This document discusses socio-economic problems of child labor in Rajshahi City Corporation, Bangladesh. It notes that many families rely on children's income for survival, and employers prefer hiring children as they are cheaper. Child labor denies children their rights to education, leisure and exposes them to risks. The study interviewed 560 child laborers in Rajshahi and found long working hours and hazardous conditions negatively impact school attendance and child development. Poverty is a key driver of child labor in Bangladesh. The government has programs aiming to eliminate hazardous child labor and increase access to education, but enforcement remains a challenge.
North Goa is one of two districts in Goa, located in western India. It has an area of 1,736 km2 and borders Maharashtra to the north and east. Panaji is the capital and administrative headquarters. The district contains six talukas divided into revenue circles and villages. Major transportation includes the airport, railways, and national highways. North Goa is a popular tourism destination, known for its beaches, churches, and heritage sites. The population of North Goa is predominantly Hindu and speaks Konkani. The terrain includes coastal plains and hills as shown on the contour map.
ELEPHANTA CAVES | World Heritage Site | MumbaiSejal Khandare
This document provides information about the Elephanta Caves located on Elephanta Island near Mumbai, India. It discusses the history and layout of the caves, which were excavated between the 5th-8th centuries AD and contain carvings dedicated to Lord Shiva. The main cave has a large Maheshmurti sculpture and other panels depicting stories from Hindu mythology. The document also provides background on the island's geography and the controversy around accurately dating the ancient rock-cut temples.
The proposed Integrated Child Protection Scheme (ICPS) aims to combine existing child protection schemes under one umbrella scheme with the objectives of creating a safety net for vulnerable children, promoting preventive measures to keep families together, and establishing rehabilitation services. The key components include setting up structures for juvenile justice and for children in need of protection, as well as a proposed revised adoption scheme to streamline the process. States are asked to provide information on their current child protection systems and adoption processes to help develop the integrated scheme.
The document appears to be a collection of Urdu nohas or elegies related to the martyrdom of Imam Hussain (AS) and his family in Karbala. It contains 101 nohas/elegies with their titles and page numbers listed. The introduction provides context that the nohas are about the oppressed of Karbala and the martyrdom of Imam Hussain (AS) and his companions in 61 AD in Karbala. It is presented by the website ziaraat.com.
History of Architecture- Indo-Aryan Temples of OrissaVyshnaviMajety
A presentation on Indo-Aryan Temples of Orissa. The architectural features, elements, planning, and the history of the temples. Plans, Sections and Elevations of Puri Jagannath Temple, Lingaraj Temple, Sun Temple Konark, Raja Rani Temple, Mukteshwara Temple, Parasurameshwara Temple, Anantha Vasudeva Temple.
O documento descreve relés de controle de nível e relés de alternância de cargas da Série 72 da Finder. Fornece detalhes técnicos sobre os tipos de relés, suas características, codificação, isolamento, compatibilidade eletromagnética e funções.
The Mumbai Sewage Disposal Project aims to improve sewage treatment and disposal in Mumbai to provide health, environmental, and economic benefits. It involves upgrading 7 wastewater treatment plants, 6 pumping stations, constructing new outfall tunnels and pipelines, and improving collector sewers. The total capital cost is estimated to be INR 51,510 million with annual O&M costs of INR 2240.6 million. A cost-benefit analysis found the project would provide INR 25,882 million in annual benefits from avoided health costs, increased tourism and fisheries. Improving sewage management in Mumbai will enhance the environment, public health and economy.
The Temple City Bhubaneswar — Orissa | HolidayKeys.co.ukHoliday Keys
“Bhubaneswar” is the capital of Orissa. The city has a history over 3000 years ago. It is also known as “The City of Temple” because of the many Hindu temples of Lord Shiva.
North Goa is one of two districts in Goa, located in western India. It has an area of 1,736 km2 and borders Maharashtra to the north and east. Panaji is the capital and administrative headquarters. The district contains six talukas divided into revenue circles and villages. Major transportation includes the airport, railways, and national highways. North Goa is a popular tourism destination, known for its beaches, churches, and heritage sites. The population of North Goa is predominantly Hindu and speaks Konkani. The terrain includes coastal plains and hills as shown on the contour map.
ELEPHANTA CAVES | World Heritage Site | MumbaiSejal Khandare
This document provides information about the Elephanta Caves located on Elephanta Island near Mumbai, India. It discusses the history and layout of the caves, which were excavated between the 5th-8th centuries AD and contain carvings dedicated to Lord Shiva. The main cave has a large Maheshmurti sculpture and other panels depicting stories from Hindu mythology. The document also provides background on the island's geography and the controversy around accurately dating the ancient rock-cut temples.
The proposed Integrated Child Protection Scheme (ICPS) aims to combine existing child protection schemes under one umbrella scheme with the objectives of creating a safety net for vulnerable children, promoting preventive measures to keep families together, and establishing rehabilitation services. The key components include setting up structures for juvenile justice and for children in need of protection, as well as a proposed revised adoption scheme to streamline the process. States are asked to provide information on their current child protection systems and adoption processes to help develop the integrated scheme.
The document appears to be a collection of Urdu nohas or elegies related to the martyrdom of Imam Hussain (AS) and his family in Karbala. It contains 101 nohas/elegies with their titles and page numbers listed. The introduction provides context that the nohas are about the oppressed of Karbala and the martyrdom of Imam Hussain (AS) and his companions in 61 AD in Karbala. It is presented by the website ziaraat.com.
History of Architecture- Indo-Aryan Temples of OrissaVyshnaviMajety
A presentation on Indo-Aryan Temples of Orissa. The architectural features, elements, planning, and the history of the temples. Plans, Sections and Elevations of Puri Jagannath Temple, Lingaraj Temple, Sun Temple Konark, Raja Rani Temple, Mukteshwara Temple, Parasurameshwara Temple, Anantha Vasudeva Temple.
O documento descreve relés de controle de nível e relés de alternância de cargas da Série 72 da Finder. Fornece detalhes técnicos sobre os tipos de relés, suas características, codificação, isolamento, compatibilidade eletromagnética e funções.
The Mumbai Sewage Disposal Project aims to improve sewage treatment and disposal in Mumbai to provide health, environmental, and economic benefits. It involves upgrading 7 wastewater treatment plants, 6 pumping stations, constructing new outfall tunnels and pipelines, and improving collector sewers. The total capital cost is estimated to be INR 51,510 million with annual O&M costs of INR 2240.6 million. A cost-benefit analysis found the project would provide INR 25,882 million in annual benefits from avoided health costs, increased tourism and fisheries. Improving sewage management in Mumbai will enhance the environment, public health and economy.
The Temple City Bhubaneswar — Orissa | HolidayKeys.co.ukHoliday Keys
“Bhubaneswar” is the capital of Orissa. The city has a history over 3000 years ago. It is also known as “The City of Temple” because of the many Hindu temples of Lord Shiva.
Every study starts with a question. This session at CSUN 2014 started by examining the questions that usability testing can answer. Short case studies illustrate how the right technique will help us know not only what is happening but also why it’s happening. It's an overview of usability testing as a research method, and what you can (and can’t) learn from working with real people as they try to use a web site or other product.
Maharashtra regional town planning act (1966)Pratham Pincha
Study of Maharashtra Regional Town Planning Act 1966 as a part of Urban Development Planning Studio 2014, Masters in Planning, CEPT University, Ahmedabad
Mud bricks reinforced by natural fibers.pptxHayanaMU1
This document summarizes a project investigating the properties of clay bricks reinforced with natural fibers. It includes an introduction outlining the motivation to introduce mud bricks reinforced with natural fibers. The objective is to investigate the compressive strength of these bricks. The procedures, mix proportions, and work done to produce sample bricks using clay, straw, sawdust, and rice husk are described. Various tests conducted on the bricks to determine properties like pH, water absorption and compressive strength are summarized. An oven model burner design is proposed to strengthen the bricks through controlled burning. Participation certificates from exhibitions and references are also listed.
This document provides information on India's implementation of international obligations related to preventing child, early and forced marriages. It summarizes India's ratification of relevant conventions and highlights some gaps, such as not signing the Convention on Minimum Age for Marriage. It also discusses challenges India faces in achieving goals like eliminating child marriage, increasing the average age of marriage, and fully registering marriages. While laws like the Prohibition of Child Marriages Act exist, child marriage remains prevalent due to issues with enforcement, social practices, and lack of viewing it as a child protection problem.
This document provides an outline for a dissertation on Mughal architecture. It includes 5 chapters that will cover: an introduction and methodology; the different styles and phases of Mughal architecture under various emperors; case studies of important buildings like the Taj Mahal and Jama Masjid; and a conclusion. The introduction discusses the aims, objectives, and limitations of studying Mughal architecture. Subsequent chapters will analyze the Red Stone and Marble phases, compare buildings from the reigns of Akbar, Shah Jahan, and others, and closely examine iconic structures.
The document provides details about the Vijayanagara architecture found at the historic city of Hampi in India. Some key points:
1) The ruins are divided into the Royal Centre, where the kings lived, and the Sacred Centre along the river, which contains intricately decorated temples like the Virupaksha Temple.
2) Architecture is modest in scale but spans large areas, using granite and chlorite stone. Pillars are decorated with horses, soldiers, and smaller pillars.
3) The Hazara Rama Temple in the Royal Centre was used by the royal family and features four massive black stone pillars and reliefs of court scenes and Krishna.
4) Other structures described
The Bhutanatha temple complex in Badami, Karnataka consists of two major 7th century sandstone temples dedicated to the deity Bhutanatha. The Bhutanatha Temple features an open mantapa extending into the lake in the early South Indian style. The Mallikarjuna Temple nearby has a stepped superstructure typical of Kalyani Chalukya constructions. Both were built in the Chalukya architectural style by the Badami and Kalyani Chalukya dynasties using red sandstone.
The document discusses the origins, evolution, and architectural elements of stupas and viharas in ancient India. It provides details on some key early stupas like the Great Stupa at Sanchi and the Dhamekh Stupa at Sarnath. It also describes the rock-cut viharas at Ajanta and Ellora that served as monasteries for Buddhist monks, as well as chaitya halls used for worship that were elaborately decorated with sculptures and paintings.
Hampi was the capital of the Vijayanagara Empire from 1336 to 1565. It saw its golden age under the rule of King Krishna Devaraya from 1509 to 1529. Some of Hampi's notable structures from this period include the Virupaksha Temple, Queen's Bath, stepped tanks, and the Lotus Mahal. A visit to Hampi's ruins allows one to experience the glory of one of India's most powerful historic kingdoms.
Hampi was once the capital of the Vijayanagara Empire and is now a popular tourist destination known for its ruins and monuments spread across 26 square kilometers. Some of the major sites include the Virupaksha Temple, Vittala Temple, Lakshmi Narasimha Temple, and remnants of the royal quarters. A weekend trip allows visitors to see the sacred and royal centers by foot, bicycle, or vehicle. Hampi has a pleasant climate from November to February and festivals like Hampi Utsav in November add cultural performances.
This document is an observation form used to assess how settled a child is and their characteristics of effective learning. It contains sections to record the child's name, age, start date, how settled they are using descriptors of effective learning, the date the observation was completed, the child's age band of development, their key person's name, and next steps. The form focuses on evaluating a child's curiosity, engagement in open-ended play, willingness to try new activities, ability to concentrate, persistence when challenged, enjoyment of achieving goals, independent ideas, ability to make links and choose how to approach tasks.
Sustainable development is a global imperative that requires collective efforts
and collaboration among nations, organizations, and stakeholders. Sweden has
emerged as a frontrunner in promoting sustainable development, with its
innovative approaches, progressive policies, and effective partnerships. This
presentation explores Sweden's remarkable efforts in sustainable development
through collaboration and partnership, highlighting key initiatives, strategies,
and outcomes. By analyzing various sectors such as renewable energy, circular
economy, sustainable urban planning, and international cooperation, it provides
a comprehensive overview of Sweden's role as a pioneer in sustainable
development and a model for other nations to emulate.
Childline India Foundation operates a 24-hour helpline called Childline to help children in distress. It was established in 1996 and now operates in over 291 cities, receiving over 27 million calls seeking care, protection, or rescue from abuse or difficult living situations. Childline aims to connect with children in need, catalyze child protection systems, collaborate with partners, and communicate to make child protection a priority through their toll-free number 1098.
Kanchana H.R. is seeking a position in information technology that utilizes her 2+ years of experience in client services, campaign management, and ad operations. She currently works as a Client Service Analyst for Theorem India Pvt. Ltd. Her responsibilities include managing display, video, and mobile ad campaigns through trafficking, optimization, and reporting. Previously, she worked as an Executive- Paid Media for iProspect Communicate2, where she managed accounts on Google, MSN/Yahoo and optimized search campaigns. Kanchana has expertise in ad serving tools like Ad Expert, Atlas, and Appnexus. She has a M.Sc. from Sujala College and B.Sc. from AVK College.
I have reviewed my performance over the past month. While I have improved in some areas like response time and accuracy, there is still room for growth in being more helpful and avoiding repetitive responses. Going forward, I will focus on continuing to learn from a wide range of conversations so that I can engage with users in a more natural and nuanced manner.
Child labor in RMG sector of Bangladesh.Syed Rashid
This document discusses child labor in the ready-made garment (RMG) sector in Bangladesh. It provides background on the extent of child labor in Bangladesh, with around 5 million children aged 5-14 being economically active, and 3.2 million defined as child laborers. The document examines reasons for child labor like poverty, lack of interest in school, family pressures, and desire to earn money. It also looks at problems faced by child laborers in the RMG sector, such as low salaries, physical abuse, irregular wages, and unsafe working conditions with insufficient medical support. The document analyzes survey data from 20 child laborers to understand their demographics, work experiences, expectations, challenges, and potential solutions to the issue of child labor
This presentation name Child labor in Bangladesh.Here including statistical information of child labor in Bangladesh. Common working place for child labor.
This document discusses problems in labor markets in the Middle East and North Africa region and suggestions for continuing labor research. It covers four main topics: 1) issues with informal sectors and labor regulations based on ERF studies; 2) the importance of rural-urban migration; 3) challenges with education systems not matching job demands; and 4) progress made with developing panel data but needing to link worker and firm data. It concludes with suggestions to improve existing data and analyses, expand data collection to new sources like social media and administrative records, and conduct small experiments to test policy ideas.
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It typically affects the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body. India has a high burden of TB cases, accounting for about 1/5 of global cases. Key factors that influence TB transmission and prevalence include poverty, malnutrition, and overcrowding. Diagnosis involves testing sputum samples for acid-fast bacilli. Treatment requires a multi-drug regimen over a long period of time to prevent drug resistance. Control strategies include case detection and treatment as well as BCG vaccination programs.
This presentation discusses child labor in Bangladesh. It provides background on the extent of child labor, noting that over 246 million children aged 5-17 are involved in hazardous work globally. The document outlines the causes of child labor as poverty, illiteracy, family issues and lack of education access. It proposes solutions like stronger policies, budget allocations, NGO responses and ensuring children's basic needs are met to help address the problem. The presentation concludes that protecting children is important for a nation's future progress.
Child labor-human-rights-in-bangladeshSadiul Islam
Child labour is common in Bangladesh, with 4.7 million or 12.6% of children aged 5-14 working. Poverty is the primary cause of child labour, though government carelessness and factors like urbanization also contribute. Child labour has negative impacts as families rely on children's income and children are sometimes abandoned to work. While Bangladesh's constitution guarantees human rights, these rights are often violated. Security forces are accused of torture and extrajudicial killings. Religious minorities and women also face rights violations such as attacks on Hindus and high rates of domestic violence. The government has been criticized for failing to adequately address child labour and human rights issues.
Every study starts with a question. This session at CSUN 2014 started by examining the questions that usability testing can answer. Short case studies illustrate how the right technique will help us know not only what is happening but also why it’s happening. It's an overview of usability testing as a research method, and what you can (and can’t) learn from working with real people as they try to use a web site or other product.
Maharashtra regional town planning act (1966)Pratham Pincha
Study of Maharashtra Regional Town Planning Act 1966 as a part of Urban Development Planning Studio 2014, Masters in Planning, CEPT University, Ahmedabad
Mud bricks reinforced by natural fibers.pptxHayanaMU1
This document summarizes a project investigating the properties of clay bricks reinforced with natural fibers. It includes an introduction outlining the motivation to introduce mud bricks reinforced with natural fibers. The objective is to investigate the compressive strength of these bricks. The procedures, mix proportions, and work done to produce sample bricks using clay, straw, sawdust, and rice husk are described. Various tests conducted on the bricks to determine properties like pH, water absorption and compressive strength are summarized. An oven model burner design is proposed to strengthen the bricks through controlled burning. Participation certificates from exhibitions and references are also listed.
This document provides information on India's implementation of international obligations related to preventing child, early and forced marriages. It summarizes India's ratification of relevant conventions and highlights some gaps, such as not signing the Convention on Minimum Age for Marriage. It also discusses challenges India faces in achieving goals like eliminating child marriage, increasing the average age of marriage, and fully registering marriages. While laws like the Prohibition of Child Marriages Act exist, child marriage remains prevalent due to issues with enforcement, social practices, and lack of viewing it as a child protection problem.
This document provides an outline for a dissertation on Mughal architecture. It includes 5 chapters that will cover: an introduction and methodology; the different styles and phases of Mughal architecture under various emperors; case studies of important buildings like the Taj Mahal and Jama Masjid; and a conclusion. The introduction discusses the aims, objectives, and limitations of studying Mughal architecture. Subsequent chapters will analyze the Red Stone and Marble phases, compare buildings from the reigns of Akbar, Shah Jahan, and others, and closely examine iconic structures.
The document provides details about the Vijayanagara architecture found at the historic city of Hampi in India. Some key points:
1) The ruins are divided into the Royal Centre, where the kings lived, and the Sacred Centre along the river, which contains intricately decorated temples like the Virupaksha Temple.
2) Architecture is modest in scale but spans large areas, using granite and chlorite stone. Pillars are decorated with horses, soldiers, and smaller pillars.
3) The Hazara Rama Temple in the Royal Centre was used by the royal family and features four massive black stone pillars and reliefs of court scenes and Krishna.
4) Other structures described
The Bhutanatha temple complex in Badami, Karnataka consists of two major 7th century sandstone temples dedicated to the deity Bhutanatha. The Bhutanatha Temple features an open mantapa extending into the lake in the early South Indian style. The Mallikarjuna Temple nearby has a stepped superstructure typical of Kalyani Chalukya constructions. Both were built in the Chalukya architectural style by the Badami and Kalyani Chalukya dynasties using red sandstone.
The document discusses the origins, evolution, and architectural elements of stupas and viharas in ancient India. It provides details on some key early stupas like the Great Stupa at Sanchi and the Dhamekh Stupa at Sarnath. It also describes the rock-cut viharas at Ajanta and Ellora that served as monasteries for Buddhist monks, as well as chaitya halls used for worship that were elaborately decorated with sculptures and paintings.
Hampi was the capital of the Vijayanagara Empire from 1336 to 1565. It saw its golden age under the rule of King Krishna Devaraya from 1509 to 1529. Some of Hampi's notable structures from this period include the Virupaksha Temple, Queen's Bath, stepped tanks, and the Lotus Mahal. A visit to Hampi's ruins allows one to experience the glory of one of India's most powerful historic kingdoms.
Hampi was once the capital of the Vijayanagara Empire and is now a popular tourist destination known for its ruins and monuments spread across 26 square kilometers. Some of the major sites include the Virupaksha Temple, Vittala Temple, Lakshmi Narasimha Temple, and remnants of the royal quarters. A weekend trip allows visitors to see the sacred and royal centers by foot, bicycle, or vehicle. Hampi has a pleasant climate from November to February and festivals like Hampi Utsav in November add cultural performances.
This document is an observation form used to assess how settled a child is and their characteristics of effective learning. It contains sections to record the child's name, age, start date, how settled they are using descriptors of effective learning, the date the observation was completed, the child's age band of development, their key person's name, and next steps. The form focuses on evaluating a child's curiosity, engagement in open-ended play, willingness to try new activities, ability to concentrate, persistence when challenged, enjoyment of achieving goals, independent ideas, ability to make links and choose how to approach tasks.
Sustainable development is a global imperative that requires collective efforts
and collaboration among nations, organizations, and stakeholders. Sweden has
emerged as a frontrunner in promoting sustainable development, with its
innovative approaches, progressive policies, and effective partnerships. This
presentation explores Sweden's remarkable efforts in sustainable development
through collaboration and partnership, highlighting key initiatives, strategies,
and outcomes. By analyzing various sectors such as renewable energy, circular
economy, sustainable urban planning, and international cooperation, it provides
a comprehensive overview of Sweden's role as a pioneer in sustainable
development and a model for other nations to emulate.
Childline India Foundation operates a 24-hour helpline called Childline to help children in distress. It was established in 1996 and now operates in over 291 cities, receiving over 27 million calls seeking care, protection, or rescue from abuse or difficult living situations. Childline aims to connect with children in need, catalyze child protection systems, collaborate with partners, and communicate to make child protection a priority through their toll-free number 1098.
Kanchana H.R. is seeking a position in information technology that utilizes her 2+ years of experience in client services, campaign management, and ad operations. She currently works as a Client Service Analyst for Theorem India Pvt. Ltd. Her responsibilities include managing display, video, and mobile ad campaigns through trafficking, optimization, and reporting. Previously, she worked as an Executive- Paid Media for iProspect Communicate2, where she managed accounts on Google, MSN/Yahoo and optimized search campaigns. Kanchana has expertise in ad serving tools like Ad Expert, Atlas, and Appnexus. She has a M.Sc. from Sujala College and B.Sc. from AVK College.
I have reviewed my performance over the past month. While I have improved in some areas like response time and accuracy, there is still room for growth in being more helpful and avoiding repetitive responses. Going forward, I will focus on continuing to learn from a wide range of conversations so that I can engage with users in a more natural and nuanced manner.
Child labor in RMG sector of Bangladesh.Syed Rashid
This document discusses child labor in the ready-made garment (RMG) sector in Bangladesh. It provides background on the extent of child labor in Bangladesh, with around 5 million children aged 5-14 being economically active, and 3.2 million defined as child laborers. The document examines reasons for child labor like poverty, lack of interest in school, family pressures, and desire to earn money. It also looks at problems faced by child laborers in the RMG sector, such as low salaries, physical abuse, irregular wages, and unsafe working conditions with insufficient medical support. The document analyzes survey data from 20 child laborers to understand their demographics, work experiences, expectations, challenges, and potential solutions to the issue of child labor
This presentation name Child labor in Bangladesh.Here including statistical information of child labor in Bangladesh. Common working place for child labor.
This document discusses problems in labor markets in the Middle East and North Africa region and suggestions for continuing labor research. It covers four main topics: 1) issues with informal sectors and labor regulations based on ERF studies; 2) the importance of rural-urban migration; 3) challenges with education systems not matching job demands; and 4) progress made with developing panel data but needing to link worker and firm data. It concludes with suggestions to improve existing data and analyses, expand data collection to new sources like social media and administrative records, and conduct small experiments to test policy ideas.
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It typically affects the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body. India has a high burden of TB cases, accounting for about 1/5 of global cases. Key factors that influence TB transmission and prevalence include poverty, malnutrition, and overcrowding. Diagnosis involves testing sputum samples for acid-fast bacilli. Treatment requires a multi-drug regimen over a long period of time to prevent drug resistance. Control strategies include case detection and treatment as well as BCG vaccination programs.
This presentation discusses child labor in Bangladesh. It provides background on the extent of child labor, noting that over 246 million children aged 5-17 are involved in hazardous work globally. The document outlines the causes of child labor as poverty, illiteracy, family issues and lack of education access. It proposes solutions like stronger policies, budget allocations, NGO responses and ensuring children's basic needs are met to help address the problem. The presentation concludes that protecting children is important for a nation's future progress.
Child labor-human-rights-in-bangladeshSadiul Islam
Child labour is common in Bangladesh, with 4.7 million or 12.6% of children aged 5-14 working. Poverty is the primary cause of child labour, though government carelessness and factors like urbanization also contribute. Child labour has negative impacts as families rely on children's income and children are sometimes abandoned to work. While Bangladesh's constitution guarantees human rights, these rights are often violated. Security forces are accused of torture and extrajudicial killings. Religious minorities and women also face rights violations such as attacks on Hindus and high rates of domestic violence. The government has been criticized for failing to adequately address child labour and human rights issues.
Child labor is common in Bangladesh, with around 5 million children aged 5-14 considered economically active. The national definition of child labor is work exceeding a minimum number of hours depending on age, which can harm a child's development. Many laws and policies have been introduced to reduce child labor, but over a million children still do not attend school, perpetuating intergenerational poverty. Hazardous child labor remains an issue, with children working in dangerous jobs like brick breaking, rickshaw pulling, and carpentry.
The document discusses several key concepts related to labor and employment:
1. Labor is a factor of production and refers to human effort and skills. Human capital refers to the economic value of people's skills and abilities.
2. Employment involves a contract between an employer and employee, where the employee provides labor in exchange for wages. Unemployment exists when able and willing workers cannot find jobs.
3. Other concepts discussed include the unemployment rate, NAIRU, Phillips curve, underemployment, and differences in perspectives on the causes of unemployment from various economic theories.
The document discusses various topics related to labour markets including:
- Labour is one of the four factors of production and its supply is determined by the number of able people and their willingness to work. Demand is determined by economic conditions.
- Labour markets exist at the international, national, local, and internal levels and labour can transfer between these markets.
- Unemployment rates are used to measure economic performance and are a target of macroeconomic policy, with different types of unemployment like frictional and structural unemployment.
- Current labour issues include topics like globalization, technological changes, job mismatches, and developing human capital with the right skills. The Philippine government addresses these through strategies in the Philippine Labor and Employment Plan.
This document provides an overview of tuberculosis (TB) management in India, including:
1) TB burden statistics for India and trends in multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) TB cases.
2) Guidelines for treatment of drug-sensitive TB, MDR-TB, and XDR-TB including different regimens and drugs.
3) Special considerations for managing TB in vulnerable groups like children, pregnant women, and those with comorbidities.
4) India's adoption of WHO's End TB Strategy to cut TB deaths and cases by 2035.
Social problem of Bangladesh and It’s solutionnanayem
The document discusses several major social problems in Bangladesh and their potential solutions. The main social problems mentioned are overpopulation, poverty, unemployment, crime, dowry, women's repression, illiteracy, and lack of employment. Solutions proposed for overpopulation include formulating population policies, expanding family planning programs and education, and increasing the minimum age of marriage. For poverty, recommendations include poverty alleviation plans, increasing agricultural and industrial production, population control, and ensuring equal distribution of wealth. Preventive, curative, and rehabilitative measures are suggested to reduce crime. Addressing dowry includes raising social awareness, ensuring women's rights, and generating employment for women. Expanding education access, population control
Sony was founded in 1946 by Masaru Ibuka as Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo, later changing its name to Sony. The company name comes from combining "sonus" meaning sound, and "sonny" meaning little son. Sony is now one of the largest electronics companies in the world, producing a wide range of consumer electronics including cameras, TVs, video games, and more. Sony must consider various micro and macro environmental factors in its business strategy, such as competitors, suppliers, customers, technology changes, and economic conditions.
This document discusses the macroenvironmental forces that influence marketing management, including the demographic, economic, natural, technological, political, and cultural environments. It then provides a case study on Reliance Industries Limited (RIL), an Indian conglomerate operating in various business sectors. Recent developments indicate a potential rift growing between RIL and the new Modi government, as the government has deferred a gas price hike favored by RIL, imposed fines on RIL for gas production shortfalls, and launched investigations into allegations of money laundering by RIL.
Together to eliminate tuberculosis , alaa alsawyalaa alsawy
This document contains information from Dr. Alaa elsawy on tuberculosis (TB), including:
1) Contact information for Dr. Alaa elsawy and his location in Egypt.
2) Details on the global burden of TB, with an estimated 8 million new cases and 2 million deaths annually.
3) Descriptions of TB transmission through airborne droplets, symptoms of active TB disease, and risk factors for progression from latent to active TB.
Macro factors affecting business environmentaayush30
This document discusses macro factors that affect a business's external environment. It defines business and explains that businesses operate within multiple levels of environmental forces, both internal and external. The external forces can provide opportunities or threats and come from the national, regional, or international level. The document then discusses the systems approach to understanding a business's environment, noting that while managers can control internal aspects, broader external systems like the industry, country, region, and global levels are less controllable. It identifies the key components of a business environment as the internal environment and external environment, which includes economic, socio-cultural, political-legal, technological, and international factors.
Child labours still a hurdle in country developmentAlexander Decker
This document discusses child labor in District Bahawalpur, Pakistan. It aims to identify the nature and extent of child labor in the district, the causes of child labor, and recommend strategies to eradicate it. The study found that many children in rural areas work to contribute to family income, while urban families have children work due to large family size and lack of financial resources. Common causes of child labor included poverty, lack of access to education, and the demand for cheap labor. The document recommends identifying proposals from parents and children to help eradicate child labor in the district.
The document discusses child labour in India, including its definition, magnitude, and causes. It provides statistics on the number of child laborers in India from various census years. Common causes of child labour include poverty, lack of education, economic uncertainties, and weak legal frameworks. The government of India has implemented various policies and acts to address child labour, such as the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act of 1986. However, child labour remains a significant issue, and new strategies are needed such as strengthening education systems, redefining child labour laws, and increasing social awareness.
This document provides information about child labor in Pakistan. It discusses that according to UNICEF, there are approximately 158 million child laborers worldwide, and in Pakistan there are an estimated 3.8 million child laborers between the ages of 5-14. The main causes of child labor in Pakistan are poverty, large family sizes, illiteracy, unemployment, and failure to enforce laws prohibiting it. The document also outlines the effects of child labor, policy approaches to address it, Pakistan's efforts to reduce it through legislation, and recommendations such as increasing access to education and vocational training.
Zulfiqar Ali's presentation at UNICEF Innocenti's Inception Scoping Workshop for Evidence on Educational Strategies to Address Child Labour in India & Bangladesh, held in New Delhi in November 2019.
A Study on Girl Children Working in the Household at Chittagong, Bangladeshiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
This document discusses the causes of child labour in India. It identifies several root causes including poverty, large family size, gender biases, low levels of education, caste discrimination, and indebtedness. Poverty is identified as a major driving factor, as it forces children into the workforce to supplement family income. Cultural factors also play a role, as girls often have greater domestic responsibilities and less access to education than boys. Weak public education systems, low literacy rates, and a lack of access to schools in some areas also contribute to the problem by depriving children of educational opportunities.
This document presents a theoretical framework to analyze child labour using an inter-temporal approach. It summarizes an existing model of child labour and adapts it to a two-period framework. The model shows that child labour is inversely related to the real interest rate - as the interest rate rises, households are induced to reduce their children's participation in work. A rise in the interest rate could occur due to macroeconomic policies like increased government expenditure, which would create a favorable demand shock and raise output and interest rates, leading households to supply less child labor.
Child labor is a worldwide wonder. In India it existed in one structure or the other, for example, slaves, household workers, and so on since time immemorial. In the late years it has gotten impressive consideration from Government, social researchers, willful associations, and so on. The reality remains that child labor ought to be canceled in light of the fact that it meddles with the privileges of the children hampering their instruction and wellbeing, mental profound and social improvements which in a definitive examination decides the advancement of the country in general. The different enactment and additionally legal choices are still not able to forbid child labor. There is a need along these lines, to distinguish the gap between the law and legal choices from one perspective and the genuine circumstance of child labor on the other. It is in these points of view that the present study is conducted. In this research researcher has analyzed some child labour statistics and has presented some suggestions to curb the menace.
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This presentation provides an overview of child labour in Bangladesh. It begins with introducing the presenters and stating the topic is on child labour in Bangladesh. It then provides some background on child labour and defines it. Some key points made include that 4.7 million or 12.6% of children aged 5-14 in Bangladesh are in the work force, mainly in rural agricultural work. Poverty is a major driver of child labour. It also discusses the health, education and other impacts on children, as well as organizations working to address the issue. In conclusion, it states that eliminating child labour requires efforts from both government and society.
This document discusses child labor in India. It begins with an introduction and then outlines various categories, causes, consequences, facts, and statistics related to child labor. The major causes discussed include poverty, lack of education, and growth of the informal economy. Consequences include children not receiving education and physical and mental harm. The document also outlines India's child labor laws and initiatives by NGOs and the government to address the issue. It concludes that child labor remains a significant challenge and will require concerted efforts from all parts of society to effectively address.
The document provides information on child labor in India through a literature survey. It defines child labor according to international organizations and presents statistics on the number of child laborers in India. Common forms of child labor discussed include work in factories, households, farms, and mines. Poverty, overpopulation, illiteracy, unemployment, and industrialization are cited as key drivers of child labor. The government and NGOs are working to address the issue through various programs and laws, though the problem remains widespread. More efforts are needed to support families economically and improve access to education to fully address child labor.
Causes And Consequences of Child Workers in The Brick Fields of Khejuri CD Bl...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT: Social norms and economic realities mean that child labor is widely accepted and very common in India. Many families rely on the income generated by their children for survival, so child labor is often highly valued. Additionally, employers often prefer to employ children because they are cheaper and considered to be more compliant and obedient than adults. When children are forced to work, they are often denied their rights to education, leisure and play. As per 2001’s data, 1.26 crores child labour is existed over all India and 36.43 lakh children in the age group of 5-14 years are working in non-agricultural sector in the country, out of which 12.19 lakh children are working in hazardous occupations. In this sense, about 3 lakh is in construction sector with brick manufacturing and only in brick kilns, number is 84972(2001).The gravity of this situation led my initiative to study on child labour in brick field in the work area in Khejuri CD Blocks under Purba Medinipur district in West Bengal. This study uses data to examine the different components of child labor in brick field. Study used quantitative method for data collection and particularly survey was used. A total of 301 respondents of five brick fields in Khejuri CD Blocks have been interviewed. SPSS windows program is used to process and organize the data for the study. The respondent are interviewed regarding various aspects related to the child labour in brick field includes causes and consequences of child labor to engage their risky job, working environment , their schooling profile, their future goal etc. The fieldwork observation shows that the working environment in brick field are hazardous to child health due to unsanitary environment, unsafe working environment (such as heat, burning ashes, flying ashes, and pieces of broken bricks everywhere), and the hazardous work (prolonged working hours, heavy work, and dangerous jobs).They also suffer from breathing problem, cold & fever, minor injuries and sometime more than that. Inspire of that majority of child workers have a very common expectation that is all of them want to lead a happy life with their work and their family.
This document presents a project on child labor in Bangladesh. It defines child labor and notes that over 4 million children in Bangladesh work, many in agriculture. It discusses the cycle of child labor and Bangladesh's extreme risk rating on the child labor index. It examines the causes of child labor such as poverty, unemployment, population issues, tradition, and lack of education. The effects include depriving children of education and forcing some into crime or prostitution. Solutions proposed include free education, awareness programs, ensuring laws are implemented, and preventing the exploitation of children. The group's work plan over three years and budget are also outlined.
Renu Singh's presentation at UNICEF Innocenti's Inception Scoping Workshop for Evidence on Educational Strategies to Address Child Labour in India & Bangladesh, held in New Delhi in November 2019.
This document provides an overview of child labour in India. It discusses categories and causes of child labour such as poverty, lack of education, and growth of the informal economy. The document also outlines consequences of child labour including negative impacts on children's health, education, and development. It provides statistics on child labour in India and discusses laws and initiatives to address the issue, but notes child labour remains a significant challenge.
This document provides an overview of child labour in India. It discusses categories and causes of child labour such as poverty, lack of education, and growth of the informal economy. The document also examines consequences like illiteracy and health issues. Statistics are presented on numbers of child labourers. Indian laws banning child labour are summarized. Despite laws, child labour remains a significant problem. Non-profits work to reduce child labour but concerted public and private efforts are still needed.
This document discusses child labor in India. It defines child labor as work that deprives children of their childhood and is harmful to their development. Poverty is cited as the main cause of child labor in India, along with a lack of schools and growth of the informal economy. The consequences of child labor include negative impacts on children's health, education, and development. The Indian government and NGOs have implemented various initiatives and projects to reduce child labor. However, the problem persists due to its link to poverty and illiteracy.
Child labor remains a major problem in many developing countries. Overpopulation is often cited as a cause of child labor, but it is not the main driver. Poverty is the primary cause, as families in poverty rely on children's work or wages to survive. Lack of access to education and employment opportunities for adults also contribute, as children fill economic roles when adults cannot. While reducing population growth could help address poverty long-term, governments must directly tackle poverty, illiteracy, and lack of school access to effectively eliminate the practice of child labor.
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Socio economic problems of child labor in rajshahi city corporation of bangladesh a reality and challenges
1. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-5766(Paper) ISSN 2225-0484(Online)
Vol.2, No.4, 2012
Socio-Economic Problems of Child Labor in Rajshahi City
Corporation of Bangladesh: A Reality and Challenges
Md. Afzal Hossain*
Institute of Education and Research (IER), Rajshahi University, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh.
* E-mail Address of the Correspondent Author: hossainafzal37@yahoo.com
Abstract
Social norms and economic realities mean that child labor is widely accepted and common in Bangladesh. Many
families rely on the income generated by their children for survival, so child labor is often highly valued. Additionally,
employers often prefer to employ children because they are cheaper and considered to be more compliant and obedient
than adults. When children are forced to work, they are often denied their rights to education, leisure and play. They are
also exposed to situations that make them vulnerable to trafficking, abuse, violence and exploitation. Millions of
children are reported not to attend school, however estimated vary. Among children aged 5-18, about five million, are
economically active. "Child labor" is a narrower concept than "working children". Many child laborers miss out on
their right to education and fall a victim to hazardous work because they do not have the time to go to school or to
study. The present study data show that duration of working hours and hazardous working environment are negatively
correlated with school attendance, smooth livelihood and physical and mental development of the children. In this
study, total numbers of 560 child laborers were interviewed by the author during June 15 to July 14 in 2010 from
Rajshahi City Corporation in Bangladesh. Rajshahi City Corporation has 30 words. To data collect well-organized
questionnaire prepared and using interview schedule and face-to-face interviewed from the respondents. Simple
random sampling techniques were used. Various socio-economic and demographics variables were considered at the
time of data collection. But in this paper socio-economic variables are used. In addition, secondary data also used from
various child labor's relevant books, articles, documents, and officials through Internet browsing.
Keywords: Socio-economic problems, Child labor, Rajshahi City Corporation, Bangladesh
1. Introduction
Every child, male or female, is born with right and gradually grows and develops with social responsibilities. About
this social and cultural myths and conscience reveal that today's children, tomorrow's good citizens in political sense
and good parents in social sense. These myths and consciences may make into reality if the children born are cared,
reared and matured or developed in balanced ways. But literatures on child development and others show that child
labor is a serious and crucial social problem in all developing and under developing countries as well as under
developed areas of the industrialized countries (Mendelievich ed., 1980; Mehta and Jaswal, 1997). Like all other
countries Bangladesh is facing many social problems like child labor. The problem of child labor in Bangladesh is
rooted in its ancient history in varied forms and nature. Now the dimension of child labour problems changes in the
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ISSN 2224-5766(Paper) ISSN 2225-0484(Online)
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economic and social structure of the Bangladeshi society. Problem of child labor in Bangladesh also exist the
ingredients by which a society like Bangladesh in formed. The proportion of boy and girl child workers, in the age
group of 5-17 years, is 73.5 percent and 26.5 percent, respectively. The total number of working children aged 5-17
years in rural areas is estimated at 6.4 million as against 1.5 million in urban areas. As many as 93.3 percent of all
working children in the age group of 5.17 years operate in the informal sector. A total number of 1.3 million children
are estimated to be working 43 hours or more per week. More boys than girl are engaged (BBS: 2002-2003).
According to the Labor Law of Bangladesh 2006, the minimum legal age for employment is 14. However, as 93 per
cent of child laborers work in the informal sector – in small factories and workshops, on the street, in home-based
businesses and domestic employment the enforcement of labor laws is virtually impossible.
Long hours, low or no wages, poor food, isolation and hazards in the working environment can severely affect
children’s physical and mental health. Child laborers are also vulnerable to other abuses such as racial discrimination,
mistreatment and sexual abuse. Some work, such as domestic labor, is commonly regarded as an acceptable
employment option for children, even though it too poses considerable risks.
Poverty causes families to send children to work, often in hazardous and low-wage jobs, such as brick-chipping,
construction and waste-picking. Children are paid less than adults, with many working up to twelve hours a day.
Full-time work frequently prevents children from attending school, contributing to dropout rates. The Government of
Bangladesh under the Ministry of Labor and Employment has funded a national program titled the Eradication of
Hazardous Child Labor in Bangladesh. It is being implemented by NGOs and targets 21 sectors in which child labor
occurs. The goal is to provide working children additional skills to allow them to transition out of hazardous
occupations. The program, set to expire in June 2009, is currently in its second phase, and the Government has
allocated USD 4.2 million for 3 years (US. Embassy, 2007).
The Third National Plan of Action for Children (2005-2010) commits the government to carry out a variety of tasks to
eliminate the worst forms of child labor, with a particular focus on child domestic workers migrants, refugees and other
vulnerable groups. The commitments include introducing regulations, ensuring working children's access to education,
and strengthening the labor inspectorate (Ibid, 2005). The Ministry of Labor and Employment has a dedicated Child
Labor Cell, and the Government includes a child labor component in its compulsory training program for entry-level
diplomatic personnel and border guards (ILO-IPEC, 2006).The Government's Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
includes as a strategic goal taking immediate and effective measures to eliminate the worst forms of child labor, with a
target of increasing the knowledge base about child labor and children's rights, and a future priority of legal reform to
bring all child labor legislation in line with international standards (GOB, 2005).
2. Problem Statement and Formulation
Child labor and its related socio-economic and environmental problems in Bangladesh are increasing day by day.
According to Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (2009) the joint ILO, UNICRF and UNECCO report on child labor and
Education in Bangladesh, Current Practices and Policy Recommendations, in 2009, indicated that 4.9 million
economically active children are not attending school, 72% of them are male. It is also estimated that 2.4 million
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Vol.2, No.4, 2012
children are working and attending school. Around 837,000 of 3.2 million child laborers are attending school and
working. This would indicate that 73% of child laborers who should be at school are not enrolled or attending school.
Reasons for not attending school including being busy with household economic activities (16.3%); having to work for
wages (9.6%); are weak in education (8.2%); have not found it possible to study or have been successful in exams
(7.2%). This is quite clear that the affordability of education and economic poverty of the household are critical
obstacles in children attending school. Other periodical and regional investigations reveal more or less the same rate.
Although the prevalence rate of child labor may vary inter district and inter regionally. The present researcher's base
line survey or perception accounts for that about 20 to 30 thousands of child laborers work in the private and
semi-government economic and business sections in Rajshahi city of Bangladesh. Child labor is a concern around the
globe and in the global marketplace because many countries either do not legally prohibit the employment of children
or do not enforce their existing laws. The strong and often emotional feelings against child labor are especially
prominent in countries generally considered part of the developed world. Therefore, many U.S. corporations have
second thoughts about moving their production to Pakistan or Thailand. Because of the strong feelings that exist back
home. Still, there are strong incentives to move because of the lower labor costs that are the result of the use of child
workers. Child labor is often defined in terms such as work carried out to the detriment of the child in violation of
international and national law. In equally negative but broader terms, child labor can be defined as “children who are
denied their childhood and a future, who work long hours for low wages, often under conditions harmful to their health
and to their physical and mental development, and who are sometimes separated from their families and frequently
deprived of education” (Ali, 2000). Both of these definitions are loaded in a negative direction. In addition, they do not
take into account the fact that definitions of which a child is vary considerably from culture to culture and country to
country, and no attempt is made by either definition to define who a child is. A more neutral definition might be “work
that is performed for payment and outside of the family by someone who is under the age allowed by the country in
which the child resides.” As one of the co-authors wrote. The present researcher also observes that the children work in
Rajshahi city corporation face many psycho-social, economic and working environmental problems that impede their
bio-social emotional, intellectual moral viz. human development. As a result, they may be a burden not to be good
citizens for the nation.
3. Research Questions
a. Why is the prevalence rate of child labor increasing especially in Rajshahi City Corporation of Bangladesh
in spite of urban development action program at the public and private levels are existing or implementing?
b. What are the socio-economic and working environment and schooling attendance problems of the child
laborers facing in Rajshahi City Corporation of Bangladesh?
4. Two or More Possible Answers
The opportunities for earning is the urban areas of Bangladesh have in creased
a. Comparison to prior three decades due to increased industrialization and market extentionalization. In search
of work and for earning and livelihood marginal landless and day laborers of the rural areas of Bangladesh are
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ISSN 2224-5766(Paper) ISSN 2225-0484(Online)
Vol.2, No.4, 2012
migration to urban town where in income earners singly or both husband and wife cannot maintain their
family living. Income earners, especially father, in some respect both father and mother and burning long term
hours and in absence of father in the home in there cannot control their growing age children who create
anomaly in the family situation; they do not go to school; they do not read and write timely at home. Because
of poverty stricken families are not pleasant of the children. As a result, parents decide their children to earn
for living and admit to the labor and working sector either semi paid or unpaid in cash or kind.
b. The children are engaging in labor force due to family poverty are without education, skill, experience are
given with or without payment. With these characteristics the working children work at monetary shop,
contacting shop, tea stall, garment shop, shook shop, book stall etc for long hours, from day to night, from
8 hours to 14 hours. The job environment they work in are hazardous for their mental and physical health;
sometimes. They are oppressed physically and mentally by their employers; sometimes they bear heavy load
that they cannot.
c. In order to reduce these socio-economic and working environment problems of the child laborers properly
there is no private and public institutions or organization to action although public and private initiatives for
destitute children and urban community development programs are existed.
5. Working Definitions
5.1. Socio-economic problems
In this study socio-economic problems means child laborer faces many unfavorable and unexpected situations like
hazarder working environment, extra working duration, drop out of school attainment and fall a victim to many
diseases. It also involves of juvenile delinquency, criminal activities and obstacles (Barriers) of proper and sound
physical and mental development of the children.
5.2. Child labor
The term "child labor" generally refers to any economic activity performed by a person under the age of 18. On the
beneficial side of the continuum, there is "light work" after school or legitimate apprenticeship opportunities, such as
helping out in the family business or on the family farm. At the destructive end is employment that is:
a. Preventing effective school attendance;
b. Hazardous to the physical and mental health of the child.
6. Objectives of the Study
The purpose of the study is to reduce problems of child laborers by educational programs and social awareness
building capacities. The immediate objectives of the study are as follow:
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5. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-5766(Paper) ISSN 2225-0484(Online)
Vol.2, No.4, 2012
a. To know the socio-economic and working environmental problems of the child laborers in Rajshahi city
corporation;
b. To explore why the children poor families are becoming or engaging in the private labor force;
c. To know and identify whether public, private and voluntary organizations work to reduce the problems of
child laborers and their related families or not;
d. To design and suggest holistic approach in which is effective to identify and reduce the problems.
7. Methodology and Materials of the Study
In this study, total numbers of 560 child labourers were interviewed by the author during June 15 to July 14 in 2009
from Rajshahi City Corporation in Bangladesh. Rajshahi City Corporation has 30 words. To data collect
well-organized questionnaire prepared and using interview schedule and face-to-face interviewed from the
respondents. Simple random sampling techniques were used. Various socio-economic and demographics variables
were considered at the time of data collection. But in this paper only socio-economic variables are used. In addition,
secondary data also used from various child labor relevant books, articles, documents, and officials through Internet
browsing. After collecting data various statistical technique are used, like coding, frequency, percentage, mean,
median, standard deviation, skeness and variance. The data were edited, processed and analyzed by using SPSS 15.0
program.
8. Socio-Economic Conditions of Child Laborers in Rajshahi City Corporation
The author begins with a brief overview of the respondents with regarding to several focal (key) socio-economic
conditions (Follow Table-1) 74.65% respondents come from the age group 11-15 years. There are strong cross-gender
variations in child labor. Largest percentages of the child labor are Muslim (91.96). The study shows that most of the
respondent's educational qualification in between class i-v (59.64), the percentage of the illiterate respondents is
(22.32). There is strong variation in occupation. 43.39% of the child labor engaged in salesman, whereas only 5.54%
are in carpenter. 50% children work more than 6 to 10 hours in a day, especially 45.18% work more than 11 to 15 hours
in a day. It has also been observed from Table 1 that 45.71% respondents have their daily income in between Tk. 26-50
and 37.32% have their daily income in between Tk. 5-25. Only 16.97% have their daily income Tk. 51 and above.
Vulnerable and poor families crying need the money that children earn. Table 1 showed that 88.39% children are
engaged in labor force due to poverty. 67.50% children have been fallen victim in health hazarders works. 54.82%
children intend to work against their willingness. 84.82% children want to continue their educational attainment.
73.21%. Children fail to involve in various entertainment programmed. 68.21% children fill that their working
environment is very risky and 52.68% children fall a victim of physical and 47.32% mental oppressions.
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Table 1: Socio-Economic characteristics of the respondents
Variables Frequency N = 560 Percentage (100)
Age of the respondents
6-10 years 82 14.64
11-15 years 418 74.65
15-Above 60 10.71
Religion of the respondents
Muslim 515 91.96
Non-Muslim 45 8.04
Educational status of the respondents
Illiterate 125 22.32
Class ( i-v) 334 59.64
Class (vi-viii) 70 12.50
Class ( ix-Above) 31 5.54
Occupation of the respondents
Motor Mechanic 99 17.68
Hotel boy (waiter) 185 33.04
Salesman 243 43.39
Carpenter 33 5.89
Duration in working hours of the respondents
1-5 hours 27 4.82
6-10 hours 280 50.00
11-15 hours 253 45.18
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Variables Frequency N = 560 Percentage (100)
Daily income of the respondents ( in Tk.)
5-25 209 37.32
26-50 256 45.71
51-Above 95 16.97
Working against willingness of the respondents
Yes 253 45.18
No 307 54.82
Family structure of the respondents
Nuclear 456 81.43
Joint 104 18.57
Family authority patterns of the respondents
Father 517 92.32
Mother 43 7.68
Willingness of educational attainment of the respondents
Yes 475 84.82
No 85 15.18
Health hazards of the respondents
Yes 378 67.50
No 182 32.50
Various entertainment facilities of the respondents
Yes 150 26.79
No 410 73.21
Risk ness of working environment of the respondents
Yes 382 68.21
No 178 31.79
Oppression to the respondents
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Physical 295 52.68
Mental 265 47.32
Causes behind the child labor of the respondents
Poverty 495 88.39
Family will 65 11.61
Notes: Tk. is Bangladeshi currency
Table 2: Child Labor results in statistical analysis of socio-economic variables
Socio-economic Variables Mean Median Std. Deviation Variance Skewness
Age of the respondents 1.96 2.00 0.50 0.25 -.07
Religion of the respondents 1.0 1.00 0.27 0.07 3.09
Educational status of the respondents 2.01 2.00 0.75 0.57 .75
Occupation of the respondents 2.37 2.00 0.84 0.70 -.20
Duration in the working hours of the 2.40 2.00 0.58 0.33 -.36
respondents
Daily income of the 1.79 2.00 0.70 0.50 .31
respondents
Family structure of the respondents 1.18 1.00 0.38 0.15 1.62
Family authority of the respondents 1.07 1.00 0.26 0.07 3.18
Willingness of educational attainment of the 1.15 1.00 0.35 0.12 1.94
respondents
Health hazards of the respondents 1.32 1.00 0.46 0.22 .74
Entertainment facilities of the respondents 1.73 2.00 0.44 0.19 -1.05
Risk ness of working environment of the 1.31 1.00 0.46 0.21 .78
respondents
Oppression to the respondents 1.47 1.00 0.49 0.25 .10
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Causes behind the child labor 1.11 1.00 0.32 0.10 2.40
Working against willingness of the 1.54 2.00 0.49 0.24 -.19
respondents
In this section the author discuss the various socio-economic feature of the child laborer in Rajshahi City Corporation
of Bangladesh. 88.39% respondents seems that causes the child labor were extreme poverty, 68.21% respondents
seems that there working environment is risky, 67.50% respondents realized that they fall a victim of health hazards
problems. 52.68% and 47.32% respondents said that physical and mental oppression respectively by their lord. 84.82%
respondents said they are very much interested to educational attainment and make sure their future livelihood. 54.82%
respondents compelled child labor against their willing and 73.21% child laborers strongly desired various sufficient
entertainment facilities should be taken up for proper physical and mental development.
9. Causes of Child Labor and Impact on Family and Society in the Rajshahi City Corporation Area
The most effective area of child labor at rural even in urban area. There are many socio-economic causes (reasons)
behind the child labor in the study area:
a. Poverty
b. Illiteracy
c. Lack of educational attainment
d. Lack of family bond
e. Unconscious parents about education
According to the new National Education Policy (2010), education is free and compulsory up to grade eight (Class 8),
however it is estimated that more than one million children have never been to school. Many children drop out of the
education system before completing primary school and begin working due to poverty. Most working children cite an
inability to bear educational expenses as the main reason for not attending school, because there are many indirect costs
such as transport and uniforms. Limitation within the education system such as poor teaching quality and a high
teacher-student ratio may also discourage children from completing school. Additionally, children living in slums
often move frequently due to eviction, civic unrest and employment instability, and further exacerbation dropout rates.
In the Rajshahi City Corporation area dropout rate is 15.18 percent due to poverty and parents unconsciousness
10. Conclusion and Policy Recommendations
The problem of the child labor has more pronounced now than before. Now it has increased tremendously and become
national issue. As a part of vulnerable section of people, child labor has some sufferings in the society. They want to get
rid of these painful experiences and deserve help from the nation of enjoy the rest of their life. As per the finding of the
present study will be able to identify the effective services and formulate a policy and plan for the child labor in
Bangladesh. Most will agree that eliminating child labor is clearly a goal in the long run. However, in poverty-stricken
countries, work and education are often viewed as mutually exclusive in the lives of children. Cultural values and
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political environments of most developing countries continue to support the use of child labor, and this poses tough
challenges for organizations and individuals engaged in controlling its use. The need formulate and implement relative
instead of universal strategies. Implementing universal strategies, such as imposing a complete ban on child labor
worldwide, is inappropriate at this time.
We have to strongly emphasis on child labor issue. This issue broadly creates negative effect in our economy both in
short run and long run. The nation has been lost great potential by the expansion of child labor participation rate. There
is no alternative way to improve our economy without reduce child labor in Bangladesh. Again, it is not possible to
eradicate child labor in Bangladesh within the short period of time. Gradually, we are able to shift our children from
work to education. We know that, many reasons are involved behind children able to shift our children from work to
education. Although poverty itself is a multidimensional factor, if we create new work opportunity to our. Poor
people and reduce inequality between rich and poor, and then child labor will decline. We need to provide proper and
unique education in primary study level, then we should introduce different and practical education program in the
secondary level for our poor children. That will helpful for getting job, as well as, ensuring self-employment. We have
to secure quality education support from GO and NGO institutes. It had better that if both bodies put forward for the
child education program with mutual understanding. Child education and child nutrition both are the prerequisite for
human development in any nation. Both conditions are positively relates with each other, i.e. if child education
improve it enhances child nutrition as well. But our children are suffering severely with malnutrition and the
malnutrition strongly affect of our child worker. We need to take some awareness program to poor parents about child
education, nutrition and capacity building programs. Without hard to survive, the majority of parents can give their
children to continue education. If the poor parents get aware of about future prospect of their children through proper
education, they will motivate to their children to affix education. Parents and children both must have same goal about
the future prospect of their family as well as nation.
The Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh has already taken various steps to eliminate all forms of child
labor, particularly all types of hazardous work. The Ministry of Labor and Employment (MOLE), Department of
Inspection for Factories and Establishments, other government organizations and field level agencies are implementing
these initiatives. Government should take measures for efficient implementation of the projects that have been initiated
in collaboration with different international and non-government organizations. If the existing Acts, rules and
regulations are reorganized and the plan of action is adopted and implemented, our children would obviously grow up
as "enlightened human beings".
References
Ali, M. Z. (2000, April 25). Asian economic crisis and its social impact on child labor: Roles and responses: The case
of Pakistan. Child workers in Asia.
Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (2009). Planning Division, Ministry of Planning, Government of the People's
Republic of Bangladesh.
Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (2002-2003). Planning Division, Ministry of Planning, Government of the People's
Republic of Bangladesh.
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Vol.2, No.4, 2012
BRAC and Save the Children, UK: (2005), Children Views and Definition of harmful child labour, Implications for
Policies and practice.
BRAC and Save the Children, UK: (2005), Inheritance Extreme Poverty: Household aspirations, Community attitudes
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Delap, E. and Lugg, R. (2000), Children's Work in Bangladesh's Shrimp Industry, Dhaka Uttaran.
Diwan, Paras.(1996), Children and Legal Protection, New Dilhi Deep and Deep Publications.
Government of Bangladesh,(2005)Unlocking the Potential: National Strategy for Accelerated Poverty Reduction,
Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper, Dhaka, October 16,
Ibid. See also Government of Bangladesh,(2005) National Plan of Action for Children: Bangladesh, Dhaka, pp. 38,
79-80.
ILO-IPEC, (2006) Preventing and Eliminating the Worst Forms of Child Labour in Selected Formal and Informal
Sectors in Bangladesh, final technical progress report, Geneva, p-2.
King,M.A. and Knox, R.L, (2003), Working Children in Bangladesh, Save the Children, UK.
Mehta, P.L. and Jaswal, S.S. (1997), Child Labour and the Law: Myth and Reality of Welfare Measures, New Delhi,
Deep and Deep Pulication.
Mendelievich, E. (1980), Children at work,,Geneva: International Labour Organization, 2nd Impression.
National Child Labour Elimination Policy (2010), An Official Translation, March, Ministry of Labour and
Employment, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh
National Education Policy (2010), Ministry of Education, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh
U.S. Embassy (2007), Dhaka, reporting, December 19.
Unicef, (2006), The State of the World's Children: Excluded and Invisible, pp. 50-52.
White, B. (1999). Defining the intolerable. Childhood, 6, 133–144.
Md. Afzal Hossain is M.Phil Research Fellow, Institute of Education and Research (IER), Rajshahi University,
Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh. He received his Bachelor of Social Science (B.S.S) Hon's in 2006 and Master of Social
Science (M.S.S) in 2007 in Social Work from Rajshahi University in Bangladesh. He is now involving area of
research. His research interests are in the area of education, health, child labor and elderly people. E-mail address:
hossainafzal37 @yahoo.com
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