This is my proposed research presented in International Industrial Relation class when I was studying in School of Business and Government, Uni of Canberra, Australia.
Children in Street Situations - Thematic policy
This thematic policy describes Tdh’s approach on Children in Street Situations (CSS). This policy defines Tdh’s main operating framework for children living in street situation projects. The document serves as a reference and provides guidelines, model of action and strategic target. The aim of “Children in Street Situation” projects is to develop or support individual and social resources in order to give CSS and their families a greater capacity to choose, and to create alternatives to the street situation within society to ensure that CSS and their families are integrated socially.
This is my proposed research presented in International Industrial Relation class when I was studying in School of Business and Government, Uni of Canberra, Australia.
Children in Street Situations - Thematic policy
This thematic policy describes Tdh’s approach on Children in Street Situations (CSS). This policy defines Tdh’s main operating framework for children living in street situation projects. The document serves as a reference and provides guidelines, model of action and strategic target. The aim of “Children in Street Situation” projects is to develop or support individual and social resources in order to give CSS and their families a greater capacity to choose, and to create alternatives to the street situation within society to ensure that CSS and their families are integrated socially.
Street children in malawi a reflection of broken homes or a care-less society.Maggie Sadrake
I was invited to a public lecture at the Catholic University of Malawi on the topic of street children. I hope my insights helped the students understand the area of children in vulnerable situations. For more on what programs Samaritan Trust offers visit www.samaritantrust.org .
Street children are the casualties of economic growth, war, poverty, loss of traditional values, domestic violence, physical and mental abuse.
Every street child has a reason for being on the streets. While some children are lured by the promise of excitement and freedom.
Indeed, Children are the most unprotected segment of the society because they entirely depend on the decisions and action of the others for their survival, growth and over all development. In a developing country like India the magnitude of street children / working children is continuously increasing. Post independence, Government of India passed several laws to ensure the protection of child rights, but the land mark legislation for the CHILD is Juvenile Justice (care and protection of children) Act, 2000, which is based on the provisions of the Indian Constitution and UNCRC. However the main issue is: Are children getting societal and political attention they deserve? And whether the concepts of child rights infused and communicated sufficiently among civil society members? Keeping in view above issues, it is essential that stock-taking is done from time to time in different parts of the country.
Many of the street children who have run away from home have done so because they were beaten or sexually abused. Tragically, the main causes of street children are homelessness and poverty that can lead to further abuse through exploitative child labor and prostitution.
Children’s Perspectives on their Working Lives and on Public Action against C...Young Lives Oxford
Presentation from international meeting on children's work and child labour hosted by the Africa Child Policy Forum, Organisation for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa, and Young Lives in Addis Ababa, 20-21 March 2014
Assessment of Socio-Cultural Constraints On Girls’ Success in Education: The ...paperpublications3
Abstract:In countries, such as Ethiopia, girls are at a disadvantageous position in terms of accessing and succeeding in their education. The objective for this study is to examine the socio-cultural factors affecting girl’s education. The scope of the study focuses on one Primary School where female students are enrolled and limited to grades 4 - 8 and in the age group of 12-18. The sample size of this particular study was 40 female students and 10 respondents for focus group discussion. The respondents were selected using the probability sampling technique and systematic random sampling method.
The findings of this study revealed that girls living in the study area had faced many socio- cultural problems hampering their enrollment and their success in their education. The perception of the community about female education, long distance of the school, early marriage, abduction and lack of role model in their village, as well as, in their school are the major factors that hinders girls’ enrolment and success.
Finally, it was suggested that the collaboration of the community, teachers, school leaders, parents, government and non-government organizations are very important to increase the participation and success of female’s students in the study area.
Keywords: Constraints, primary school, Socio-Cultural and success.
CHILD HAWKING AND EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT.docxResearchWap
There is no generally accepted definition for the term ‘Child Hawking’. But it could simply be referred to as the abuse of a child by his parents or guardian or any other adult. Edu and Edu (1990), describe child abuse as willful maltreatment of a child below eighteen years of age in street sales. Such treatment according to them can include acts of commission (abuse) and omission (neglect). A narrow definition of child hawking is united to life-threatening, physical violence including severe beating, and rape (sexually harassed) which are inflicted on the children by the adult member of the community. A broader definition however lays emphasis on any treatment other than the most favourable care and includes neglect sexual and or emotional abuse and exploitation .which ever this social problem is been defined the question that comes to mind is “are children who are God’s given gifts granted freedom, comfort and peace by adults in the society?
In Nigeria, for example, the rights of citizens in chapter 4 sections 30, 40 of the 1999 constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria guarantee every citizen’s basic and fundamental human rights. Here, the constitution does not make any destination between the rights of adults and children to trade. Thus, children are expected to enjoy these rights. With the menace of child hawking (abuse) in the country, children are being exposed to all kinds of societal hazards. This study, therefore, examines street hawking in Nigeria, with a view to identifying its consequences on children.
Street trading and child hawking have become a global phenomenon and a global concern. The United Nations International Children Education Fund (NCICEF) has estimated that there are 100 and 200 million child labourers across both industrial and developing countries. Estimates for Nigeria shows that 20% of children between the age of 10 and 14 are involved in child labour and street trading. Nigeria alone is estimated to have between 12 and 15 million child hawkers.
According to Human Right Watch (2004), Nigerians have the largest child labour force in the world. The dramatic increase in child labour and street hawking in Nigeria can be attributed to several factors. The rapid population growth of less developed countries, high rates of unemployment, inflation, low wages and deplorable working conditions have contributed to incidents of child hawking and child labour, as children attempt to help support their families (Charles and Charles 2004, Deth 1993). According to Arat (2002), the proliferation of industries can also be linked to an increase in child hawking and child labour. Social ills affecting children have been an area of active empirical investigation.
Indeed numerous studies exist on children who, along with their parents are and on weekends and holidays. This study will bring to light the dangers associated with street trading and child hawking as reported by children who engage in these practices
The Nexus of Street Trading and Juvenile Delinquency: A Study of Chanchaga Lo...RSIS International
I. INTRODUCTION
Globally, the number of working children has been decreasing around the world in recent years, but child labour has continued to be a widespread problem today, especially in developing countries (Paola, Viviana, Flavia & Furio2007). International Programme on Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC 2016) reported that between 2012 to 2016, about 182 million children in the developing world aged 5-14 years were engaged in work. Against this background, governments, international organizations, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have focused their efforts on tackling in particular the worst forms of child labour such as forced and bonded labour, which put children in physically and mentally harmful working conditions (Bunnak 2007).
Street children in malawi a reflection of broken homes or a care-less society.Maggie Sadrake
I was invited to a public lecture at the Catholic University of Malawi on the topic of street children. I hope my insights helped the students understand the area of children in vulnerable situations. For more on what programs Samaritan Trust offers visit www.samaritantrust.org .
Street children are the casualties of economic growth, war, poverty, loss of traditional values, domestic violence, physical and mental abuse.
Every street child has a reason for being on the streets. While some children are lured by the promise of excitement and freedom.
Indeed, Children are the most unprotected segment of the society because they entirely depend on the decisions and action of the others for their survival, growth and over all development. In a developing country like India the magnitude of street children / working children is continuously increasing. Post independence, Government of India passed several laws to ensure the protection of child rights, but the land mark legislation for the CHILD is Juvenile Justice (care and protection of children) Act, 2000, which is based on the provisions of the Indian Constitution and UNCRC. However the main issue is: Are children getting societal and political attention they deserve? And whether the concepts of child rights infused and communicated sufficiently among civil society members? Keeping in view above issues, it is essential that stock-taking is done from time to time in different parts of the country.
Many of the street children who have run away from home have done so because they were beaten or sexually abused. Tragically, the main causes of street children are homelessness and poverty that can lead to further abuse through exploitative child labor and prostitution.
Children’s Perspectives on their Working Lives and on Public Action against C...Young Lives Oxford
Presentation from international meeting on children's work and child labour hosted by the Africa Child Policy Forum, Organisation for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa, and Young Lives in Addis Ababa, 20-21 March 2014
Assessment of Socio-Cultural Constraints On Girls’ Success in Education: The ...paperpublications3
Abstract:In countries, such as Ethiopia, girls are at a disadvantageous position in terms of accessing and succeeding in their education. The objective for this study is to examine the socio-cultural factors affecting girl’s education. The scope of the study focuses on one Primary School where female students are enrolled and limited to grades 4 - 8 and in the age group of 12-18. The sample size of this particular study was 40 female students and 10 respondents for focus group discussion. The respondents were selected using the probability sampling technique and systematic random sampling method.
The findings of this study revealed that girls living in the study area had faced many socio- cultural problems hampering their enrollment and their success in their education. The perception of the community about female education, long distance of the school, early marriage, abduction and lack of role model in their village, as well as, in their school are the major factors that hinders girls’ enrolment and success.
Finally, it was suggested that the collaboration of the community, teachers, school leaders, parents, government and non-government organizations are very important to increase the participation and success of female’s students in the study area.
Keywords: Constraints, primary school, Socio-Cultural and success.
CHILD HAWKING AND EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT.docxResearchWap
There is no generally accepted definition for the term ‘Child Hawking’. But it could simply be referred to as the abuse of a child by his parents or guardian or any other adult. Edu and Edu (1990), describe child abuse as willful maltreatment of a child below eighteen years of age in street sales. Such treatment according to them can include acts of commission (abuse) and omission (neglect). A narrow definition of child hawking is united to life-threatening, physical violence including severe beating, and rape (sexually harassed) which are inflicted on the children by the adult member of the community. A broader definition however lays emphasis on any treatment other than the most favourable care and includes neglect sexual and or emotional abuse and exploitation .which ever this social problem is been defined the question that comes to mind is “are children who are God’s given gifts granted freedom, comfort and peace by adults in the society?
In Nigeria, for example, the rights of citizens in chapter 4 sections 30, 40 of the 1999 constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria guarantee every citizen’s basic and fundamental human rights. Here, the constitution does not make any destination between the rights of adults and children to trade. Thus, children are expected to enjoy these rights. With the menace of child hawking (abuse) in the country, children are being exposed to all kinds of societal hazards. This study, therefore, examines street hawking in Nigeria, with a view to identifying its consequences on children.
Street trading and child hawking have become a global phenomenon and a global concern. The United Nations International Children Education Fund (NCICEF) has estimated that there are 100 and 200 million child labourers across both industrial and developing countries. Estimates for Nigeria shows that 20% of children between the age of 10 and 14 are involved in child labour and street trading. Nigeria alone is estimated to have between 12 and 15 million child hawkers.
According to Human Right Watch (2004), Nigerians have the largest child labour force in the world. The dramatic increase in child labour and street hawking in Nigeria can be attributed to several factors. The rapid population growth of less developed countries, high rates of unemployment, inflation, low wages and deplorable working conditions have contributed to incidents of child hawking and child labour, as children attempt to help support their families (Charles and Charles 2004, Deth 1993). According to Arat (2002), the proliferation of industries can also be linked to an increase in child hawking and child labour. Social ills affecting children have been an area of active empirical investigation.
Indeed numerous studies exist on children who, along with their parents are and on weekends and holidays. This study will bring to light the dangers associated with street trading and child hawking as reported by children who engage in these practices
The Nexus of Street Trading and Juvenile Delinquency: A Study of Chanchaga Lo...RSIS International
I. INTRODUCTION
Globally, the number of working children has been decreasing around the world in recent years, but child labour has continued to be a widespread problem today, especially in developing countries (Paola, Viviana, Flavia & Furio2007). International Programme on Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC 2016) reported that between 2012 to 2016, about 182 million children in the developing world aged 5-14 years were engaged in work. Against this background, governments, international organizations, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have focused their efforts on tackling in particular the worst forms of child labour such as forced and bonded labour, which put children in physically and mentally harmful working conditions (Bunnak 2007).
Begging for Change
Research findings and recommendations on forced child begging in Albania/Greece, India and Senegal
HAQ: Center for Child Rights
B1/2, Ground Floor,
Malviya Nagar
New Delhi - 110017
Tel: +91-26677412,26673599
Fax: +91-26674688
Website: www.haqcrc.org
FaceBook Page: https://www.facebook.com/HaqCentreForChildRights
Guaranteeing Child Fostering and Parental Rights in Nigeria: Law and PolicyPe...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT
Purpose - This article examines the practice of customary child fostering in Nigeria and the state of parental
rights in such a situation. Customary child fostering is a long-lasting practice in Nigeria, and it has an impact on
parental rights. The significance of the practice and its impactsin mostly Nigerian traditional communities raise
the question of its regulation so as to safeguard children‟s rights as well as parental rights. Hence the adoption of
the Child Rights Act 2003 by Nigeria is regarded as a comprehensive approach to quelling a socio-cultural
conflict.
Design/Methodology/Approach -The approach taken is a textual analysis based on evaluating the widespread
practice of customary child fostering and the existing literature on both the sociological and legal approaches to
the issues.It is worth enquiring whether the issues of child rights and parental rights arising in the practice of
customary child fosteringhave been adequately apprehended from a law and policy perspective in Nigeria.
Findings– This research found that despite the emergence of a comprehensive legal framework for child
fostering in modern Nigeria, most individuals, including parents, foster carers and otherstakeholders, remain
attached to the practice of traditional fostering.
Originality/ Values -The valueof this article resides in the deconstruction of customary child fostering in its
current form and the challenges to the effectiveenforcementof the current provisionsof the ChildRights Act 2003
on child fostering.
KEYWORDS:Customary child fostering, informal fostering. child rights, parental rights, law and policy
Parental Neglect and Child Abuse on Child Development in Port Harcourt Metrop...AI Publications
The study assessed parental neglect and child abuse in child development in Port Harcourt metropolis, Rivers State. Specifically the study was designed to examine parental responsibility towards their child, examine areas of child neglect and abuse, identify factors associated with parental neglect and child abuse and suggest social work intervention techniques in ameliorating parental neglect and child abuse in the study area. Purposive sampling technique was used to get information from 50 respondents. Collected data were analysed using percentage, mean score and regression analysis. Findings showed that the areas of parental responsibilities were: provision of food, clothing, healthcare and shelter, counseling in sex, career and friends, training to instill moral values. Areas of child neglects and abuse are street hawking, maltreatment, use of internet without guidance and lack of proper supervision. Factors associated with parental neglect and abuse are polygamy and joblessness on the part of parents. Social work intervention techniques are provision of rehabilitation centres for neglected and abused children. The study recommends that the media should promote programmes that deal on childcare and the dangers of child neglect.
Pastoral Care to Street Children of Anambra State, Nigeria A Case for Public ...YogeshIJTSRD
Previous studies have shown that the increasing rate of street children in the world is remarkably alarming. This is an indication that the already existing Literatures which approached the phenomenon mainly on the socio economic and political perspectives has not yielded much fruits and must be improved upon by employing a theological approach. In this research, many literatures were reviewed. Because this phenomenon of streets is a global concern, the researcher examined a global picture of the phenomenon, but then narrowed down his major concerns to Nigeria with focus on Onitsha, major commercial City in Anambra State. Anambra State is regarded as economically, politically, socially, and religiously viable as far as Nigeria is concerned it is the commercial nerve of the Nation. Empirical evidences based on data generated from reviewed studies provide a holistic picture on the predominance of male street children among an estimated total sample size of 80, 220 street children in Nigeria as a Nation. Analysis of variance results showed that there exists a significant variation within the Town investigated living condition, education, gender, and livelihood strategies . This study utilizes a qualitative, ethnographic approach to present a socio theological nuances in addition to the literature on street children. The work engages a theological public reflection based on the experiences of poverty and dehumanization of the children on the streets of Anambra and for their reintegration into families and communities. Benedict Oshiokhamele Azebeokhai "Pastoral Care to Street Children of Anambra State, Nigeria: A Case for Public Theology" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd41231.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comhumanities-and-the-arts/other/41231/pastoral-care-to-street-children-of-anambra-state-nigeria-a-case-for-public-theology/benedict-oshiokhamele-azebeokhai
The Impact of Girl-Child Education on Community Development: A Study of Ika L...iosrjce
This research work investigated the impact of Girl-Child Education on Community Development with
focus on Ika Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State. The specific objectives of the study are to identify the
role of Girl-Child Education in Community Development, to determine the factors impeding against girl-child
education in the aforementioned area and to examine how social, economic and political development affects
Girl-Child Education in Ika Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State. The total population for this study is
39,500 and the sample size of three hundred and ninety five (395) persons from the selected communities i.e.
Ikot Inyang Udo, Ikot Akata, Urua Inyang, Ikot Oyo and Ikot Okon were drawn. The study adopted a descriptive
survey design and data were analysed using the chi-square (X2
) statistic at 0.05 level of significance. It was
found among other things that Girl-Child Education helps in Community Development and the factors militating
against girl-child education were culture and poverty level of the people. Based on the findings, the following
recommendations were made; the society should stop the discrimination of the girl-child in the provision of
education, also that government should make policy statements that will make the education of the girl child
legal and compulsory.
Stereotype Parental Factors and Girl Child’s Participation in Post Primary Ed...ijtsrd
There is compelling evidence that parental factors significantly impact girls’ attendance in post primary education. The purpose of the present study was to identify the parental factors that affect girls’ attendance in post primary education in Boyo division and to explore the relationship between our study variables. The study reviewed literature based on four specific objectives parents’ attitudes towards girl child education, parents’ level of education as well as socio cultural and socio economic factors on girls’ attendance in post primary education. The ecological systems, needs of the hierarchy and gender relation theories were used not only to substantially explain the position of parental participation in girls’ education but also to generate strategies to promote parents’ participation in their girl children’s education. This qualitative study sought to explore secondary sources of data and to establish how parents in Boyo division were involved in their girl children’s education. The descriptive survey design was adopted for this study. Semi structured interviews for parents and the open ended questionnaire for girls were used in this qualitative study covering four 4 post primary schools. Respondents were selected through the use of chain reference sampling and sampling by case. A total of three hundred and thirty eight 338 participants were selected. The sample consisted of 50 parents and 338 girls who attended both the public and private secondary schools in Boyo division. Data were gathered from the participants via valid and reliable questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the background information of the participants. The Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation Coefficient was employed to explore whether there was a significant relationship between parental factors and girls’ attendance in post primary education. The results revealed that parental factors affect girls’ attendance in post primary education. Based on the discussions, conclusion is drawn and suggestions made on ways of bringing education to the doorstep of the girl child in Cameroon. Girls’ attendance in education is influenced by parental factors. Parents actually indicated and revealed that parents’ related factors hindered girls’ attendance. It was recommended that parents should be willing to learn about how they could overcome the barriers in the participation of their girl children’s education. Girls should be given equal access as boys to education there should be a legal support for girl child education and government should empower parents to understand the importance of educating the girl child. Song Gerald Achou "Stereotype Parental Factors and Girl-Child’s Participation in Post-Primary Education: The Case of Selected Secondary Schools in Boyo Division, North-West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-7 , December 2022, URL: https
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Presentation from international meeting on children's work and child labour hosted by the Africa Child Policy Forum, Organisation for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa, and Young Lives in Addis Ababa, 20-21 March 2014
This study investigated the socio-cultural factors affecting integration into
the formal education system in Katsina State, Nigeria. Descriptive survey
design was adopted for this study. There were 653 Almajiris purposively
selected from twelve Almajiris schools in Katsina State. A researcherdesigned
questionnaire
titled: ‘‘Almajiris socio-cultural factors
questionnaire’’ (ASCFQ) with test-retest reliability coefficient of 0.88 was
used to collect data for the study. Analysis of data was carried out using
frequencies and percentages. Findings revealed that most parents abandon
their children in these informal Arabic schools. Most Almajiris (603, that is
92.3%) responded that their Mallams (Teachers) do not feed them. Therefore,
the only means of survival is through begging and doing menial jobs. Based
on these findings, it is recommended that all the identified socio-economic
factors affecting the integration of Almajiris into the formal education system
should be addressed by the government. This can be done through public
enlightenment campaigns and provision of incentives.
project report on the unfortunate invisibles - street childrenPragya Sharma
Presenting one the biggest socio- legal cause , Almost a universal problem The project report also explores the harsh realities of the street children in places specifically such as - 1)Jammu&Kashmir, 2) Delhi , 3) Rajasthan ,4) West-Bengal and 5) Lucknow for a more deep study of the situation and day to day life of the street culture in these places of India can be more focus on . A real fight , struggle and plight of the unfortunates - "The Street Children . "
Similar to A study of street children in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria. (20)
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
A study of street children in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria.
1. IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS)
Volume 15, Issue 1 (Sep. - Oct. 2013), PP 44-49
e-ISSN: 2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845.
www.Iosrjournals.Org
www.iosrjournals.org 44 | Page
A study of Street Children in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria.
Abari, Christopher Azaager; Audu, Demsy Terwase
Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Jos, Jos-Nigeria.
Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar-Nigeria.
Abstract: Social, political, familial, religious and economic forces, all tied to poverty have continued to push
children to the streets of urban centres in Third World countries, especially Africa and particularly, Nigerian
cities. The study adopted the social survey method. Furthermore, purposive sampling technique was used in
selecting heterogeneous sample of eighty (80) street children in Kaduna metropolis. Findings indicated that
these children survive under hazardous circumstances as they are victims of material and social-psychological
deprivation both from the home front and the society. Many of these children use the street corners as their
homes and worst still; they are denied formal education, a very fundamental factor that will change their
situation. The study is therefore an attempt to expose the problem and suggest the way forward, for the future of
these children in particular, and society at large.
Keywords: street children, poverty; almajiri; delinquency.
I. Background To The Problem
The need for every child to grow up in a favourable environment that will guarantee the realization of
his/her full potential can not to be over-emphasized. In this regard, there has been a deeply entrenched concern
for over-all well-being of children to be bound up extricably with their parents, family and community that they
live and grow.
The issue of proper child training and development has also been clearly articulated by Ekpe and
Mamah (1997), Amali and Ojogbane (2004) and Kopoka (2000). To these scholars, traditional Africa society
was characterized by proper establishment of families and family functions were patterned by path-ways,
governed by mores and reinforced by moral code for proper child socialization and upbringing. The above
scholars report further that community opinion and spirit governed the behaviour of parents in terms of child
rearing practices and so parents tended to conform to the standard so as to avoid the sanctions from the
community. To these scholars, these expectations were taught and readily adhered to and transmitted through
oral tradition by elders.
Children were also highly treasured and they were protected from abuse/neglect as they were believed
to be gifts from the creator of humanity. The scholars conclude that the importance attached to children has been
responsible for many cases of divorce/separation in circumstances of childlessness not just in Nigeria but Africa
as a whole both in traditional and contemporary times. For instance, Kopoka (2000) reports that the baby was
seen as belonging to the entire lineage, clan or extended family and so it was the entire responsibility of all these
groups to ensure its safety and proper upbringing. Kopoka (2000) further state that in East Africa, a child was
normally a member of a community and could not be separated from it. As such, the child was educated and
socialized by the community for membership of the community and that adoption was not common as fostering
of children by the extended families was the common practice, hence there was no need for orphanages. For
Amali and Ojogbane (2004) and Kopoka (2000), children were initiated into the activities of their parents/family
which they were expected to be doing throughout their adult life. This was as such a real social security for
children and it further enable children to help themselves and also prevent them from unemployment which to a
large extent never existed in traditional African setting.
The belief in the fundamental human rights, dignity and worth of human beings as well as the
internationally accepted principle that mankind owe to children are issues of utmost concern to both Nigeria and
the international communities. A clear demonstration to this effect is the inclusion of the rights and welfare of
children in both the Social Development Policy of Nigeria (1989) as well as in the constitution of the Federal
Republic of Nigeria. In the same way, there are several international conventions on the rights of children which
direct governments to protect children below eighteen years from performing hazardous work, any work that
can interfere with their right or education and general economic exploitation. For instance, the International
Labour Organization (ILO) has passed conventions on child labour to protect the right of children below the age
of fifteen years from employment in any economic sector. In the same way, the entire international community
forbids dangerous or harmful employment in areas like prostitution, combat, mining, pornography among others
to all children below eighteen (18) years. Similarly, the UNICEF (1985) report exposes the fact that the problem
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of street children is a major issue and if the trend continues, it could pose a big threat on urban civilization
particularly in developing countries.
Lamentably enough, the researchers have observed that many children are deserting their families and
using the street as their source of livelihood and shelter. Nigerian cities like Lagos, Ibadan, Kano, Port Harcourt,
Calabar and Kaduna - the capital of the defunct Northern region and even Abuja - the nation’s capital are all
witnessing the high prevalence of the problem of street children. This is child abuse and neglect because during
childhood, children are supposed to enjoy love, care and overall protection from parents, but this is not the case
with the street children in Nigeria.
Worst still, living on the street has several social, physical, psychological and health hazards or
consequences associated with it (UNICEF 1985). The study is therefore an attempt to investigate the
fundamental causes of this fast emerging social problem of street children in Nigeria’s urban centres using the
Kaduna metropolis experience. The problem of street children in the society has also attracted the attention of
the general public, social critics, mass media, and researchers alike. For instance, Wilmot (2008) laments that:
In every city across the nation, hordes of children who should be in school flood the streets
selling cheap goods manufactured in China, newspapers and sometimes their bodies. Many
have no parents because of premature deaths due to malnutrition or disease and others have
parents who cannot feed, cloth, school or house them. When they complete their day selling in
the streets, they may have to find a place to sleep there also.
The situation in Kaduna clearly agrees with the above assertion by Wilmot. On a daily basis, children
below 18 years get involved in hawking items like assorted soft/juice drinks, sweets, biscuits, pure water,
cookies, gala, plantain chips, bread, cashew nuts and groundnuts. Other items they also hawk include small
flannels, handkerchiefs, belts, electrical appliances, mobile phones, recharge cards, mobile phone lines,
newspapers, magazines among several other products. In Abuja, areas like Wuse Zone 4 at Sheraton Hotels and
Towers Junction and Garki II near Rita Rolly Club House, several young girls hang around waiting for adult
patronisers of their commercial sex business right on the streets at night and at very odd hours. The same pattern
of prostitution also exists in Jos where young girls hang at Hill Station Junction and places like West of Mines
Junction every evening waiting for men to pick them.
The general public and concerned individuals including the researchers are horrified and worried at the
hazardous nature and harsh conditions that these children are exposed to in their quest for survival. We are also
worried about the exploitation of their labour by their guardians/parents and the future of these children. The
activities that these children are involved in also complicate not only their health but many of them live at the
mercy of some people that can take their lives for rituals. These children also have a tendency to frequently run
into problems with either themselves, members of the public as well as the law enforcement agencies. This
results from their attempt to survive by all means including through stealing, cheating and the likes. Thus, many
people treat them with contempt and as law offenders. In this way, they do not receive any sympathy from such
adults. Apart from this group of people (adults), there are other people that see these children as being victims of
circumstances, so this group seems to be more sympathetic with the plight of these children. What is however
very fundamental inspite of this attitudinal divide from the members of the public is the seeming consensus view
that the problem of street children is as a result of disequilibrated mechanisms/forces with some or several
subsystems of the social system.
Objectives Of The Study
The research is an attempt to explore the problem of street children in Nigerian cities. Specifically it
has the following objectives:
To investigate the fundamental causes of street children
To ascertain the attitude of parents/guardians to their street children.
To determine the public perception towards the problem of street children in the society.
To find out the socio-economic background of the parents/guardians of the street children.
To proffer remedies that will control the problem of street children in Nigeria.
Conceptual Clarification And Literature Review On The Problem Of Street Children
Most of the available literature on street children as it relates to Africa indicates that the problem is not
traditionally inherent with the African way of life. The problem is thus associated with the contact between
Africa, including other developing parts of the world with the West through western education, free market
economy and rapid socio-economic and political changes which have influenced government policies that
invariably affect the other social sub-systems of the society like family, education, economy and the general
community itself.
For instance Liban Oromia; an Ethiopian opinion leader supports the above position that street children
are victims of the misguided western system of education imposed on Africa as something good without
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question and so if not followed with job opportunities, it breeds street kids as there were no street kids in rural
Africa (BBC News, June 9, 2006).
The above argument is wholesomely shared by Kopoka (2000) that street children are products of free
market economy where policies like structural adjustment programmes have persistently impoverished several
families; and education now emphasizes white collar jobs, which are also non-existent. Many families are thus
going through a lot of instability and breakages leaving the children to survive on their own. At the community
level, today’s children are the responsibility of their parents not the community thus entrenching individualism
as against communalism in the society. Wilmot (2007) on the other hand shares a different opinion that:
The ills of Africa do not result from a curse by God, Satan or natural disaster. While European
leaders steal from others to enrich their countries, Africans steal from their people to make
Europe even more rich and powerful. Instead of murdering foreign enemies, African leaders
slaughter their own citizens justifying the racism of their conquerors (Wilmot 2007:2).
The academic guru (Wilmot) would rather dismiss the argument that it is Western education that breeds
poverty with its attendant consequences on child abuse/neglect, homelessness, famine including street children.
He attributes these social vices to corrupt leadership problem in Africa that:
The billions secreted in foreign accounts by African leaders is a colossal loss for the
continent’s impoverished population. It could have been used to build industry, schools,
hospitals, roads, railways, houses and to produce food necessary to make famine a thing of the
past as leaders have done in parts of Asia (Wilmot 2007:4).
Wilmot therefore blames the problem(s) on the African leaders with the assistance from Western
countries that have provided enabling ground for African leaders to continue to decapitalise Africa through
money laundering. Consequently, as clarified further by Wilmot (2007:6) that:
Emphasis on money laundering tends to be concentrated on funds for terrorism and drugs
forgetting that corrupt African leaders have killed more of their own people than Al-Qeda
have killed Americans and Europeans.
Wilmot has as such elaborated enough to show that destitute children are products of a country or
region that has been bankrupted by corrupt and irresponsible leadership. He opines further that children that are
supposed to be insurance against the vagaries of the future are however taken by some parents as burdens to be
overcome due to poverty. He elaborates further that the suffering begins on the day of their child births when
poor parents have to source for money to meet their immediate demands especially in Nigeria.
Irrespective of whether or not the causes of street children in Africa can be traced to internal or external
sources, what is fundamentally certain is that it is a Third World problem in general and African problem in
particular. For instance in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), street children are called “maineanx” or
“sparrows”; in Kenya, they are called “chokora” and in Tanzania, they are called “watoto wa mitaani” (BBC
News, June 9, 2006). Another fundamental issue of consensus is that the problem is another dimension for child
abuse which has equally attracted global attention.
For instance, Reau d’ Echanges dis projects des Rues Programmes enfavaveur des Enfants des Rues
(i.e. Network of Exchanges and Programmes to help Street children (REPER) in their study conducted in year
2000 identified and classified the causes of street children into family, social, economic, political and others.
The researchers are of the view that family causes include child abandonment, children who get
orphaned as a result of war or HIV/AIDS, victims of rape, children of mentally ill, children who have been
thrown out of the house after misbehaving etc. The social factors they argue could be children who run away
from home when they later discover that their mother is a prostitute, their father a thief etc so they separate from
them because of such shameful acts. Sometimes, some handicapped children could be forced to beg or used as
beggar assistants. Some of these children may find this act humiliating and will prefer to take to the street to find
alternative survival strategies. They conclude that: economic causes have to do with famine, draught, child
workers and those whose parents are incapable of sustaining them. Political causes on the other hand have to do
with children who have fled from war massacre, boarder closures and end up on the street among several other
factors.
The BBC News magazine conducted a survey in June 2006 on the causes of street children in Africa
and below is some of the responses across the Continent: Daniel Bassah from Ghana responded that street
children result from rural urban drift. Onubot-Pepple Stella of Nigeria held that high level of poverty and bad
governance are causes of street children in some countries while in others, it is caused by persistent wars. Ernest
Chi, an American based Sierra-Leonian shares the view that street children are victim of mistreatment. Another
Sierra-Leonean, Sigmund Wilson responded that street children are victims of wars perpetuated by politicians
who insist on having firm grip of power at all cost and engage in mismanagement of national wealth. This
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position was also canvassed in that study by another Nigerian; Ashipa James Olashupo that leaders loot money
that should have gone into development of educational institutions, as well as other cultural practices like
polygamy and lack of family planning.
In another similar interview conducted by Newswatch Magazine in November 1991, causes of street
children were discovered to include deception about better economic and living opportunities in the city,
abandonment, truancy, family hostility, broken homes etc. This last point has been corroborated by Foxcroft
(2007) that majority of children in Akwa Ibom are on the streets because they are orphans whose step mothers
brand them as “witches” or “wizards” and cast them on the streets.
Ebigbo (2003) on the other hand believes that religious practices in northern Nigeria tend to push
children on the streets (almajaris) as a strict form of child upbringing to acquire religious training from their
Islamic instructors. On another account, the scholar reports further that some parents also send their children
(daughters) on the street to make enough money for their mothers to buy household goods for them when they
marry.
Similarly, Wazed (2007) discovered in Dhaka, Bangladesh that street children can be attributed to
both push and pull factors that are all related to poverty. Factors like polygamy, natural calamities,
unemployment, patriarchy etc were the major causes of the problem. In the same way Campbell and Ntsabane
(1995) also discovered that poverty, parental neglect and harassment at the home front were the major factors
that account for children taking to the street in Gaborone, Botsawa.
From the foregoing elaboration, we can clearly attest to the fact that the problem of street children is
rampant in Third World countries but the rate is particularly higher in Africa. In Nigeria, the situation has taken
a high toll that all the metropolitan cities now harbour numerous street children. The available literature on the
causes of street children attribute the problem to religious, political, cultural, familial, corruption and economic
factors.
II. Methodology
The social survey research design was adopted in order to investigate the factors that push children to
the streets in urban centres. This design was adopted because of its strength in external validity and its
advantage for the generalization of findings to a wider population and especially because of the heterogeneity of
the population (Barbie, 2010; Ibanga, 1992). The population of the study comprised of all the male and female
children below 18 years who have taken to the streets of Kaduna metropolis and whose survival is dependent on
the proceeds that they generate daily either through begging or other economic activities that they engage in. In
view of limited resources and time constraint, it was not possible and also not necessary for the researchers to
study the entire street children whose total population appear to run into several thousands. Kaduna city was
therefore divided into different clusters. Out of these areas, the researchers purposively limited the study to four
(4) areas namely: Kawo, Kaduna Central, Barnawa and Sabo. The selection was purely based on the fact that
these areas have the highest concentration of street children in Kaduna. The non-probability sampling technique
was further employed as a result of the absence of the total number of street children in Kaduna and because
some of the children approach declined participation in the study. Hence, 20 street children who were willing to
participate in the study were purposively selected in each of the four areas (i.e. Kawo 20; Kaduna Central 20;
Barnawa 20; and Sabo 20; thus comprising 40 boys and 40 girls, totalling 80. Furthermore, 32 parents/guardians
of the children were purposively selected in order to validate some of the claims of the street children for why
they were on the street.
III. Result And Discussion
Socio-Demographic Characteristics of the Respondents
Street children socio-demographic characteristics were sought. The study had an equal representation
of both genders. It was found that all the street children were below 18 years. Furthermore, the study had an
equal representation in terms of religion (50% Christian and Muslim – the two major religions in Nigeria). All
the children (40) from the Moslem group had no secondary education at all while few Christian boys and girls
(10) representing 12.5% attempted secondary education. This means that most of these children were not
educated above primary level as only 12.5% of the children were in secondary school. They all presented a
situation that revealed that their parents were not wealthy people. 47.5% of the Muslim street children were
from polygamous homes, while majority of the street children from Christian homes were of monogamous
homes.
Street Children’s Daily Economic Activities
The children engage in various activities ranging from shoe shining, begging, hawking of wares like
handkerchiefs, yoghurts, assorted drinks, boxers, recharge cards, cigarettes, lighters, groundnuts, pears, oranges,
mangoes etc. Others are vendors of magazines and newspapers while others are porters and bus conductors.
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Others, particularly the boys also survive through car washing, other menial dirty jobs and scavenging.
Consequently, 25% of the children aged 16 -17 years had spent about 10 years as street children. Majority of the
children (65%) took to the street at the age of 6-8 years and also indicated the age of entry as around 6 years for
the boys especially the beggars, the same age applies to the female hawkers who started trading early enough. It
was also found that many of the beggars and shoe shiners were of the Islamic faith that had left their parents in
distant towns and states away from Kaduna and were brought up by their religious teachers. On closing from
each Quranic lessons, they take to the street as water vendors, shoe shiners and carryout other menial jobs that
came their way. Many of such children end-up sleeping on the street in motor parks, abandoned/uncompleted
buildings or broken down vehicles, after their daily business but all the girls indicated that they usually go back
to meet their families. 10% of the street girls were already into child prostitution and further report and remit
their proceeds to their guardian.
Usage of Proceeds by Street Children
Most of the children use the proceeds of their labour to supplement the family income. This clearly
attests to the fact that they are from poor family backgrounds. For instance, Moslem beggars who constituted
12.5% of the respondents must remit their daily proceeds to their Islamic instructors. 25% of the street girls
indicated that their proceeds are given to their family for safe-keeping. These proceeds they claimed are later
use for the purchase of valuables for them when they marry. Furthermore, 25% of the street girls from Christian
homes indicated that their proceeds belong to their guardians and they do this business to support the family
income after school hours. The remaining 20% (boys and girls) of street children reported that they control their
resources by themselves. It was found that parents/guardians supported and encourage taking to the street, as
indicated by majority (80%) of the street children.
Reasons for Being on the Street
Different reasons accounted for why these children were on the street: for example, 10% of the street
children indicated that they were orphans with no one to cater for their needs; 12.5% blamed their been on the
street to hostile family environment, parental neglect, and desire to be independent and broken homes; 20%
attributed it to making earnings for the family; 5% attributed their situation to adventure, perception of city life,
influence of peer groups and 50% of the street children practising Islam attributed it to religion. Other reasons
like not being properly fed by parents/guardians; inability to provide school uniforms and pay school fees.
These findings agree with the earlier submission that in whatever angle you look at the problem, the causes are
multidimensional and usually cut across, social, familial, religious, political and economic forces. The children
especially the Moslems shared the belief that it is only Allah/God that can determine people’s destiny so they
are very hopeful of succeeding in life even without education. They even sighted examples of many prominent
people that they know who were raised to such positions by destiny even though they are illiterate. Some of the
children hoped to save and grow up to be businessmen, transporters and some others were still hopeful of going
back to school whenever their financial condition becomes more favourable.
Socio-Economic Conditions and Attitudes of Parents/Guardians towards their Street Children
Majority of the street children attributed their being on the street to parental neglect, family harassment
and that their deprivation was particularly poverty driven in nature. This was validated from the interview with
parents as most of them attributed their inability to cater for their children to hard times. Many indicated that
they were unemployed and others reported to have retired from public service and yet to receive their retirement
benefits. Some (9.37%) of the parents also attributed their poor economic conditions to ill-health, which made it
difficult for them to effectively provide for the upkeep of their families. These findings validate the claims of the
street children that material deprivation is the reason for their being on the streets. Majority of the parents of
these street children had no formal education and hence their inability to get prestigious jobs that guaranteed
constant income to cater for their families. Besides, their understanding of what constitutes child abuse and
neglect is also limited with their poor educational background. Some of the parents attributed their children’s
been on the street to peer influence and the gangster subculture. On the whole, majority (75%) of the
parents/guardians reported that they would not support their children taking to the street especially if they had
their way, while some of the parents hoped to send their children to school or better vocations as soon as their
financial situation improves. Those parents/guardians that were Moslems however did not seem to look at street
children’s way of life as abnormal as such were not in a hurry to evolve alternative living strategies for the
children.
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IV. Conclusion
The study has unveiled the predisposing factors that account for the rising wave of street children in
Africa and Nigeria using the Kaduna metropolis experience. On the basis of our findings, we can draw the
following deductions:
Most of these children are from poor homes with low socio-economic backgrounds.
Majority of the children use the proceeds of this activity for the upkeep of their families.
Material deprivation and other abuses from the home front are major factors that push the children to the
street.
Some of the children at that tender age get cut off from their families completely.
Most of these children and their parents/guardians have little or no formal education. Thus their chances of
breaking out of their culture of poverty appear to be very slim.
Finally, the state has continued to withdrawal its attention from providing social welfare to citizens,
particularly family and child welfare, thus escalating the menace of street children in the society.
Conclusively, the problem of street children has to be collectively addressed by the family, policy
makers, religious teachers, educators and social scientists alike (as parents of street children turn away
researchers), individuals, governmental and non-governmental organizations. We will therefore conclude with
the words of Wilmot (2007:35) that:
Like other peoples of the world, Nigerians have the right to life, liberty and happiness. But
they also need jobs, food, housing, healthcare, education, stability, a secure future for their
children.
If these things are not put in place, such children will develop into future armed robbers, political thugs and
other desperadoes that will make Nigeria hell on earth.
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