North-South.
;jf]{Rr cbfnt, @)&), aflif{s k|ltj]bg @)^(÷)&)

36. ~ 36 ~
cGtlqm{of@
s]zj a8fn, cWoIf pRr:t/Lo e"ld ;'wf/ cof]u @)%!
g]kfnsf] e"ld;'wf/ cfof]usf] cWoIf eP/ d}n] sfd u/]sf] d]/f cg'ejx?
;f6g kfpg' d]/f] nflu v'zLsf] s'/f xf] . d}n] kGw| ;b:oLo cfof]usf]
lj=;+= @)%! df g]t[Tj u/]sf] x'F . xfdLn] cToGt d]xgtsf;fy rfnL;
lhNnfx?df e"ld ;DaGwL sfd u¥of}“ . cfof]un] d'Vo ^ lsl;dsf
;d:ofx?sf] klxrfg u/]sf] lyof] . klxnf], xfdL s] s'/f b]Vof}“ eg],
hldgsf] xbaGbLsf] dfkb08 36fpg'k5{ . csf]{, ToxfF rfSnfaGbL x'g'k5{ .
xfdLn] s/La ## nfv kl/jf/ /x]sf] cg'dfg u/]sf lyof}“, h'g tYof°n]
klg k'li6 u/]sf] lyof] t/ clxn] %$ nfv kl/jf/ /x]sf] 5 . xfdLn]
hUufnfO{ Ps s/f]8 cf7 nfv lsQfdf ljefhg u/]sf lyof}“ . To;a]nf
s/La bz nfv e"ldxLg kl/jf/ lyP . ltgLx? clwsf+; blnt ;d'bfosf
lyP . ;'b'/ klZrddf blntsf] ;+Vof cTolws lyof] . b]zel/df !#=*
k|ltzt lyof] .
hUuf xbaGbLsf sf/0f s/La @ nfv x]S6/ hldg e"ldxLgnfO{ afF8g
;lsG5 eGg] ;f]r]sf lyof}“ . xfdLn] blIf0f Pl;ofsf] c? b]zsf cg'ejaf6
klg l;s]sf lyof}“, Tof] s] eg] a9L pTkfbsTj /x]sf] hldgnfO{ sddfqfdf
afF8g ;lsG5 . To;sf/0f klg xfdLn] xbaGbL nfu" u¥of}“ . To;/L xfdLn]
t/fO{df clwstd # x]S6/, dWo kxf8df @ x]S6/ / $ x]S6/ pRr lxdfnL
e]udf 3/fo;L k|of]hgsf] nflu k|:tfj u¥of}“ .

37. ~ 37 ~
xfdL;Fu kl/rokq lagfsf w]/} ;+Vofdf df]xL /x]sf 5g . klZrd / ;'b'/
klZrd If]qdf df]xLsf] ;+Vof emg w]/} /x]sf] 5 . xfdLn] sDtLdf # aif{ b]lv
df]xL /x]sfx?sf] clwsf/nfO{ :yflkt u¥of}“ . u'7Ldf /x]sf] e"ldsf] klg
;d:of lyof] . xfdLn] e"ld pkof]u gLltsf] k|:tfj u¥of}“ . c;'/lIft If]qdf
/x]sf hgtfnfO{ ;'/lIft If]qdf ;fg'{kg]{ s'/f u¥of}“ . hUuf xbaGbL nfu'
u/]/ e"ldxLgx?nfO{ hUuf afF8]/ lxdfnsfnfO{ t/fO{df NofpFbf ;d:of
pTkGg x'g] s'/fx? klg p7] t/ xfdLn] k|:tfj u/]sf] s'/f km/s lyof] .
xfdLn] To;/L hUuf afF8bf Pp6} lhNnfsfnfO{ klxnf] k|fyldstf lbg'kg]{
;'emfj lbPsf lyof}“ .
csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ k|Zg e"ldxLgx?n] l;+rfO, 3/ agfpg / cflb sfdsf nflu
s;/L ah]6 k|fKt u5{g < eGg] lyof] . To;sf/0f pgLx?nfO{ Gofo;+ut
tl/sfn] :yflkt ug'{kg]{ s'/fdf ;r]t lyof}“ . xfdLn] ;'emfPsf s'/fx?df
h:tf] ls– s[lifsf nflu @) xhf/ lsnf]ld6/sf] af6f] agfpg'k5{, ;xsf/Ldf
cfwfl/t v'nf s[lif x'g'k5{, cf}Bf]lus s[lif pTkfbgdf hf]8 lbg'k5{ . oL
;a} s'/fx?nfO{ PsLs[t 9+uaf6 ;dfwfg ug'{ g} cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] .
wd{bQ b]jsf]6f, ;b:o pRr:t/Lo e"ld;'wf/ cfof]u–@)^*
xfdL e"ld ;'wf/sf] af/]df s'/f ul//x]sf 5f}“ . of] d'2f cfh ax;sf] laifo
ag]sf] 5 . xfdL ;a}n] ljleGg sfo{qmddf / ljleGg /fhgLlts kf6L{x?n]
klg cf–cfgf] 3f]if0ffkqdf of] d'2fnfO{ ;dfj]z u/]sf 5g . t/klg
o;sf] k|ltkmn vf; b]vf kg{ ;s]sf] 5}g . e"ld ;'wf/sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf]
;d:of xf] ls xfdL gLlt agfFp5f} t/ nfu' ub}{gf} . To;sf/0f xfdLn]
ca cufl8 sfd ubf{ of] laifodf Wofg lbg h?/L 5 . s] xfdLn] e"ld
;'wf/ cfof]un] lbPsf] ;'emfjx? nfu' ug{sf] nflu s'g} bjfj lbof}“ t <
To;sf/0f e"ld ;DaGwL ljleGg cfof]u dfly cfof]u agfpg' dfq ;d:ofsf]
;dfwfg xf]Og .
cfhsf] lbgdf e"ld ;'wf/n] ;dfhnfO{ k""FhLjfbL ljsf;sf] nflu cl3
a9fpg] vfnsf] x'g'k5{ . e"ld ;'wf/sf] dxTj k"FhLjfbsf] ljsf;sf] nflu
k'FhL / sfdbf/ aLrsf] tfbfDotf /fVg] vfnsf] x'g'k5{ . t/ xfdL of]
laifodf klg ;xdltdf k'Ug ;ls/x]sf 5}gf}“ .

38. ~ 38 ~
csf]{ s'/f, g]kfndf k]6«f]lnod kbfy{sf] d'No a9of] eg] ;8s aGb ug{
hfG5f}“ t/ e"ld;'wf/ ;DaGwL cfof]un] lbPsf] ;'emfjnfO{ nfu' ug{ eg]
s]xL ub}{gf}“ . o;sf] dtna e"ldsf] d'2f cfd gful/ssf] laifo aGg} ;s]sf]
5}g .
cfhsf] ;Gbe{ km]l/Psf] 5 . lxhf] h:tf], cfh sf]xL;Fu hldg gx'Fb}df x]lkg]
jf xLgtfaf]w x'g] cj:yf 5}g . cfhsf] d"Vo laifo eg]sf] dflg;x?sf]
hLjgz}nL ag]sf] 5 . olb cfh dflg;x?n] cfgf] k]zf Joj;fo u/]/
/fd|f] hLjg rnfpFg ;S5g eg] hldg x'g' / gx'g' ;Fu s'g} ;/f]sf/
x'Fb}g . olb lxhf] h:tf] s'g} k]zf Joj;fo x'Fb}g lyof] eg] pTkfbgsf]
;fwgsf] ?kdf hldg dflysf] :jfldTj d'Vo s'/f] x'GYof], t/ cfh To:tf]
l:ylt 5}g .
k|To]s 7fFpsf] hldgsf] cf–cfg} vfnsf] 5, h:tf] ls t/fOdf, kxf8 /
lxdfndf cyjf c? 7fFpx?df . xfd|f] d"Vo sfd eg]sf] oL hldgx?af6
s;/L a9L eGbf a9L kmfObf lng ;lsg] agfpg] eGg] xf] . h:tf] ls
xfdL ;a} ;xdt 5f}, xfdL k'FhLjfbL ljsf;sf] r/0fdf 5f}, To;sf/0f ca
hldgsf] af/]df klg ToxL cg';f/ ;f]Rg h?/L 5 . cfhsf] laifo eg]sf]
s[lifof]Uo hldgnfO{ s;/L pkof]u ug]{ eGg] xf] . d'Vo s'/f cfh s;n]
hldgnfO{ Joj;flos ?kdf k|of]u u5{ eGg] xf] . clxn] hldg pknAw
x'g'dfq 7'nf] s'/f] xf]Og . dflg;x?;Fu hldgsf] ;fy} c?klg pTkfbgsf]
;fwgx? pknAw 5g . cGTodf, xfd|f] ;dfh tLj| ?kn] kl/jt{gsf]
af6f]df 5 To;sf/0f ToxL cg'?k e"ldsf] ;d:ofnfO{ klg ;dfwfg ug]{
lsl;dn] ;f]Rg h?/L e} ;s]sf] 5 .
chDa/ sfªafª, pk–dxf;lrj, ;+3Lo ;dfhjfbL kf6L{ g]kfn
of] sfo{kq w]/} g} dxTjk"0f{ ?kdf tof/ ePsf] 5 . oBlk of] sfo{kqn]
e"ld / /fHoaLrsf] ;DaGwsf] af/]df cem uxg 9+un] s'/fx?nfO{ Nofpg
;s]sf] eP cem /fd|f] x'g] lyof] . lsgsL of] d'2f d'n?kdf /fHo;Fu
;/f]sf/ /fVb5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df klg of] ;To nfu' x'G5 . oxfF t
cem a9L If]qLo / hftLo c;Gt'ngsf sf/0f of] d'Vo d'2f g} ag]sf] 5 .
latf{ cem csf]{ cWoogsf] kf6f] x'g'kb{5 . latf{k|yf jf:tjdf cflbaf;L

39. ~ 39 ~
hghfltx?sf] hldg;Fusf] ;DaGwnfO{ w]/} g} c;/ kfg]{ laifo xf] . d]/f]
cg'ejdf klg hldgsf] laifon] k|ToIf ?kdf /fHo;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fVb5 .
d rLgsf] ;f+3fO{df Pp6f k|bz{gLdf uPsf] lyPF, d}n] cfof]hs;Fu ;f]w]–
oxfF k|bz{gL x'g'eGbf cuf8L s] lyof] < p;n] eGof]– oxfF klxn] ckf6{d]G6
/ cf}ifwL sDkgL lyof], h;nfO{ csf]{ 7fFpdf ;fl/Psf] 5 . o;sf] dtna
ToxfF hldg /fHo;Fu ;DalGwt 5 ls hldgnfO{ /fHon] h:tf];'s} 9+un]
klg pkof]u ug{ ;S5 .
P]ltxfl;s ?kdf hldgsf] ;DaGw hft / hftLotfsf] tx cg';f/
x'g] ub{Yof] . h:tf], g]kfndf hghflt / blntx?sf] sd;n vfnsf]
hldgdfly :jfldTj lyof] eg] pRr hftsfx?;Fu a9L pAhgL x'g] /fd|f]
hldg x'GYof] . xfdL e"ld;'wf/ cfof]u agfpFbf a}1flgs e"ld ;'wf/sf] s'/f
ul//x]sf 5f}“ t/ ;dfwfg kfO/x]sf 5}gf}“ .
xfdLn] k|i6 x'g'kg]{ s'/f s] 5 eg] xfdLn] agfPsf] gLltn] s;nfO{{ s] c;/
u5{ eGg]dfq ;f]Rof}“ eg] ;dfwfgdf k'Ug ;Sb}gf}“ a? xfdLn] xfd|f] gLlt
nfu'ubf{ kmfObf s;nfO{ k'U5 of] d'Vo s'/f xf] .
xfd|f] ;fdflhs dfGotfdf klg ;d:of 5, h:tf] ls– xfdL e|i6x?nfO{
pRr jf ;Ddflgt txdf k'¥ofpF5f}, t/ af}l4sx?nfO{ dWod / sfdug]{
>ldsx?nfO{ tNnf] txdf, h;n] jf:tjdf k'FhLsf] lgdf{0f ub{5 . To;sf/0f
xfdLn] xfd|f] ;f]rdf klg kl/jt{g Nofpg h?/L 5 .
xfd|f] vfB ;Dk|e'tf dfly h:tf] ;d:ofx? b]vfk/]sf 5g, o;n] ;dfhdf
csf]{ åGå lgDTofpg ;S5 . o;n] cflbaf;L hghfltx?sf] 1fg /
;LknfO{ klg l;Wofpg] sfd e}/x]sf] 5 . xfd|f] s[lif, hldg / h}ljs
ljljwtf dfly klg Psbd} gs/fTds c;/x? b]vfk/]sf] 5 . of] laifodf
klg cWoog cg'';Gwfgsf] nflu sfddf nfUg'kg]{ b]lvG5 .
8f= huGgfy clwsf/L, vfB ;'/Iff tyf ;Dk|etf Pj+ e"ld;DaGwL ;jfn ljb
dnfO{ nfU5, of] sfo{kqn] gLltut ?kdf e"ld;DaGwL d'2fnfO{ ;'qa4 u/]/
w]/}nfO{ e"ld ;DaGwL ;d:ofsf] af/]df Ps ?ktf lbg ;xof]u ug]{5 . d

40. ~ 40 ~
of] ;f]Rg] 7fFpdf k'Ub}5' ls– lsg e"ld ;'wf/ sfof{Gjog x'g ;ls/x]sf]
5}g . k"FhLjfbL b]zx?df ;d]t e"ld ;'wf/ cfjZos laifo x'g]ub{5 .
sDo'lgi6 /fi6«x?sfnflu t of] emg dxTjk"0f{ d'2f xf] . cd]l/sfdf ;d]t
c7f/f}“ ztfAbLdf hldg afFl9Psf] lyof] . hldg afF8g' k5fl8sf] ts{ s]
lyof] eg]– hldg gePsf] hgtfdf :jtGqtf x'Fb}g / hldgsf] :jfldTj
geOsg k|hftGq km:6fpg ;Sb}g . To;sf/0f cd]l/sL cg'ejn] klg
xfdLnfO{ e"ld;'wf/sf] nflu k|f]T;flxt ub{5, k|hftGqsf] nflu xf]Og ls
;fwgsf] ?kdf . t/klg b'j}k|sf/sf] ljrf/wf/fdf e"ld;'wf/ dxTjk"0f{ laifo
ag]sf] 5 . e"ld;'wf/ ;DaGwL ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] nflu sDtLdf ;Dk"0f{
/fhgLlts bnx?aLr Go"gtd ;dembf/L x'g' cfjZos 5 . e"ld;'wf/n]
s[lifdf nufgLsf] jftfj/0fnfO{ lgDTofpg ;Sg'kb{5 .
dflg;nfO{ hldg cfjZos x'g] ls gx'g] eGg] s'/f xfd|f] ljsf;sf] df]8]ndf
klg e/k5{ . xfd|f] ljsf;sf] df]8]n eg]sf] zx/L–cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf]
df]8]n xf] . hg;+Vof al9/x]sf] 5 t/ hldg 5}g . xfd|f] hldg eg]sf]
;/b/ k|lt kl/jf/ )=& x]S6/ 5 . xfd|f] s[lif pTkfbgn] b]z ljsf;sf]
nflu cf}Bf]lus sRrf kbfy{sf] ?kdf k|of]u x'g] / cltl/Qm d"No a9fpg]
ub}{g . xfdLn] s[lif / pBf]unfO{ hf]8g ;s]sf 5}gf} . xfdLn] cfoftdf
w]/} 7"nf] k};f vr{ ul//x]sf 5f}“ .
d of] s'/f;Fu ;xdt 5' ls, Oltxf; jf ljutdf lje]b ePsfx? k|lt
Gofo ul/g'k5{ . h:tf] ls– sd}of yf?, blntx?nfO{ Gofo lbg' k5{ .
d'Vo k|Zgsf] pQ/ x'g'k5{ ls xfdL hldg s] sf nflu lnG5f}“ < olb
xfdL s[lif pTkfbg ub}{gf}“ / xfdL;Fu ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] r]t 5}g eg] .
olb xfdL;Fu ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] r]t lyof] eg] Ps6'qmf hldgsf] nflu
lgif]w ug]{ lyPgf}“ .
8f= g]q ltlD;gf, k|fs[lts ;|f]t Joj:yfkgdf cg';Gwfg/t
a8fn cfof]u o:t} aL;aif{ cl3 u7g ePsf] lyof] . clxn] w]/} s'/fx?
kl/jt{g ePsf 5g . hlta]nf cfof]un] sfd ul//x]sf] lyof], Tof] a]nf
w]/} hldgsf] :jfldTj 7"nf hldGbf/x?;Fu lyof] . clxn] hldgdf ahf/
k;]sf] 5 . To;sf/0f of] eGg ;lsG5 ls clxn] hldgnfO{ ahf/n]

41. ~ 41 ~
lgoGq0f u/]sf] 5 . xfdLn] e"ld ;DaGwL s'/f ul//xFbf of] kIfnfO{ e'Ng'
x'Fb}g .
cfof]un] hUuf xbaGbLsf] ;'emfj lbPsf] lyof] h'g JolQmsf] :jfldTjdf
cfwfl/t lyof], t/ :s'n, dlGb/, u'7L–sDkgL cflbn] klg 7'nf] dfqfdf
hldg cf]u6]sf] lyof] . hldgsf] lsl;d 5'6ofpg] laifodf klg k'g{d'Nof+sg
x'g h?/L 5 . lsgsL, klxn] sd;n elgPsf hUuf clxn] pRr d'Nosf
ePsf 5g eg] klxn] pQd lsl;dsf hUufx?n] clxn] sd d'No
kfO/x]sf 5g . of] ahf/n] u/]sf] s/fdt xf] .
xfdLn] s[lif pTkfbgn] slt d'No lbG5 eGg]af/]df dfq s'/f ul//x]sf 5f}“
t/ olb s;}n] Ps6'qmf hUuf lsga]r ubf{ slt sdfpF5 eGg]af/] ;f]r]sf
5}gf}“ . xfdLn] /fhg}lts cy{zf:qsf] kf6f]af6 o;nfO{ klg x]l/g'k5{ .
Psflt/ xfdL vfB ;Dk|e"tfsf] s'/f ul//x]sf 5f}“ csf]{lt/ hldgx?
afFem} 5g . To;sf/0f xfdLn] vfBkbfy{ cfoftsf]nflu 7"nf] k};f aflx/
k7fO/x]sf 5f} .
8f= ;'/]z 9sfn, k|fWofks, ;dfhzf:q s]Gb|Lo ljefu, lqljlj
sfo{kq k|:tf]tfn] kl/jlt{t cj:yfsfaf/]df s]xL s'/fx? p7fpg' ePsf]
5 . kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{ s] xf] / of] af/]df s] ug{ ;lsG5 < o;df k|i6 x'g
h?/L 5 . xfdL gLltut 5nkmn ax;dfq u5f}{ t/ sfof{Gjog ub}{gf} .
xfdLn] s] ug]{ xf] < Tof] r} dxTjk"0f{ xf] . xfdL pbf/ nf]stGqsf] cEof;df
5f} clg ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf u}/x]sf 5f}“ . of] cj:yfdf xfdLn] e"ld;'wf/
u/]/ s] k|fKt ug]{ xf], To;df ;r]t x'g'kb{5 . w]/} sDo'lgi6 kf6L{x?sf]
3f]if0ffkqdf a}1flgs e"ld;'wf/ eg]/ n]V5g . t/ ha sfof{Gjog ug]{
7fFpdf k'U5g, s]xL x'Fb}g . xfdL;Fu ;fgf–ls;fgsf nflu s'g} /fd|f]
sfo{qmd 5}g . g]skf Pdfn] clxn] ;/sf/df 5, t/ ;fgf ls;fgsf nflu
ah]6 5'6ofpg] laifo p;sf] k|fyldstfdf g} kb}{g .
/fhgLlts kf6L{x? d'n's k'FhLjfbdf k|j]z u/]sf] s'/fdf Psdt x'Fb}5g .
o:tf] cj:yfdf xfdLnfO{ s:tf] e"ld;'wf/ rflxPsf] xf], yfxf 5}g .
/fhgLlts kf6L{x? a}1flgs e"ld;'wf/ zAbsf] k|of]u u5{g, of] kf6L{x?sf]

42. ~ 42 ~
k5f}6]kgf xf] . gjpbf/jfbdf ahf/sf] k|e'Tj x'G5 . xfdLn] h'g cj:yf
ef]lu/x]sf 5f}, xfdLn] yfxfkfpg' kb{5 ls, e"ld;'wf/sf] s:tf] sfo{qmd
clxn]sf] cfjZostf xf] .
hldg eg]sf] k|fs[lts ;|f]t / gLlh ;DklQ klg xf] . o;n] tkfO{nfO
klxrfg / ;'/Iffsf] cg'e"lt klg lbnfpF5 . xfdLn] la;{b} uO/x]sf 5f}“
ls, e"ld eg]sf] s[lifsf] Ps6'qmf hldgdfq x}g, a? hldg eg]sf] t
;du|df h+un, kfgLsf] ;|f]t / lxdfn cflb s'/fx? klg x'g . To;sf/0f
hldgnfO{ xfdLn] k'g{kl/efiff jf k'g{JofVof klg ug'{kb{5 .
8f= s[i0f kf}8]n, jg tyf s[lif l;+rfO{ ;DaGwdf cWoog/t
of] ;]ldgf/df lgDTofOFbf d}n] ;f]r]sf] lyPF ls– xfdLn] ^ bzskl5 xfd|f] af6f]
kl/jt{g ub}{5f} . t/ ha d}n] of] sfo{qmddf kfPF, o:tf] nfUof] ls xfdL oxfF
af}l4s ljnf;sf] nfludfq e]nf ePsf 5f}“ . To;sf/0f of] sfo{kqaf6 w]/}
cfz klg gu/f}“ . xfdL e"ld;'wf/sf] /fhg}lts cy{zf:qsf] sf]0faf6 x]5f}{, t/
o;df klg b'OkIfx? 5g . Ps, /fhg}lts kof{j/0f / csf]{ xfd|f] ef}uf]lns
cj:yf . xfdL ljutsf ax;x?s} lg/Gt/tf cg'?k of] sfo{qmd ul//x]sf
5f}“ . s]xL zAbx?dfq kl/jt{g ePsf 5g . To;sf/0f k"/} ax;nfO{ g}
abNg' clxn]sf] cfjZostf xf] eGg] dnfO{ nfU5 .
xfdL hldgnfO{ ;DklQsf] ?kdf ljt/0f ug{ ;Sb}gf}, ha xfdL hldgsf]
;DklQsf] ?kdf ljt/0f u5f}{ ta xfdL c? wg ;DklQ klg ljt/0f
ug'{k5{ . h:tf] ls– zx/sf ljlN8ª, sDkgLsf] z]o/, sf/ cflb OToflb .
olb e"ld;'wf/n] hldgsf] pTkfbsTj a9fpg] ;f]r xf] eg] Tof] s'/f sfg'g
jf ;+ljwfgdf g} Joj:yf ul/g'kb{5 .
;xefuLx?
u0f]z lj=s=, clwsf/sdL{
olb kfFr bzssf] cg''ejnfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg], xfdL Jojl:yt of]hgfsf
;fy hfg ;s]sf 5}gf}“ . csf]{ d'Vo s'/f e"ld;'wf/df hft ljz]if h:tf]

43. ~ 43 ~
ls blntsf] ;d:ofnfO{ Gofo glbO{ cufl8 a9g ;lsGg . blntx?
cj;/af6 jl~rt ;d'bfo xf] . clxn] ;/sf/n] lhNnf :t/Lo ;'s'Daf;L
cfof]u agfPsf] 5, To;df hDdf !^ hgf blnt 5g t/ b'Mvsf] s'/f
To;df Pshgf blntklg cWoIf agfOPsf] 5}g .
8f= uf]ljGb yfkf, cy{zf:qL
e"ld ;'wf/sf] d'2f b]zdf k"FhLsf] ljsf;sf nflu x'g'k5{ . w]/} hldg
cf]u6g]sf] ;+Vof 36fpg'k5{ . jfdkGyL kf6L{x?n] of] d'2fnfO{ p7fO/x]sf
5g . t/ dw];L nufotsf s]xL zlQmx?n] o;nfO{ cj/f]w ul//x]sf
5g . To;sf/0f of] laifo nfu' x'g] ;Defjgf sd b]lvG5 . ha hldgdf
xbaGbLsf] s'/f cfFp5, c? ;DklQdf klg xbaGbLsf] cfjfh p7g yfN5 .
xfdL;Fu csf]{ ;d:of klg 5, h:tf] ls dflg;x?n] hldg geOsg
pgLx?sf] gful/stf k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}gg clg gful/stf lagf hldg lsGg
;Sb}gg, a}“sdf sf/f]af/ ug{ ;Sb}gg . To;sf/0f ;/sf/n] e"ldxLgx?nfO{
klg hldg pknAw u/fpg' kg]{ blvG5 .
/fds'df/L emfFqmL, /fhgLltsdL{
d}n] lhNnfaf6 ef]urng ul//x]sf] hldgsf] wgLk"hf{sf] nflu 8]lnu];g
cfpg]x?sf] ;d'xx? b]v]sf] 5' . xfdL;Fu kof{Kt hldg 5}g . Pp6f
l;d]G6 sf/vfgfsf] nflu hldg rflxof] eg] p;n] rfx] hlt hldg
pknAw u/fpg g JolQm;Fu g ;F:yf;Fu hldg 5 . ;fdfGo ?kdf xfdLn]
;f]r]sf] 5f}“ ls hldg;Fu xfd|f] klxrfg hf]l8Psf] 5 . t/ o;n] eljiodf
;d:of k}bf ub}{ hfg]5 .
8f= lji0f' pk|]tL, åGå ljz]if1
dnfO{ nfU5 e"ld ;DaGwL d'2fdf clxn];Dd klg k|:yfg laGb' klxNofpg
;lsPsf] 5}g . Pp6f kf6f]sf] ;dfwfgsf] s'/f u¥of], ;d:ofsf] csf]{ kf6f]
b]vfk5{ . klxnf], k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf]af/]df uxg cWoogsf nflu Pp6f
cflwsfl/s ;F:yf rflxG5 . csf]{ s'/f, xfdL ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf hfFb}5f}“ .

44. ~ 44 ~
Tof] ;F:yfn] k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ;xL 9+uaf6 ljt/0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg
kb{5 . xfdL;Fu tYof° 5}g, xfdL efjgfdf dfq s'/f ul//x]sf 5f}“ .
6+s sfsL{, rLgsf nflu g]kfnL k"j{ /fhb"t
ha xfdL e"ld ;DaGwL laifodf s'/f u5f}{, xfdLn] s]xL d'ne't s'/fdf k|i6
eP/ hfg'k5{ . h:tf] ls, hldg ;DklQ xf] ls pTkfbgsf] ;fwg < d}n]
a'em]sf] e"ld ;'wf/df b'O{j6f kf6f] 5g . Pp6f cd]l/sg df]8]n, csf]{
/l;og df]8]n . cd]l/sfdf klg hldgnfO{ JolQut ;DklQsf] ?kdf
lnOb}g . d}n] rfOgfsf] ufFpdf klg ;fgf 3/x? b]v]sf] 5' . ltgLx?
;fgf–;fgf 3/ agfpF5g / cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] nflu art u5{g . t/ xfd|f]
rng rfFlx hldgdf g} nufgL ug]{ eGg] 5, of] s'/faf6 d'Qm x'g'k5{ .
/fwf e§/fO{, ;b:o, pRr:t/Lo e"ld;'wf/ cfof]u–@)^&
ha e"ld ;DaGwL s'/f ul/G5, w]/} dflg;x? of] ;f]Rb}gg ls of] d"n?kdf
e"ld Joj:yfkgsf] laifo xf] . pgLx? ;f]Rb5g ls of] hUuf xbaGbL nfu'
ug]{ s'/f dfq xf] . laz]if u/L dw]zL kf6L{x?df of] wf/0ff hah{:t 5 .
pTkfbg j[l4sf nflu ;/sf/n] laz]ifu/L e"ld– pkof]u gLlt Nofpg'k5{ .
^^ k|ltzt dlxnfx? e"lddf sfd u5{g . t/ pgLx?;Fu hldgsf]
:jfldTj 5}g . hldgdflysf] :jfldTj klxrfg / ;fdYo{sf] laifo klg
xf] . xfdL sd}dfq e"ldxLgx? pRrtxdf k'Uf]sf] b]v]sf 5f}“ jf e"ldxLgx?
kx'Frdf jf pRrtxdf k'Ug ;s]sf] 5}g .
lji0f' cfrfo{, jg ;+/If0f cleofgsdL{
e"ldxLgx?sf sf/0f cfh h+undf ;d:of k}bf ePsf] 5 . cfh k|fo
;a} kf6L{sf e"ld jf ;'s'Daf;L ;DaGwL ;+3;+:yfx? u7g ePsf 5g .
pgLx?n] b]v]sf] ;dfwfg eg]sf], h+un df;]/ a:tL a;fpg] dfq xf] . oxfF
ag ;DaGwL ;+:yf / /fhgLlts kf6L{x?sf] aLrdf ;d:of b]lvPsf] 5 .
xf], e"ldxLgx?nfO{ agsf] s]xL efu lbP/ ;d:ofsf] tTsfnLg ;dfwfg
ug{ ;lsPnf, t/ o;n] lgDTofpg] ljklQsf] af/]df ;f]Rg ;lsPg eg] of]
emg ljgfzsf/L sfd dfq x'G5 .

45. ~ 45 ~
a}hgfy rf}w/L, g]tf, g]skf -Pdfn]_
t/fO{sf cflbaf;L eg]sf yf?x? x'g . pgLx?n] t/fOdf h+un kmfF8]/
s[lif of]Uo hldg agfpg w]/} ;+3if{ ug'{k¥of] . t/klg cfh pgLx?
e"ldxLg 5g . pgLx? ljutdf cGofodf k/]sf ;d'bfo x'g . of] laifonfO{
cfhsf] kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df e"ld;'wf/n] plrt ;Daf]wg ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 .
pgLx?dfly Oltxf; b]lv ePsf lje]bsf], cGofosf] plrt Ifltk"lt{sf]
Joj:yf xg'kb{5 .
hut a:g]t, ;fd'bflos e"ld;'wf/ / e"ld clwsf/sf nflu cleofgstf{
ha e"ld;'wf/sf] s'/f] cfFp5, ta hldgdflysf] :jfldTjsf] laifo d'Vo ag]/
cfFp5 . k"FhL lgdf{0fsf] nflu 7"nf] dfqfdf pTkfbg ug'{k5{ To;sf]nflu
w]/} hldg cfjZos x'G5 t/ Tof] k|ltalGwt eof] eg] ;d:of k}bf x'G5 .
pTkfbgsf] nflu of] ;d:ofsf] ?kdf b]vfkg{ ;S5 .
dfG5]sf] nflu hldgdfq kof{Kt x'Fb}g, p;nfO{ Tof] hldgdflysf] :jfldTj
cfjZos x'G5 . o;sf/0f ;/sf/n] pTkfbgsfo{df ;xof]usf] nflu e"ld
k|zf;gsf] Joj:yf ug'{kb{5 .
cGtlqm{ofaf/] sfo{kq k|:tf]tfsf] k|To'Q/
od'gf 3n]
sfo{kqnfO{ ;d[4 agfpgnfO{ tkfO{x?n] k|:t't ug'{ePsf] ljrf/sf] nflu
wGojfb lbg rfxG5' . e"ldsf] d'2f Psbd} dxTjk"0f{ laifo xf] . ha xfdL
e"ldsf] s'/f u5f}{ ta xfdLn] xfd|f] ljut / jt{df kl/j]znfO{ e"Ng' x'Fb}g .
7Ls o;a]nf xfdLn] eljionfO{ lgwf{/0f ug'{klg ;Ifd x'g'k5{ . s'n
hg;+Vofsf] ^^ k|ltzt hgtf hf] s[lifdf hf]l8Psf 5g, pgLx?sf nflu
of] Psbd} 7"nf] s'/f] xf] .
d s[lifsf] ljBfyL x'F . d]/f] :gfts ;Dd d}n] slxn] klg hflgg jf
k9fOPg ls xfdL hldg h+un s] cGtu{t k5f}{ < xfdL s;/L xfd|f]

46. ~ 46 ~
pTkfbsTj a9fpg ;S5f}“ < of] cfh ;Dd k9fOb}g . d}n] oL s'/fx? d]/f]
kl/jf/ / cfg} JolQmut cg'ejx?af6 ;d]t l;s]sf] x'F .
d}n] k|fs[lts ;|f]tx?sf] PsLs[t Joj:yfkgsf] nflu dGqfno u7gsf] g}
s'/f u/]sf] xf] . d}n] of] s'/f PsLs[t 1fg lgdf{0fsf] nflu ;d]t u/]sf]
x'F . ha xfdL e"ld ;'wf/sf] nflu tof/ x'G5f} eg] Joj:yf ;'wf/sf] nflu
klg tof/ x'g'kb{5 .

47. ~ 47 ~
lgisif{–dGtJo #
g]kfn cWoog s]Gb|n] cfof]hgf u/]sf o; sfo{qmddf od'gf 3n]n] h'g
sfo{kq k]z ug'{ ePsf] 5, of] sfo{kqn] oxfF pkl:yt xfdL ;a}nfO{ pQ]lht
klg t'NofPsf] 5 . sltko Pp6f w/ftndf a;]/ ;f]rL/x]sf]x?nfO{ Pp6f
csf]{ gofF w/ftndf ;f]Rg klg pTk|]l/t u/]sf] 5 . of] sfo{kqdfly
pkl:yt ljåQ dxfg'efjx?n] cf–cfgf] l6Kk0fL dfkm{t o;nfO{ ;d[4
agfpg klg of]ubfg ug'{ePsf] 5 . pxfFx? klg wGojfbsf] kfq x'g'x'G5 .
jf:tjdf cfh of] sfo{qmd dfkm{t xfdLn] e"ld / e"ld pkof]u;Fu ;DalGwt
laifo / d'2fx? clxn]sf] kl/jlt{t cj:yfdf, ljZj ;Gbe{df xfdLn]
s;/L x]l//x]sf 5f}“ < ljZj ;Gbe{sf laifox? klg od'gfhLn] p7fpg'
ePsf] 5 . / ;fy;fy} g]kfn d} xfdLn] s;/L ;f]lr/x]sf 5f}“ < of]
;Gbe{df, ;f]rfO{df cfPsf kl/jt{gx?nfO{ klg p7fpg' ePsf] 5 . ljleGg
;dodf e"ld ;DaGwL ag]sf ljleGg cfof]usfaf/]df klg pxfFn] rrf{
ug'{ ePsf] 5 . ;fy;fy} clxn] b]vfk/]sf gofF laifox? klg p7fpg'
ePsf] 5 . oL ;d:ofx? ;dfwfg ug{sf] nflu xfdLn] ;du| tf}/tl/sf
tyf b[li6sf]0faf6 ul/g' k5{ eGg] s'/fx? klg /fVg'ePsf] 5 . e"ld
;DaGwL ;d:ofnfO{ Psbd} k/Dk/fjfbL b[li6n] x]/]/ ;dfwfg x'b}g . clxn]
ablnPsf] ljZjnfO{ x]g'{k5{, e"d08nLs/0fsf] k|lqmof tLj| aGb} uO/x]sf] 5,
– emngfy vgfn*
* cGtlqm{ofsf] cWoIf tyf lgisif{–dGtJo k|bfg ug'{x'g] vgfn, g]kfnsf k"j{
k|wfgdGqL, g]skf Pdfn]sf jl/i7 g]tf tyf k"j{ cWoIf / ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:o
x'g'x'G5 .

48. ~ 48 ~
To;n] dxfb]zLs/0fsf] k|lqmof klg tLj| 5 . ljleGg If]qdf If]qLos/0fsf]
k|lqmof klg tLj| alg/x]sf] 5 . To;df klg g]kfn t b'O6f o:tf b]zx?sf]
aLrdf 5, h'g b'O{ b]zx? cToGt tLj|tfsf ;fy ljsl;t e}/x]sf 5g
/ pgLx? leq pynk'ynsf/L kl/jt{gx? cfO/x]sf 5g . ltgLx?
ljZjahf/sf] dxTjk"0f{ lx:;fsf] ?kdf pkl:yt e}/x]sf 5g / ltgLx?n]
ljZjahf/df cfgf] k|efjklg cToGt tLj|tfsf ;fy 5f]l8/x]sf 5g .
ltgLx?sf] k|efjaf6 g]kfn d'Qm x'g] s'/} 5}g . xfd|f] b]zdf klg To;sf
k|efjx? cfO/x]sf 5g . o:tf] ljZj Pp6f If]qLo /fhgLlt leq xfdL
cuf8L a9b}5f}“ / g]kfn klg kl/jt{gsf] j]udf cufl8 a9b}5 . xfdLn]
of] ljutsf] ;Q/L aif{x?nfO{ x]¥of}“ eg] of] ;Q/L aif{ kl/jt{gsf cg]s
cu|ult / cwf]ultsf] rqmaf6 cuf8L a9L/x]sf] 5 . t/ klg ;du|df xfdL
cuf8L g} a9of}“ . )^@÷^# ;Dd cfO{k'Ubf g]kfnL ;dfhdf Pp6f qmflGt
eof] . of] Pp6f /fhgLlts qmflGt dfq x}g, ;fdflhs qmflGt klg xf] .
o;n] ;du|df /fhgLlts Joj:yf dfq x}g, cy{tGqdf klg kl/jt{g ePsf
5g, ;fdflhs hLjgdf / ;fF:s[lts hLjgdf klg kl/jt{g z'? ePsf] 5
/ xfd|f] /fHo k'g;{+/rgfsf] If]qdf klg kl/jt{gsf] k|lqmof z'? ePsf] 5 .
oL hDd} kl/jt{gsf] k|lqmofn] xfd|f] dlit:sx? layf]lnPsf 5g . o:tf]
cj:yfdf e"ld / e"ld Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL laifo cToGt} dxTjk"0f{ laifo xf] .
dnfO{ s] nfU5 eg], e"ld eg]sf] s;}sf] klg xf]Og, of] /fHosf] xf] .
dfgj ljsf;;Fu} /fHosf] ljsf; ePsf] xf] . t/ xfdLn] b'O{ xhf/ tLg
xhf/ aif{ cufl8b]lv h;/L e"ldsf] k|of]u ub}{ cfO/x]sf 5f}“, Tof] k|of]usf]
Pp6f k/Dk/f xfd|f] ;dfhdf 5 . To;nfO{ xfdLn] ?kfGt/0f ug'{k5{ .
/fHosf] lgoGq0fdf /x]sf] e"ld s;/L Joj:yfkg jf k|of]u ug]{ eGg]
;Gbe{df xfdL ljZjdf cg]sf}“ df]8fln6Lx? b}V5f}“ . tL df]8fln6L dWo] xfd|f]
b]zsf] w/ftnLo j:t'ut oyfy{ s] xf] < To;nfO{ xfdLn] vf]Hg'k5{ . Tof]
df]8fln6L kQf nufP/ e"ldsf] ;jf]{Qd pkof]u s] x'g ;Sb5 < Tof] kQf
nufP/ xfdLn] cuf8L a9g'k5{ .
dnfO{ nfU5, xfdL;Fu hldg slt 5 < of] d'Vo s'/f xf] . cl3sf
l6Kk0fLstf{x?n] ljleGg s'/f p7fpg' eof] t/ jf:tjdf xfdL;Fu slt
hldg 5 < of] s'/f g} yfxf 5}g . ljZj Unf]adf g]kfnn] cf]u6]sf] hldgsf]

49. ~ 49 ~
cfwf/df Ps nfv PsrfnL; xhf/ ju{ lsnf]ld6/ hUuf eg]/ elg/x]sf
5f}“ . of] Pp6f xf]/fOh]G6n -t];f]{_ gfkLsf] tl/sfaf6 lnOPsf] lgisif{dfq
xf] . t/ g]kfndf pgGtL; xhf/ prfO{+sf kxf8x? 5g eGg] s'/f
la;{g'x'b}“g . / tL o;/L p7g] kxf8x?n] cGtl/Ifsf] dxTjk"0f{ :k];nfO{
cf]u6]sf] 5 eGg] klg e'Ng' x'b}g . / To;/L cf]ul6Psf] cGtl/Ifsf] e"–efu
;d]t xfd|f] If]qkmn xf] . To;nfO{ xfdLn] gfk]s} 5}gf}“ / Tof] gfKg s7Lg
klg 5 . t/klg clxn] pknAw k|ljlwsf] ;xof]un] nueu cj:yfsf]
tYof° lgsfNg ;lsG5 . To;sf] cfwf/df klg xfd|f] hldg olt 5 egL
lgsfNg ;S5f}“ .
e"ld lj1x?s} tYof°x? x]bf{ clxn] klg e"ldxLg ls;fgx?sf] ;+Vof
7"nf] dfqfdf 5 . To;nfO{ s;/L Joj:yfkg ug]{ < eGg] s'/f lbdfudf
/fVg}k5{ . sltko hgtfx? yf]/} e"lddf sfd u5{g / afFsL w]/} ;do
rflx“ cfgf] >d a]r]/ u'hf/f rnfp5g . oL dflg;x?sf] ;d:of klg
xn ug'{k5{ . ;'s'Daf;Lsf] ;d:of To:t} 5 . d]rL b]lv dxfsfnL ;Ddsf
w]/} lhNnfx?df y'k|} o:tf kl/jf/x? 5g . h;n] @))* ;fnb]lv,
@)!@ ;fnb]lv hUuf vghf]t ul//x]sf 5g, t/ hUuf pgLx?sf] gfddf
5}g . pgLx? olQs} a;f]af; ul//x]sf 5g . xfdLx? o:tf ;d:ofx?
kfn]/ a;]sf 5f}“ . To;sf/0f oL ;a} ;d:ofx?nfO{ ;dfwfg ug}{k5{ .
åGåkLl8tsf ;d:of, sd}ofsf ;d:ofx? / cJojl:yt a;f]af; ;d]tsf
;d:ofx?nfO{ Jojl:yt agfpg} k5{ . ;dfhnfO{ cfw'lglss/0fsf] nflu
/fHon] lbg] ;]jf / ;'ljwfx? Go"gtd cg's'ntfsf] nflu klg xfdLn]
xfd|f] a;f]af;nfO{ klg Jojl:yt agfpg' kg]{5 . xf]Ogeg] xfdLn] e"ld;'wf/
ug'{sf] cy{ x'b}g . To;sf/0f oL s'/fx?sf] ;fy} Gofof]lrt ljt/0fsf]
klg s'/f cfpF5 . clxn] g} Gofof]lrt ljt/0fsf] k|Zg ;dfKt e} xfn]sf]
5}g . t/ To;nfO{ xfdLn] h;/L k/Dk/fut lx;fan] e"ld;'wf/ ubf{v]/L
lagf d'xfahf xbaGbL dflysf] hUuf lng] / ljt/0f ug]{ vfnsf] ljleGg
b]zx?df nfu' ul/of] ca xfdL Tof] o'uaf6 kf/ e} ;Sof}“ . ca Tof] o'u
g]kfndf 5}g . To;sf/0f ca xbaGbL dflysf] hldg lng] xf] eg] klg
Ifltk"lt{ lbP/ g} lng'kg]{ x'G5 . / To;nfO{ pko'Qm hldg pkof]u 9fFrfdf
ljt/0f ug'{kg]{ l:ylt x'G5 .

50. ~ 50 ~
ca g]kfnsf] ljsf;sf] ;Gbe{df hldgdf ahf/ k;]sf] 5 . cfh k|To]s
rLh ahf/åf/f g} ;~rflnt x'Fb}5 . t/ xfdLn] ;fy;fy} /fHosf] e"ldsfnfO{
a9fpFb} hfg] sfd ub}{ hfg'k5{ . ToxL l;nl;nfdf ;dfh ljsf;sf] qmd
h'g 9+un] cufl8 a95, xfdLn] of] ;dfhdf h:tf] vfnsf] ;dfhsf]
a;f]af; / ;+/rgfx? 5g, To;nfO{ klg pko'Qm 9+un] xs clwsf/sf]
Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . h:tf] ;d'bfo cfwfl/t -sDo'lg6L a];_sf s'/fx?
klg cfPsf 5g . ca /fHo k'g;{+/rgf ubf{ xfdLn] xfd|f] ;dfhsf /x]sf
;d'bfox?sf] klg pko'Qm 9+un] Joj:yfkg ug'{k5{ . To;sf] nflu
xfdL;Fu e"–pkof]u gLlt aGg'k5{ . t/ e"–pkof]u gLlt klg kl/jt{g
x'g'k5{ . Pp6f pbfx/0f lbFpm— Onfddf d]/f] k"vf{af6 k|fKt u/]sf] ;Q/L
/f]kgL kfvf]af/L hldg 5 . h;sf] vf; s'g} pkof]u ePsf] lyPg . d
k|wfgdGqL ePsf] a]nfdf To;sf] pkof]u ug]{ ;f]rn] krf; /f]kgL hldgdf
l;l6Olel6 cGtu{tsf] z}lIfs ;+:yf lgdf{0fsf] nflu cg'bfg :j?k pknJw
u/fFP / ToxfF z}lIfs ;+:yf aGb}5 . ;+:yf lgdf{0f x'g] ePkl5, 5]p5fpsf
aL; xhf/ /f]kgLdf klg lsga]r x'g d'l:sn x'g] hldg clxn] nfvf}“df
lsga]r x'g yfn]sf] 5 . To;sf/0f of] e"–pkof]u eGg] s'/f klg kl/jlt{t
9fFrfdf x'g] /x]5 . ahf/ hxfF k:5, ahf/n] To;sf] d'No lgwf{/0f
ul/lbG5 . To;sf/0fn] xfd|f] b]zdf ljsf;sf h'g k|sf/sf ;Defjgfx?
5g Psbd} ljljwtfk"0f{ cl;ldt ljsf;sf ;Defjgfx? 5g . tL ljsf;sf
;Defjgfx?nfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ xfdLn] e"ld k|of]usf] sfo{qmdx?, cfof]hgf
/ gLltx? lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
sfo{kqdf dGqfnox? agfpg] s'/fdf k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgx?sf] cnUu}
dGqfno agfP x'GYof] ls eGg] s'/f 5 . xfdL /fHosf] k'g{;+/rgf ub}{5f}“ .
dGqfnox? jf:tjdf k'gu{7g ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . of] k/Dk/fut 9+un]
rln/x]sf ;+/rgfx? abNg'k5{ . clxn]sf] efua08fsf] /fhgLltn] hn;|f]t
dGqfnonfO{ ;d]t ljeflht u/]/ Psflt/ phf{ csf]{lt/ l;+rfO{ dGqfno
agfPsf] 5 . jf:tjdf g]kfndf hn;|f]t dGqfno Psbd} dxTjsf] cfjZos
dGqfno xf], To;f] ul/g' x'Gglyof] . To;sf/0f oL ;a} s'/fx?nfO{ ldnfP/
cufl8 a9g'kg]{ 5 . To:t} blntsf] xs clwsf/sf] klg s'/f 5 . of]
blntsf] ;d:ofnfO{ Psk6s xn ul/;s]kl5 ;bfsf]nflu ;dfwfg x'g]u/L

51. ~ 51 ~
of] ;dfhaf6 xnug'{ k5{ . ef/tdf xfdLn] h'g df]8fln6L b]Vof}“, To;n]
blntsf] cj:yfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] vfnsf] b]lvG5 . g]kfndf ca o:tf]
;dfwfg vf]lhg' k¥of], blnt eg]sf] dfG5] uf}td eO{ ;s]sf] lyof], km]l/
uf}td kms]{/ blnt aGg yfNof] . of] l:ylt cfpglbg' ePg . To;sf/0f
uf}td g} /fv]/ hfg] vfnsf] ;lj+wfg agfpg' kg]{ x'G5 . tadfq xfdL 7Ls
lbzfdf hfG5f}“ eGg] nfU5 . ca s[lifsf] Jofj;foLs/0f, ;xsf/Ls/0f,
oflGqsLs/0f ug'{kg]{ cfjZostfx? 5g . s[lifnfO{ s;/L cfw'lgsLs/0f
ug]{ eGg]df xfdL hfg}k5{ . e"ld ;DaGwdf ;'wf/sf] ;fy;fy} s[lifsf]
cfw'lgsLs/0fnfO{ klg cufl8 a9fpg' k5{ .

52. ~ 52 ~
;xefuLx?
emngfy vgfn k"j{ k|wfgdGqL, g]tf g]skf Pdfn]
s]zj a8fn k"j{ ;+of]hs–e"ld ;'wf/ cfof]u, @)%!
wd{bQ b]jsf]6f ;b:o–e"ld ;'wf/ cfof]u, @)%!
8f= huGgfy clwsf/L s[lifljb, cg';Gwftf
8f= g]q ltlD;gf ;+of]hs, blIf0f Pl;of ul/aL lgjf/0f
8f= ;'/]z 9sfn k|fWofks, dfgjzf:q ljefu, lq= lj=
8f= tf/f k|;fb hf]zL cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw ljb, h]go"
8f= s[i0f kf}8]n k|fs[lts ;|f]t Joj:yfkg ljb
hut a:g]t lgb]{zs, ;fd'bflos cfTdlge{/ ;]jf s]Gb|
/fwf e§/fO{ s]Gb|Lo ;b:o, g]skf ;+o'Qm
b]ljsf g]Djfª s]=;=, g]skf ;+o'Qm
chDa/ sfdjfª pkdxf;lrj, ;+3Lo ;dfhjfbL kf6L{
8f= lji0f' pk|]tL ;+of]hs, ;d;fdlos cWoog s]Gb|
lai0f' cfrfo{ jg ljefu cg';Gwftf
8f= lbks k|sfz e§ g]kfn gLlt cWoog ;+:y
8f= cRo't uf}td k|fWofks
;lrbfgGb hf]zL jfdkGyL ljZn]ifs
dfwj a:g]t ;Dkfbs, g]kfn Dofuflhg
6+s sfsL{ u0ftGq rLgsf nflu g]kfnsf k"j{ /fhb't
j}hgfy rf}w/L ;ef;b, ;+ljwfg;ef
lzj/fd ofbj s]= ;= g]skf dfcf]jfbL
a;Gt a:g]t kqsf/, sflGtk'/ b}lgs
dfwj 9'+u]n jl/i7 kqsf/, cGgk"0f{ b}lgs
zflns/fd e08f/L ljBfyL{, ;dfhzf:q
u0f]z la=s= cWoIf, dfgj clwsf/ ;~hfn
gf/fo0fL b]jsf]6f ljBfyL{, ;dfhzf:q lq=lj=
8f= ljho kf}8]n cy{ljb, dfS;{jfbL cg';Gwftf
8f= uf]ljGb yfkf cy{ljb, k|fWofks

53. ~ 53 ~
3gZofd e";fn pkdxf;lrj, g]skf Pdfn]
of]u]z e§/fO{ ;lrj g]skf Pdfn]
/fds'df/L emfFqmL s]Gb|Lo ;b:o, g]skf Pdfn]
zf/bf s'dfn ;b:o, ;'s'Daf;L cfof]u
/fdrGb| vgfn lgb]{zs, g]kfn s[lif pBf]u
s0f{ lji6 ;= ;b:o, g]skf Pdfn], 88]nw'/f
cd/ lg/f}nf k|aGws, xf]dNof08 xfplhª, a]naf/L, df]/ª
cfof]hs
sf]dn e§/fO{– cWoIf, g]kfn cWoog s]Gb|
of]u]Gb| axfb'/ zfxL– sfo{qmd ;+of]hs, cf/PnP;÷l;PgP; kl/of]hgf
piffls/0f ltD;]gf– g]kfn cWoog s]Gb|
uf}td /fO{– g]kfn cWoog s]Gb|
zflns/fd e08f/L– g]kfn cWoog s]Gb|

54. ~ 54 ~
/f]hf nShDju{ kmfp08]zgsf]
;+lIfKt kl/ro
/f]hf nShDju{ kmfpG8]zg jt{dfg ;dodf hd{gsf] 7"nf /fhg}lts z}lIfs
;+:yfgx? dWo] Ps xf] . o;n] cfk"mnfO{ nf]stflGqs ;dfhjfbsf] jf}l4s
wf/sf] Ps c+z 7fGb5 . of] k|lti7fg ;g !(() df aln{gdf :yflkt
;fdflhs ljZn]if0f tyf /fhg}lts lzIff ;+3 gfds ;fgf] /fhgLlts
;d"xaf6 ljsl;t x'Fb} cfhsf] cj:yfdf cfOk'u]sf] 5 . ;g !((^ df
/f]hf nDhDju{ kmfpG8]zgnfO{ k|hftflGqs ;dfhjfbL bn -h;nfO{ xfn
lb lnGs cyf{t jfdkGyL_ elgG5_ ;Fu ;Da4 Pp6f /fi6«JofkL u'7Lsf
?kdf cflwsfl/s dfGotf lbOPsf] 5 . o; x}l;otdf of] …lb ln+sÚ;Fu
;DalGwt u'7L tyf ;+:yfx?;Fu /fi6«JofkL?kdf glhs /x]/ ;xsfo{
ub{5 . clxn] of] kmfp08]zg k|ultzLn ;fdflhs ljZn]if0fsf nflu
/fi6«JofkL /fhgLlts lzIff ;+u7g, cfnf]rgfTds tyf /rgfTds ljrf/x?
/ /fhgLlts ljsNkx?sf] dGyg ynf]sf ;fy} cg';Gwfg ;'ljwf;DkGg
;+:yfsf ?kdf ljsl;t ePsf] 5 .
/f]hf nShDju{ kmfp08]zgsf] ;+rfng ljlw
;+3sf ;fwf/0f tyf cflhjg ;fwf/0f ;b:ox? tyf sfo{sf/L sfo{;ldltsf
;b:ox?sf ;fy} cWoIfsf] ?kdf bfufdf/ PGsndfg / k|d'v sfo{sf/L
clws[tsf] ?kdf 8f= nf]l/og efO; ;]jf/t 5g . k|f1 ljbjthg /
j}1flgsx?sf] ;Nnfxsf/ sfo{;ldltx?, o; kmfpG8]zgaf6 k|sflzt
x'g] k|sfzgx?sf n]vsx?, 5fqj[lQ k|fksx? / k|fWofksx? / ;of}“
:jo+;]jLx? o;df cfj4 5g . o;df ;o eGbf a9L sd{rf/Lx?
tL /fhgLlts lzIffsf] k|1fk|lti7fg, cGt/f{li6«o ;+rf/ tyf ;xsfo{
s]Gb|, ljBfyL{ nfO{ hd{gdf ;fdflhs, ljQLo tyf ;f+:s[lts ;xof]u
;]jfx? pknJw u/fpg] ;+u7g, ;fdflhs ljZn]if0f ;+:yf, k|hftflGqs
;dfh;DaGwL clen]vfno jf ;fj{hlgs ;DaGw, n]vf k|0ffnL jf ljQLo
;DaGwL If]qx?df sfo{/t 5g .

55. ~ 55 ~
nIfx?
/f]hf nShDju{ k|lti7fgsf lgDg Wo]ox? 5gM
á ljZjlss[t, cGofoLk"0f{ tyf c;lxi0f' ljZjdf /fhg}lts lzIffnfO{
;Da[4 -;+ul7t_ ug]{ tyf 1fgnfO{ k|rf/k|;f/ ug]{
á jt{dfg k"FhLjfbsf] ljZn]if0fsf nflu d~r lbg] M cfw"lgs k|hftflGqs
;dfhjfbaf/]df Jojxfl/s 5nkmnx?sf] s]Gb|sf] ?kdf sfd ug]{,
/fhg}lts ljsNkx?sf nflu ;dfhjfbL j}rfl/s s]Gb|sf] ?kdf
sfd ug]{,
á hd{g / cGt/f{li6«o :t/df jfd ;dfhjfbL zlQmx?, ;dfhjfbL
cfGbf]ngx? tyf ;+u7gx?, jfdkIfLo a'l4lhjLx? tyf
u};;x?aLrsf ljrf/ljdz{df ;xof]u ug]{ Pp6f d~r x'g],
á :gfts tyf :gftsf]Q/ 5fqj[lQ sfo{qmdx? dfk{mt o'jf ljbjtx?nfO{
cfly{s ;xof]u pknJw u/fpg],
á ;fdflhs Gofo / eft[Tjk"0f{ Pstf ePsf] ;dfhjfbL /fhgLlts
lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ hLjGt agfpg' / cGt/f{li6«o ;dembf/Lk|ltsf]
k|ltj4tfnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .
yk hfgsf/Lsf nflu
Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung:
Gesellschaftsanalyse und politische Bildung e. V.
Franz-Mehring-Platz 1, 10243 Berlin, Deutschland,
Phone: +49-(0)30-44310-0, Fax: +49-(0)30-44310-230
Email: info@rosalux.de, Internet: www.rosalux.de

56. ~ 56 ~