The article summarizes the refurbishment of the historic 22.5 inch Alan Young Telescope. It details how the telescope was dismantled and stored for many years before the CADSAS astronomy society spent 3 years rebuilding it. They have now installed it at their observatory in Kent, England. Further improvements to the telescope's motorized systems are planned. The telescope has an important history, achieving notable photographic work in the 1980s including images of Halley's Comet and a distant quasar.
This document summarizes the New Worlds Imager project, which aims to directly image exoplanets. It discusses:
1) The history and progress of the project, starting in 2003 with alternatives to TPF and developing the starshade concept.
2) The key challenges of direct imaging, like obtaining contrast ratios of 10 billion to one. The starshade concept uses a precision-shaped occulter to block starlight and allow photons from planets to pass.
3) The potential for upcoming missions like New Worlds Discoverer (launching in 2013) and New Worlds Observer to perform spectroscopy and detect biomarkers on exoplanets.
4) The long term goal of the New Worlds Im
The document traces the history and development of telescopes from their invention in the early 1600s to modern space-based observatories. It describes key figures like Hans Lippershey, Galileo Galilei and Isaac Newton who developed early refracting and reflecting telescope designs. Later inventors such as William Herschel, William Parsons and Grote Reber expanded telescope technology to observe new wavelengths and make new discoveries. Modern telescopes like Hubble, Chandra and the VLA now observe from space and orbit to bypass atmospheric limitations and provide new views into the universe.
There are many ways to view the universe beyond just visible light. Telescopes collect different wavelengths of light and energy, from optical to infrared, radio, ultraviolet, x-rays, and gamma rays. Each type of telescope reveals different information and allows us to study different phenomena in the universe. The best locations for telescopes are high mountain tops for optical and infrared telescopes, and space for telescopes studying wavelengths blocked by Earth's atmosphere like x-rays and gamma rays. Advanced telescopes working together across the electromagnetic spectrum provide scientists with more complete data to understand the formation and evolution of the universe.
A telescope is an optical instrument that uses lenses or mirrors to gather light and provide higher magnification and resolution than the naked eye. It allows astronomers to observe distant objects in space like planets, stars, and galaxies. There are two main types - reflecting telescopes which use curved mirrors, and refracting telescopes which use lenses. The first person to point a telescope skyward was Galileo Galilei in 1609, allowing him to observe details on the moon. Telescopes have helped astronomers determine properties of the universe like its age.
Telescopes use either lenses or mirrors to study objects in space. Refracting telescopes use lenses while reflecting telescopes, like the Hubble Telescope, use mirrors. The Hubble Telescope in particular takes amazing pictures of space to help scientists learn more about the solar system and beyond.
Astronomy - State of the Art - Life in the UniverseChris Impey
Astronomy - State of the Art is a course covering the hottest topics in astronomy. In this section, the potential for life in the universe is covered, including extreme life on Earth, the Drake equation and SETI
Astronomy is the study of the universe including Earth, planets, stars and space. Telescopes are devices that collect and magnify light to make distant objects appear closer, larger and brighter. There are two main types of telescopes - refracting telescopes and reflecting telescopes - which use lenses or mirrors respectively to focus visible light, as well as telescopes that observe other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum invisible to the human eye.
This document summarizes the New Worlds Imager project, which aims to directly image exoplanets. It discusses:
1) The history and progress of the project, starting in 2003 with alternatives to TPF and developing the starshade concept.
2) The key challenges of direct imaging, like obtaining contrast ratios of 10 billion to one. The starshade concept uses a precision-shaped occulter to block starlight and allow photons from planets to pass.
3) The potential for upcoming missions like New Worlds Discoverer (launching in 2013) and New Worlds Observer to perform spectroscopy and detect biomarkers on exoplanets.
4) The long term goal of the New Worlds Im
The document traces the history and development of telescopes from their invention in the early 1600s to modern space-based observatories. It describes key figures like Hans Lippershey, Galileo Galilei and Isaac Newton who developed early refracting and reflecting telescope designs. Later inventors such as William Herschel, William Parsons and Grote Reber expanded telescope technology to observe new wavelengths and make new discoveries. Modern telescopes like Hubble, Chandra and the VLA now observe from space and orbit to bypass atmospheric limitations and provide new views into the universe.
There are many ways to view the universe beyond just visible light. Telescopes collect different wavelengths of light and energy, from optical to infrared, radio, ultraviolet, x-rays, and gamma rays. Each type of telescope reveals different information and allows us to study different phenomena in the universe. The best locations for telescopes are high mountain tops for optical and infrared telescopes, and space for telescopes studying wavelengths blocked by Earth's atmosphere like x-rays and gamma rays. Advanced telescopes working together across the electromagnetic spectrum provide scientists with more complete data to understand the formation and evolution of the universe.
A telescope is an optical instrument that uses lenses or mirrors to gather light and provide higher magnification and resolution than the naked eye. It allows astronomers to observe distant objects in space like planets, stars, and galaxies. There are two main types - reflecting telescopes which use curved mirrors, and refracting telescopes which use lenses. The first person to point a telescope skyward was Galileo Galilei in 1609, allowing him to observe details on the moon. Telescopes have helped astronomers determine properties of the universe like its age.
Telescopes use either lenses or mirrors to study objects in space. Refracting telescopes use lenses while reflecting telescopes, like the Hubble Telescope, use mirrors. The Hubble Telescope in particular takes amazing pictures of space to help scientists learn more about the solar system and beyond.
Astronomy - State of the Art - Life in the UniverseChris Impey
Astronomy - State of the Art is a course covering the hottest topics in astronomy. In this section, the potential for life in the universe is covered, including extreme life on Earth, the Drake equation and SETI
Astronomy is the study of the universe including Earth, planets, stars and space. Telescopes are devices that collect and magnify light to make distant objects appear closer, larger and brighter. There are two main types of telescopes - refracting telescopes and reflecting telescopes - which use lenses or mirrors respectively to focus visible light, as well as telescopes that observe other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum invisible to the human eye.
The document provides information on astrophysics, astronomy, the universe, galaxies, the Sun, and the layers and components of the Sun. It discusses the history of astronomy and how our understanding has developed since the mid-1800s. It also summarizes the history of the Indian Institute of Astrophysics and the 6-inch telescope located there. The 6-inch telescope's components and how it is used to focus images of sunspots are described.
This document outlines a physics lesson plan on telescopes over 24 lessons. It will cover the different types of telescopes like refracting, reflecting, and radio telescopes. It will discuss how telescopes produce images using electromagnetic radiation of different frequencies. Key topics include lenses, star distances, galaxies, and the composition of stars. Lessons will include activities, literacy and numeracy focus, and questions for extension.
International light day scrolling presentationAlice Sheppard
A scrolling presentation that Alice Sheppard (Doing It Together Science) and Nina Meinzer (Nature Communications) made for International Light Day #IDL18 at #UCL to show #schoolchildren aged 11-13. It is designed to be understandable quite early in secondary education, and to show light in the form of science, technology, art, literature and history. It goes into all wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum, not just visible light.
International light day scrolling presentationAlice Sheppard
This document provides an overview of light and the electromagnetic spectrum through a series of images and captions. It discusses how light travels from the sun, the different types of electromagnetic waves including visible light, infrared, ultraviolet, x-rays and gamma rays. It also summarizes how artists use light effects, how humans and other animals perceive light, and examples of bioluminescence in nature. The document aims to educate about light and its properties and interactions.
This document provides an introduction to solar radiation and its role in powering the water cycle. It discusses the composition and structure of the Sun, and how it produces radiation through nuclear fusion. While solar radiation is generally constant, it exhibits variations in the form of solar spots and an 11-year activity cycle. The amount of radiation emitted by any body is determined by the Stefan-Boltzmann law, which relates radiation to the body's temperature and emissivity.
Astronomical instruments can be divided into two categories: observational instruments used to observe celestial objects directly, and auxiliary instruments used to analyze and record observational data. Observational instruments include telescopes, which enable objects invisible to the naked eye to be seen or detected. The two main types of telescopes are optical telescopes, which use lenses or mirrors to collect and magnify light, and radio telescopes, which detect radio waves emitted by celestial objects. Radio telescopes often use interferometry with arrays of antennas to achieve high resolution. Large optical and radio telescopes around the world are listed with their key characteristics.
The document discusses humanity's perspective on size and scale in the universe. It begins by describing how humans see themselves as large compared to tiny organisms, but realize the vastness of Earth, mountains, and oceans. It then explores increasingly large celestial objects like planets, stars, and galaxies, culminating in a discussion of black holes and their description in the Quran. The document emphasizes how Allah created protections for humanity, like the Sun's purpose as a "lamp" and Earth's magnetic field that shields it from solar radiation.
The document summarizes the history of telescopes from Galileo to Hubble. It discusses the goals and types of refracting telescopes using lenses, reflecting telescopes using mirrors, and catadioptric telescopes using both lenses and mirrors. It covers important figures like Galileo, Newton, and developments like resolving chromatic aberration and creating parabolic mirrors to reduce spherical aberration. Large modern telescopes are also highlighted, such as the Keck observatory's segmented mirrors.
The document proposes a new concept called the New Worlds Imager (NWI) as an alternative to the Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF) for directly imaging exoplanets. The NWI would use a large starshade and interferometer in space to block starlight and combine light from exoplanets to image them with resolutions of 100km at 10 parsecs. It could directly image biomarkers on Earth-like exoplanets within the next 10-20 years using existing technology and would further the goal of finding life outside our solar system.
Refractor and reflector telescopes are described. Refractors use convex lenses to collect, focus, and magnify light, while reflectors use two concave mirrors to bounce light up to another mirror and into the eyepiece. Reflectors are better for deep-sky objects and large reflectors are popular, but their mirrors need re-coating every few years. Refractors are better for planets and the moon but suffer from chromatic aberration and are more expensive. The reflector was invented by James Gregory in 1663 and first built by Isaac Newton in 1689, while the refractor was invented by Hans Lippershey using convex lenses held in a tube.
An atlas of_predicted_exotic_gravitational_lensesSérgio Sacani
This document discusses an atlas of predicted exotic gravitational lenses. It begins by noting that upcoming wide-field surveys will discover thousands of new strong gravitational lenses, some of which may have unusual image configurations. It then describes using a ray-tracing code to model exotic lenses produced by multi-component galaxy potentials, including lenses with misaligned disks and bulges that produce "broken" Einstein rings, and binary or merging galaxies that produce a Y-shaped image configuration. The document estimates the abundance of these exotic galaxy-scale lenses to be approximately one per all-sky survey. It also discusses how cluster lenses can produce a wide range of caustic structures, and interprets the central ring and counter-image in Abell 1703 as
A telescope is an instrument that gathers light from distant objects to make them appear closer. It uses lenses or mirrors to focus light and magnify views of planets, stars, comets, and other objects in space as well as wildlife on Earth. The main types are refracting telescopes, which use lenses, and reflecting telescopes, which use mirrors. Newer space and ground-based telescopes will provide clearer views deeper into the universe than ever before.
1) There are three types of telescopic power: collecting power, which depends on aperture size; magnifying power, determined by the ratio of telescope focal length to eyepiece focal length; and resolving power, the ability to see fine detail which depends on optics quality.
2) The two main types of telescopes are refractors, which use lenses, and reflectors, which use mirrors and come in different styles like Newtonian, Cassegrain, and Dobsonian. Reflecting telescopes are preferred for astronomy as mirrors have advantages over large lenses.
3) Accessories like mounts, tripods, eyepieces, filters and computerized systems help stabilize images and enhance viewing of celestial
1. Telescopes use different types of lenses and mirrors to collect light from space and study the universe.
2. The location and environment of telescopes is important, with large telescopes placed in high altitude observatories for protection and to reduce atmospheric interference.
3. Telescopes study different wavelengths of light beyond what is visible to gather additional information, with certain types best suited for specific targets like new stars or black holes.
Michael Kalika captured images of deep space objects from his remote observatory in the Negev Desert of Israel. He used a variety of equipment including a 6-inch telescope, DSLR camera, and auto-guider to take long-exposure images of nebulae and galaxies. Through dedicated astrophotography, which requires driving long distances to dark sites and processing images, he was able to photograph objects like the Orion Nebula, Sculptor Galaxy, and Rosette Nebula.
The document outlines a physics course covering topics related to astronomy and the structure of atoms and stars over 24 lessons. It provides learning objectives and activities for each lesson, including lessons on telescopes, the sun and planets, star distances and temperatures, galaxies, and the structure and behavior of atoms and gases.
This dictionary provides concise definitions and explanations of over 1,800 astronomical terms and concepts. It includes hundreds of color illustrations as well as biographical entries on 70 influential astronomers. The dictionary can be used as both a reference and a source of interesting facts about astronomy.
The document contains 5 problems related to synchronous generators feeding power to an infinite bus bar. Problem 1 asks to calculate the terminal voltage of a synchronous machine in a radial transmission system. Problem 2 asks to draw a per unit impedance diagram for a power system. Problem 3 provides parameters for a synchronous generator and asks questions related to determining its electromotive force (Ef), power angle (δ), and phasor diagram. Problems 4 and 5 provide additional generator parameters and mechanical input information, and ask questions about determining line current, active power, reactive power, Ef, δ, and drawing phasor diagrams under various operating conditions.
1. This document provides an overview of Hindu astronomy, beginning with the prehistoric astronomy of migrating Aryan tribes and continuing through early Hindu periods and astronomers.
2. It describes the zodiac and lunar mansions that were carried by migrating tribes, noting similarities between Hindu, Chinese, Arabic and other systems. Early Hindu calendars and methods of measuring time are also discussed.
3. Important early Hindu astronomers like Parasara and Garga are mentioned, alongside attempts to develop a chronology of astronomy in ancient India. The rise of Buddhism and its effects on Hindu astronomy are examined as well.
Report on "ANCIENT & MODERN ASTRONOMY"Kshitij Bane
This document provides an overview of ancient and modern astronomy. It discusses early astronomy in ancient China, Egypt, Babylon, and among the Mayans. It then covers Greek astronomy including contributions from Aristotle, Aristarchus, Eratosthenes, and Hipparchus. Islamic astronomy is also summarized. The document discusses ancient Indian astronomy including contributions from Aryabhata, Varahmihir, and Brahmagupta. It then covers Nicolaus Copernicus and his heliocentric theory which displaced Earth from the center of the universe, marking a revolution in astronomy.
The document summarizes theories about how our solar system formed from a collapsing cloud of gas and dust. It describes how:
1) Our solar system likely began from a giant interstellar cloud that collapsed under gravity and formed a rotating disk, with a dense center that became the Sun and a surrounding disk that formed the planets.
2) The solar nebula disk varied in temperature by distance from the Sun, allowing different elements to condense into planetary cores near and far from the Sun, forming the terrestrial and gas giant planets.
3) Asteroids and comets are remnants from solar system formation and provide clues about its early history through observations and analysis of their composition and orbits.
The document provides information on astrophysics, astronomy, the universe, galaxies, the Sun, and the layers and components of the Sun. It discusses the history of astronomy and how our understanding has developed since the mid-1800s. It also summarizes the history of the Indian Institute of Astrophysics and the 6-inch telescope located there. The 6-inch telescope's components and how it is used to focus images of sunspots are described.
This document outlines a physics lesson plan on telescopes over 24 lessons. It will cover the different types of telescopes like refracting, reflecting, and radio telescopes. It will discuss how telescopes produce images using electromagnetic radiation of different frequencies. Key topics include lenses, star distances, galaxies, and the composition of stars. Lessons will include activities, literacy and numeracy focus, and questions for extension.
International light day scrolling presentationAlice Sheppard
A scrolling presentation that Alice Sheppard (Doing It Together Science) and Nina Meinzer (Nature Communications) made for International Light Day #IDL18 at #UCL to show #schoolchildren aged 11-13. It is designed to be understandable quite early in secondary education, and to show light in the form of science, technology, art, literature and history. It goes into all wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum, not just visible light.
International light day scrolling presentationAlice Sheppard
This document provides an overview of light and the electromagnetic spectrum through a series of images and captions. It discusses how light travels from the sun, the different types of electromagnetic waves including visible light, infrared, ultraviolet, x-rays and gamma rays. It also summarizes how artists use light effects, how humans and other animals perceive light, and examples of bioluminescence in nature. The document aims to educate about light and its properties and interactions.
This document provides an introduction to solar radiation and its role in powering the water cycle. It discusses the composition and structure of the Sun, and how it produces radiation through nuclear fusion. While solar radiation is generally constant, it exhibits variations in the form of solar spots and an 11-year activity cycle. The amount of radiation emitted by any body is determined by the Stefan-Boltzmann law, which relates radiation to the body's temperature and emissivity.
Astronomical instruments can be divided into two categories: observational instruments used to observe celestial objects directly, and auxiliary instruments used to analyze and record observational data. Observational instruments include telescopes, which enable objects invisible to the naked eye to be seen or detected. The two main types of telescopes are optical telescopes, which use lenses or mirrors to collect and magnify light, and radio telescopes, which detect radio waves emitted by celestial objects. Radio telescopes often use interferometry with arrays of antennas to achieve high resolution. Large optical and radio telescopes around the world are listed with their key characteristics.
The document discusses humanity's perspective on size and scale in the universe. It begins by describing how humans see themselves as large compared to tiny organisms, but realize the vastness of Earth, mountains, and oceans. It then explores increasingly large celestial objects like planets, stars, and galaxies, culminating in a discussion of black holes and their description in the Quran. The document emphasizes how Allah created protections for humanity, like the Sun's purpose as a "lamp" and Earth's magnetic field that shields it from solar radiation.
The document summarizes the history of telescopes from Galileo to Hubble. It discusses the goals and types of refracting telescopes using lenses, reflecting telescopes using mirrors, and catadioptric telescopes using both lenses and mirrors. It covers important figures like Galileo, Newton, and developments like resolving chromatic aberration and creating parabolic mirrors to reduce spherical aberration. Large modern telescopes are also highlighted, such as the Keck observatory's segmented mirrors.
The document proposes a new concept called the New Worlds Imager (NWI) as an alternative to the Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF) for directly imaging exoplanets. The NWI would use a large starshade and interferometer in space to block starlight and combine light from exoplanets to image them with resolutions of 100km at 10 parsecs. It could directly image biomarkers on Earth-like exoplanets within the next 10-20 years using existing technology and would further the goal of finding life outside our solar system.
Refractor and reflector telescopes are described. Refractors use convex lenses to collect, focus, and magnify light, while reflectors use two concave mirrors to bounce light up to another mirror and into the eyepiece. Reflectors are better for deep-sky objects and large reflectors are popular, but their mirrors need re-coating every few years. Refractors are better for planets and the moon but suffer from chromatic aberration and are more expensive. The reflector was invented by James Gregory in 1663 and first built by Isaac Newton in 1689, while the refractor was invented by Hans Lippershey using convex lenses held in a tube.
An atlas of_predicted_exotic_gravitational_lensesSérgio Sacani
This document discusses an atlas of predicted exotic gravitational lenses. It begins by noting that upcoming wide-field surveys will discover thousands of new strong gravitational lenses, some of which may have unusual image configurations. It then describes using a ray-tracing code to model exotic lenses produced by multi-component galaxy potentials, including lenses with misaligned disks and bulges that produce "broken" Einstein rings, and binary or merging galaxies that produce a Y-shaped image configuration. The document estimates the abundance of these exotic galaxy-scale lenses to be approximately one per all-sky survey. It also discusses how cluster lenses can produce a wide range of caustic structures, and interprets the central ring and counter-image in Abell 1703 as
A telescope is an instrument that gathers light from distant objects to make them appear closer. It uses lenses or mirrors to focus light and magnify views of planets, stars, comets, and other objects in space as well as wildlife on Earth. The main types are refracting telescopes, which use lenses, and reflecting telescopes, which use mirrors. Newer space and ground-based telescopes will provide clearer views deeper into the universe than ever before.
1) There are three types of telescopic power: collecting power, which depends on aperture size; magnifying power, determined by the ratio of telescope focal length to eyepiece focal length; and resolving power, the ability to see fine detail which depends on optics quality.
2) The two main types of telescopes are refractors, which use lenses, and reflectors, which use mirrors and come in different styles like Newtonian, Cassegrain, and Dobsonian. Reflecting telescopes are preferred for astronomy as mirrors have advantages over large lenses.
3) Accessories like mounts, tripods, eyepieces, filters and computerized systems help stabilize images and enhance viewing of celestial
1. Telescopes use different types of lenses and mirrors to collect light from space and study the universe.
2. The location and environment of telescopes is important, with large telescopes placed in high altitude observatories for protection and to reduce atmospheric interference.
3. Telescopes study different wavelengths of light beyond what is visible to gather additional information, with certain types best suited for specific targets like new stars or black holes.
Michael Kalika captured images of deep space objects from his remote observatory in the Negev Desert of Israel. He used a variety of equipment including a 6-inch telescope, DSLR camera, and auto-guider to take long-exposure images of nebulae and galaxies. Through dedicated astrophotography, which requires driving long distances to dark sites and processing images, he was able to photograph objects like the Orion Nebula, Sculptor Galaxy, and Rosette Nebula.
The document outlines a physics course covering topics related to astronomy and the structure of atoms and stars over 24 lessons. It provides learning objectives and activities for each lesson, including lessons on telescopes, the sun and planets, star distances and temperatures, galaxies, and the structure and behavior of atoms and gases.
This dictionary provides concise definitions and explanations of over 1,800 astronomical terms and concepts. It includes hundreds of color illustrations as well as biographical entries on 70 influential astronomers. The dictionary can be used as both a reference and a source of interesting facts about astronomy.
The document contains 5 problems related to synchronous generators feeding power to an infinite bus bar. Problem 1 asks to calculate the terminal voltage of a synchronous machine in a radial transmission system. Problem 2 asks to draw a per unit impedance diagram for a power system. Problem 3 provides parameters for a synchronous generator and asks questions related to determining its electromotive force (Ef), power angle (δ), and phasor diagram. Problems 4 and 5 provide additional generator parameters and mechanical input information, and ask questions about determining line current, active power, reactive power, Ef, δ, and drawing phasor diagrams under various operating conditions.
1. This document provides an overview of Hindu astronomy, beginning with the prehistoric astronomy of migrating Aryan tribes and continuing through early Hindu periods and astronomers.
2. It describes the zodiac and lunar mansions that were carried by migrating tribes, noting similarities between Hindu, Chinese, Arabic and other systems. Early Hindu calendars and methods of measuring time are also discussed.
3. Important early Hindu astronomers like Parasara and Garga are mentioned, alongside attempts to develop a chronology of astronomy in ancient India. The rise of Buddhism and its effects on Hindu astronomy are examined as well.
Report on "ANCIENT & MODERN ASTRONOMY"Kshitij Bane
This document provides an overview of ancient and modern astronomy. It discusses early astronomy in ancient China, Egypt, Babylon, and among the Mayans. It then covers Greek astronomy including contributions from Aristotle, Aristarchus, Eratosthenes, and Hipparchus. Islamic astronomy is also summarized. The document discusses ancient Indian astronomy including contributions from Aryabhata, Varahmihir, and Brahmagupta. It then covers Nicolaus Copernicus and his heliocentric theory which displaced Earth from the center of the universe, marking a revolution in astronomy.
The document summarizes theories about how our solar system formed from a collapsing cloud of gas and dust. It describes how:
1) Our solar system likely began from a giant interstellar cloud that collapsed under gravity and formed a rotating disk, with a dense center that became the Sun and a surrounding disk that formed the planets.
2) The solar nebula disk varied in temperature by distance from the Sun, allowing different elements to condense into planetary cores near and far from the Sun, forming the terrestrial and gas giant planets.
3) Asteroids and comets are remnants from solar system formation and provide clues about its early history through observations and analysis of their composition and orbits.
The document contains descriptions and images related to Indian classical art, including paintings done in the Tanjore style popular in Southern India. Some of the art depicts scenes from Indian epics like scenes from the Mahabharata involving characters like Damayanti abandoned in the forest, Shantanu trying to stop Ganga from throwing a child in the river, and Arjuna disguised as a sanyasi with Subhadra. The document also references a painting of Raja Ravi Varma's daughter and granddaughter. Ravi Varma's art was used as designs on saris.
This document contains 10 practice questions related to unit 1 of a power systems course. The questions cover topics such as:
1) Drawing per unit reactance and impedance diagrams for power systems with generators, transformers and transmission lines.
2) Calculating voltage, current, power and machine parameters like excitation and load angle for generators supplying power to loads through transmission networks.
3) Determining steady state stability limits and drawing vector diagrams for generator operations.
The questions provide ratings and parameters for generators, transformers, transmission lines and loads and ask students to analyze and model the power systems using concepts like per unit quantities and reactance/impedance diagrams.
Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement Solution ManualMafaz Ahmed
This document provides the solution manual for chapters 3, 4, 7 and 8 of the textbook "Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement" by Mafaz Ahmed. The solutions are for the second edition of the textbook. Contact information for Mafaz Ahmed is also included, listing his email address.
This document provides an errata listing corrections to errors found in the 6th edition of the textbook "Introduction to Electric Circuits" by R.C. Dorf and J.A. Svoboda. The errata is organized by chapter and page number and provides corrections to issues such as incorrect equations, figures, answers to problems, and typos or grammatical errors in the text. A link is also provided to access the errata online which contains additional corrections not listed in the printed document.
1. The document discusses the history of astronomy from ancient to modern times. It describes early astronomical observations and the development of models to explain celestial motions from prehistoric times through the Classical period.
2. During the Renaissance, improved observations and technology led to more accurate models. Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model of the solar system. Kepler described planetary motions with his laws, and Newton later explained Kepler's laws with his theory of universal gravitation.
3. Modern astronomy advanced with inventions like the telescope. Figures like Galileo, Tycho Brahe, and Hubble made important observational discoveries, and Einstein's theories revolutionized understanding of space and time.
The document discusses different types of galaxies and astronomical terms. It defines an astronomical unit as Earth's distance from the sun and a light year as the distance light travels. It describes galaxies as groups of billions of stars that move through space together and lists spiral, barred spiral, elliptical, and irregular as types of galaxies.
Here are the 5 Most Powerful Telescopes; 1 -Keck Observatory, began science operations in 1993 2 -Hubble Space Telescope, launched in 1990 3 -Spitzer Space Telescope, launched in 2003 4 -Large Binocular Telescope, first light in October 2005 5 -Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope, launched in 2008
Optical telescopes use either lenses or mirrors to gather and focus light, allowing astronomers to see objects that are too faint or distant to view with the naked eye. Refracting telescopes use lenses to bend and focus light, while reflecting telescopes use curved mirrors. Spectroscopy reveals properties of astronomical objects like temperature, velocity, and composition by separating light into its component wavelengths. Astronomers use several techniques to measure the vast distances to stars and galaxies, including trigonometric parallax for nearby stars, and variable star properties like period-luminosity relationships for more distant objects.
1. Astronomers use two main types of telescopes - refracting and reflecting telescopes - to observe visible light from space objects.
2. Refracting telescopes use lenses to gather and focus light, while reflecting telescopes use mirrors; the largest reflecting telescope has a main mirror 10 meters wide.
3. Telescopes face obstacles from Earth's atmosphere, so some are placed in space like the Hubble Space Telescope to overcome issues and allow clearer observation of faint objects in the universe.
The document discusses the discovery of the Milky Way galaxy. It describes how in the early 20th century, Shapley and Curtis debated whether spiral nebulae were inside or outside our galaxy. Hubble later proved with Cepheid variables that they were actually other galaxies. The Milky Way is now understood to be a barred spiral galaxy about 30,000 light years wide, with a bulge, disk containing spiral arms, and halo of globular clusters. It formed from a cloud of gas that contracted under gravity and began rotating to form the spiral structure seen today.
A telescope is an instrument that collects electromagnetic radiation to aid in observing distant objects. There are two main types of telescopes: refracting telescopes, which use lenses, and reflecting telescopes, which use mirrors. Refracting telescopes were invented first in 1608 and helped discoveries like Galileo's observation of Jupiter's moons, while reflecting telescopes were developed later due to producing clearer images. Both telescope types work by collecting and focusing light using the principles of refraction for lenses or reflection for mirrors to magnify distant objects.
This document provides instructions for citizen scientists to help professional astronomers study the bright star Epsilon Aurigae by monitoring its changing brightness over time. Epsilon Aurigae dims and brightens every 27 years for reasons unknown. It is too bright to observe with most large telescopes, so amateur observations are needed. Participants are guided on how to locate Epsilon Aurigae using star charts, measure its brightness, and submit their data to help researchers better understand this enigmatic binary star system. Thousands of citizen scientists are invited to participate in one of the largest citizen science projects in history.
Adaptive optics on ground based telescopeprincep12
This document discusses adaptive optics in ground-based telescopes. It begins by explaining that adaptive optics helps remove atmospheric distortions to provide clearer images from telescopes on Earth. It then describes the three main types of telescopes - optical, reflecting, and radio telescopes. The document focuses on how adaptive optics works, using a deformable mirror and wavefront sensor to counteract distortions in real time. It discusses challenges like developing sensitive infrared detectors and fast adaptive components to enable observing faint exoplanets and other celestial objects.
The Hubble Space Telescope was proposed in the 1920s and developed over several decades with contributions from NASA, ESA, and astronomers. It was launched in 1990 and has helped astronomers determine the age of the universe is around 13-14 billion years. Hubble orbits Earth and is able to observe distant objects without interference from the atmosphere. It has undergone several servicing missions and instrument upgrades to continue making new discoveries.
The document discusses various tools and measures used in astronomy. It describes telescopes like radio telescopes, x-ray telescopes, gamma ray telescopes, and reflecting telescopes like the Hubble Space Telescope. It also discusses astrolabes and spectroscopes. For units of measure, it outlines the astronomical unit of time as days, units of mass as solar masses and Jupiter masses, and the astronomical unit of length as approximately 149,597,870,700 meters.
Three astronauts - Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins, and Buzz Aldrin - launched aboard the Apollo 11 spacecraft on a mission to land on the Moon in July 1969. The 8-day mission was successful, with Armstrong and Aldrin becoming the first humans to walk on the lunar surface. However, some conspiracy theorists argue that the Moon landings were faked and did not actually occur. The document then presents several of the most common arguments made by conspiracy theorists claiming to prove the landings were hoaxed, such as the lack of stars or impact craters in photos, unusual shadows, and mysterious reflections. NASA has provided counterarguments for each of these claims based on scientific explanations.
This document proposes a new type of astronomical telescope called a Dittoscope that uses a diffraction grating as its primary objective instead of a mirror or lens. It describes how the grating would disperse incoming light at grazing angles, allowing multiple sky objects to be imaged simultaneously at different wavelengths. Key advantages include no moving parts, large light collection area, and obtaining spectra for many objects at once without needing to target them individually. However, it notes a major limitation is that with the earth's rotation, each object's light is only dispersed at a given wavelength for a few seconds per night, limiting integration times.
The document discusses the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). It provides background on the telescope, including its purpose of allowing astronomers to make high-resolution observations from outside the Earth's atmosphere. Details are given on the telescope's specifications, costly $4.5-6 billion price tag, 1990 launch by the Space Shuttle Discovery, and its mission to observe planets, stars, and galaxies across ultraviolet and infrared spectrums. The document also describes initial issues with the primary mirror being the wrong shape that required correctors, and HST's contributions like more accurate distance measurements of stars and verification of the universe's expansion.
The document discusses the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). It provides background on the telescope, including its cost of $4.5-6 billion, specifications like a 2.4 meter primary mirror, and launch aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery in 1990. The HST allows astronomers to make high resolution observations of planets, stars and galaxies in ultraviolet and infrared light not visible from the ground. While it provided sharper images than ground telescopes, the primary mirror was initially ground to the wrong shape, requiring corrective lenses. Over time, the HST has contributed greatly to measuring celestial distances and verifying the expansion of the universe, but is nearing the end of its lifespan and will be replaced by the James Webb Space
This document discusses and rebuts various conspiracy theories about the moon landing being faked. It addresses claims such as flags waving in the lack of wind, the lack of stars or craters in photos, mysterious lights and reflections, and shadows of differing lengths. The document provides scientific explanations for these observations, such as multiple light sources on the moon, camera exposure settings, and the properties of moon dust. It argues that faking the moon landing would have been extremely difficult and costly, and that observable details are consistent with the conditions on the lunar surface.
The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will replace the Hubble Telescope and observe stars and galaxies as they formed after the Dark Ages. It uses lightweight cryogenic mirrors made of beryllium and coated with gold to capture infrared light from up to 13.4 billion years ago. The JWST's mirrors are segmented and foldable to fit inside the launch vehicle. It also uses a microshutter analysis system to selectively allow photons to enter and be analyzed by a spectrograph to study the origins of the universe.
Edwin Hubble used the 48-inch Palomar Telescope in 1949 to make discoveries. There are three main types of telescopes: refractors which use lenses, reflectors which use mirrors, and compound telescopes which use both lenses and mirrors. The aperture and focal length of a telescope determine its light gathering ability and magnification. Atmospheric conditions like light pollution, turbulence, and temperature affect telescope views.
This document provides information about different types of telescopes. It describes refracting telescopes which use lenses, reflecting telescopes which use mirrors, and catadioptric telescopes which use a combination of lenses and mirrors. It explains the basic components and functions of telescopes, such as how they collect and focus light using objectives and eyepieces to magnify images. Examples are given of popular telescope models and some of the largest modern telescopes. The history of telescope development is briefly outlined from Galileo's early refracting telescopes to today's large research instruments.
The document describes the Gamma Ray Observatory project at Mount Abu, India, run by Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC). Some key points:
1) BARC established the TACTIC (TeV Atmospheric Cerenkov Telescope) array at Mount Abu to detect and study gamma rays using the air Cherenkov technique.
2) The TACTIC array consists of 4 telescopes, each with a mirror basket holding 34 mirrors to collect Cherenkov light from gamma ray air showers.
3) Mount Abu was chosen as the site due to its high number of clear nights per year and altitude, making it suitable for gamma ray and infrared astronomy research.
The document discusses different types of telescopes and factors that impact their performance. It describes how the size of a telescope's aperture impacts its light-gathering power and angular resolution. Larger telescopes are able to see fainter objects but the atmosphere limits resolution to around 1 arcsecond. Techniques like adaptive optics and interferometry are discussed as ways to overcome atmospheric limitations and achieve higher resolutions than single large telescopes.
Ocean lotus Threat actors project by John Sitima 2024 (1).pptxSitimaJohn
Ocean Lotus cyber threat actors represent a sophisticated, persistent, and politically motivated group that poses a significant risk to organizations and individuals in the Southeast Asian region. Their continuous evolution and adaptability underscore the need for robust cybersecurity measures and international cooperation to identify and mitigate the threats posed by such advanced persistent threat groups.
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.
A Comprehensive Guide to DeFi Development Services in 2024Intelisync
DeFi represents a paradigm shift in the financial industry. Instead of relying on traditional, centralized institutions like banks, DeFi leverages blockchain technology to create a decentralized network of financial services. This means that financial transactions can occur directly between parties, without intermediaries, using smart contracts on platforms like Ethereum.
In 2024, we are witnessing an explosion of new DeFi projects and protocols, each pushing the boundaries of what’s possible in finance.
In summary, DeFi in 2024 is not just a trend; it’s a revolution that democratizes finance, enhances security and transparency, and fosters continuous innovation. As we proceed through this presentation, we'll explore the various components and services of DeFi in detail, shedding light on how they are transforming the financial landscape.
At Intelisync, we specialize in providing comprehensive DeFi development services tailored to meet the unique needs of our clients. From smart contract development to dApp creation and security audits, we ensure that your DeFi project is built with innovation, security, and scalability in mind. Trust Intelisync to guide you through the intricate landscape of decentralized finance and unlock the full potential of blockchain technology.
Ready to take your DeFi project to the next level? Partner with Intelisync for expert DeFi development services today!
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
Digital Marketing Trends in 2024 | Guide for Staying AheadWask
https://www.wask.co/ebooks/digital-marketing-trends-in-2024
Feeling lost in the digital marketing whirlwind of 2024? Technology is changing, consumer habits are evolving, and staying ahead of the curve feels like a never-ending pursuit. This e-book is your compass. Dive into actionable insights to handle the complexities of modern marketing. From hyper-personalization to the power of user-generated content, learn how to build long-term relationships with your audience and unlock the secrets to success in the ever-shifting digital landscape.
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and MilvusZilliz
During this demo, the founders of Secludy will demonstrate how their system utilizes Milvus to store and manipulate embeddings for generating privacy-protected synthetic data. Their approach not only maintains the confidentiality of the original data but also enhances the utility and scalability of LLMs under privacy constraints. Attendees, including machine learning engineers, data scientists, and data managers, will witness first-hand how Secludy's integration with Milvus empowers organizations to harness the power of LLMs securely and efficiently.
Nunit vs XUnit vs MSTest Differences Between These Unit Testing Frameworks.pdfflufftailshop
When it comes to unit testing in the .NET ecosystem, developers have a wide range of options available. Among the most popular choices are NUnit, XUnit, and MSTest. These unit testing frameworks provide essential tools and features to help ensure the quality and reliability of code. However, understanding the differences between these frameworks is crucial for selecting the most suitable one for your projects.
Dive into the realm of operating systems (OS) with Pravash Chandra Das, a seasoned Digital Forensic Analyst, as your guide. 🚀 This comprehensive presentation illuminates the core concepts, types, and evolution of OS, essential for understanding modern computing landscapes.
Beginning with the foundational definition, Das clarifies the pivotal role of OS as system software orchestrating hardware resources, software applications, and user interactions. Through succinct descriptions, he delineates the diverse types of OS, from single-user, single-task environments like early MS-DOS iterations, to multi-user, multi-tasking systems exemplified by modern Linux distributions.
Crucial components like the kernel and shell are dissected, highlighting their indispensable functions in resource management and user interface interaction. Das elucidates how the kernel acts as the central nervous system, orchestrating process scheduling, memory allocation, and device management. Meanwhile, the shell serves as the gateway for user commands, bridging the gap between human input and machine execution. 💻
The narrative then shifts to a captivating exploration of prominent desktop OSs, Windows, macOS, and Linux. Windows, with its globally ubiquitous presence and user-friendly interface, emerges as a cornerstone in personal computing history. macOS, lauded for its sleek design and seamless integration with Apple's ecosystem, stands as a beacon of stability and creativity. Linux, an open-source marvel, offers unparalleled flexibility and security, revolutionizing the computing landscape. 🖥️
Moving to the realm of mobile devices, Das unravels the dominance of Android and iOS. Android's open-source ethos fosters a vibrant ecosystem of customization and innovation, while iOS boasts a seamless user experience and robust security infrastructure. Meanwhile, discontinued platforms like Symbian and Palm OS evoke nostalgia for their pioneering roles in the smartphone revolution.
The journey concludes with a reflection on the ever-evolving landscape of OS, underscored by the emergence of real-time operating systems (RTOS) and the persistent quest for innovation and efficiency. As technology continues to shape our world, understanding the foundations and evolution of operating systems remains paramount. Join Pravash Chandra Das on this illuminating journey through the heart of computing. 🌟
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracyTomaz Bratanic
GraphRAG for life science domain, where you retriever information from biomedical knowledge graphs using LLMs to increase the accuracy and performance of generated answers
Presentation of the OECD Artificial Intelligence Review of Germany
practical astronomy
1. ISSN 2042-2687
Practical Astronomy
The Alan Young Telescope
November 2009
Reborn: The Alan Young Telescope
Registax: New Version
Astronomy Recipe Of The Month
Observers’ Delights
Sky View November
3. Reborn: The Alan Young Telescope
Photography and text: Kevin Brown
They’ve worked hard for the last three years..
After much restoration work, this well-known
22.5 inch reflector from the past, has been
reborn.
It’s now rebuilt and installed at the CADSAS
(Cranbrook Astronomy Society) observatory in
Kent, England.
Having spent many years dismantled and stored
in a private garage, the magnificent telescope is
now operational and capturing astro images
again.
However, it’s not yet finished..
Further improvements to the motorised drive
systems are planned for the near future.
The Telescope’s History
Built by Alan Young in the 1970's and housed in
his observatory at Burwash in Kent, this was The Alan Young Telescope - October 2009
one of the largest amateur telescopes in the UK.
He used it extensively in the 1980's and did
important published work. A good example was successfully
photographing the recently discovered
supernova SN 1985H, at around magnitude 16.
Photographic Achievement This was published in The Astronomer.
The telescope's large diameter primary mirror, Other published photographic achievements
together with use of specially sensitized include captures of Halley's comet in 1985,
photographic film, enabled investigation of faint and confirming the existence of a distant
deep-space objects such as supernovae. quasar (QSO 0716+332) in 1986, after initial
Before the days of CCD imaging devices, this reports from the United States.
was of course very difficult.
As new discoveries were reported by observers Jigsaw Puzzle
all over the World, Alan directed the telescope at
these distant objects and tried to confirm their As you can see from the "before and after"
existence, or otherwise. images here on this page, the dismantled
telescope was in a poor state when acquired
by CADSAS.
Practical Astronomy November 2009 3
4. Reborn: The Alan Young Telescope
Photography and text: Kevin Brown
Dedicated by Astronomer Royal
Polar (RA) Axis Worm Drive
Using just a single photo of the complete
instrument from the 1980’s, the
Society members have pieced the
telescope back together, cleaning
and fettling each component on the
way.
Purpose-Built Observatory
With such a large telescope, a
dedicated observatory is essential.
Luckily, the CADSAS observatory
was purpose-built to house it.
It's new custodians now look forward
to the Alan Young telescope doing
good astronomical work again, in the
very near future.
BEFORE: “Jigsaw” Puzzle Of Parts
More details on CADSAS and the Alan Young
telescope may be found at www.CADSAS.com
Practical Astronomy November 2009 4
5. Practical Observing: Guide To The Autumn
Night Sky By Rod Smith
This is the script for a guided Autumn
observing session for astronomy beginners, The second brightest thing in the sky is the
starting at dusk. Times given are for late-Oct/ Moon, shining in reflected sunlight. Again its
early-Nov. brightness makes it difficult to see some of the
stars, but if it is in its first or third phase it
Guide to the Autumn Night Sky - Looking cannot cause too many problems.
South
The Moon orbits the Earth at a distance of
The aim of this exercise is to help you learn nearly 400,000 km, meaning that light (and
the names and positions of a few of the radio messages) from the Moon take about
objects visible on the Ecliptic. 1.25 sec to reach us.
Mentioned here are solar system objects and Before we go any further, if the Moon is visible
first magnitude stars, which are the brightest in the sky you should make a mental map of
and so the first to be seen after dusk. Thus if where it is right now.
you begin your study of the sky shortly after
sunset during the evening, you will be able to Of the planets visible to the naked eye:
locate the objects mentioned here. Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn,
only Mars,Venus and Jupiter are visible in the
You will need a location fairly free from light sky at present. Jupiter will be the first object
and atmospheric pollution, and with an you will see, Venus and Mars will be visible in
unobstructed view to the South. the early hours of the morning if you care to
wait that long, or get up early enough.
The first thing to remember is we live on the
surface of a sphere, which means that we Look South. Notice where the Sun has set
cannot see all of the stars at the same time. (just South of West) and trace an arc from that
bit of the horizon, up about 50 degrees when
In fact, some we can never see from the looking due South and then back down
Northern hemisphere, one must move South (passing the Moon if it is in the sky) to the
of the equator. eastern horizon. The line you have traced is
called the Ecliptic and is the path followed by
the Sun, Moon and all the planets. They are
The second thing to remember is that we live
always on or close to this line, as are the
very near to a star. Our star is the Sun, so
constellations of the Zodiac.
close to us that its light takes only about 8
minutes to reach us and from where we live,
it seems to be very bright. So bright that Moving along the Ecliptic from West to East,
when it is in the sky, it is impossible to see the there are few easy objects to recognise. Very
other stars even though they are there. The low in the West is the constellation Sagittarius.
Sunʼs light swamps them. This contains no really bright stars, but a
group of 2nd magnitude stars can be seen
close to the horizon as it becomes dark.
Itʼs now dusk and the Sun has just gone
These soon slip down below the horizon and
down; as the minutes tick by, the sky will
are hard to see.
gradually get darker and stars will become
visible.
Practical Astronomy November 2009 5
6. Practical Observing: Guide To The Autumn
Night Sky (cont.)
You will soon find Jupiter quite low in the sky to
the South. With binoculars or a small telescope
you will easily see some of the Jovian moons Pleiades
and maybe even the bands of gas on the planet
Taurus, Aldebaran and Pleiades, rising in
the East
Jupiter in Capricorn, to the South above the Eastern horizon. Train your
telescope or binoculars onto this cluster of stars
and you will be amazed to see just how many
surface. Successive nights of observing will
there are.
convince you that the Jovian moons are
orbiting the planet, as their positions will shift.
Just below the Ecliptic you will see the Red
Giant Aldebaran, the eye of the Bull, Taurus.
Jupiter is the most obvious object and is in
Aldebaran is 65 light years away and is one of
Capricorn. Watch it for several weeks and you
the brightest stars in the sky with a magnitude of
will notice that it has changed its position
0.87
relative to the other stars around it; by
Christmas it will have moved from Capricorn
into the next zodiac constellation - Aquarius. Later on, around midnight, below Taurus you will
find the constellation Orion, not on the Ecliptic
but easily recognizable as it contains more
The Moon is the next easy object. Towards the
bright stars than any other constellation in the
end of October, it will be seen moving between
sky. Most noticeable is Betelgeuse (top left),
the constellations Aquarius and Pisces; neither
like Aldebaran a red giant, and Rigel (bottom
of these constellations contain any bright stars.
right).
The Moon is waxing and gibbous (i.e. between
first quarter and full). On the 31st October, it will
be almost full and seen slap in the middle of Again train your binoculars or telescope onto the
Pisces. belt and sword of Orion and you will see an
amazing sight of stars and vast dust clouds
filling your field of view. To see these properly it
At about 9pm, the constellation Taurus will have
is best to wait for later in November, when the
risen and the bright star cluster The Pleiades,
Moon is no longer visible in the evening sky.
commonly known as the Seven Sisters, is
visible just above the Ecliptic still low in the sky
Practical Astronomy November 2009 6
7. Practical Observing: Guide To The Autumn
Night Sky (cont.)
After midnight the brightest star Sirius (the dog objects, stand out clearly as most other stars will
star) rises. This is several degrees below the not be visible early in the evenings.
Ecliptic but is unmistakable as it is so bright.
On a dark frosty night, Sirius can be a Once it gets truly dark, with so many stars
spectacular object as its scintillation flashes the visible things can be more confusing.
spectral colors at you.
You remember the mental map you made of
Next to rise, just before 10pm is the where the Moon was? Go back and look at the
constellation Gemini with its two 1st Magnitude Moon; you should notice itʼs in a slightly different
stars, Castor and Pollux, then the constellation position.
Cancer appears and sitting in it, is the planet
What has happened is that because the Earth is
spinning on its axis, our viewpoint has changed
and we are actually looking in a new direction,
but as we think we have stayed still, it seems to
us that the sky has moved above us carrying the
Moon and stars with it.
Also the Moon has moved slightly against the
background of the stars due to its motion around
the Earth, movement which is very noticeable by
marking the position of the Moon on a daily
basis.
Mars and Regulus, rising in the East
Another thing to notice is that as the year
Mars, bright and reddish, with a magnitude of progresses, the stars here rise progressively
0.44 and so brighter than Aldebaran. earlier in the evening and by midwinter the
constellations of Leo, Taurus and Orion will
dominate the Southern sky.
Around 2am you will see the 1st magnitude star
Regulus, slap on the Ecliptic and then around
5am Saturn appears with a magnitude of about Good luck. I hope that you can find the objects
1, still quite dim for a planet. mentioned.
Finally, just before dawn, Venus rises shining
brightly at magnitude -4, but soon to be
swamped by the light of the rising Sun. By Rod Smith
These are the objects you should learn to
recognise in the Autumn. You will then be able
to use these as signposts to guide you around Times given are for late-Oct/early-Nov. Objects rise
earlier each evening, as the year progresses.
the sky.
In general, learn to find stars as darkness falls
as the bright ones, being first magnitude
Practical Astronomy November 2009 7
8. Readers Image Gallery
We welcome your images for publication. Beginner, advanced or expert, just send to: editor@practicalastronomy.com
Two Comparison Images
Of The Bubble Nebula By
Mitch Fry
Bubble "A" is a summed
(averaged) image (100 x
30sec) taken unguided with
a 80mm Williams Optics
doublet apochromatic,
F4.48 (field of view is 79.4 x
105.9min);
M52 (lower left) can be seen
in the same field of view.
Bubble "B" is a summed
(averaged) image (3 x
10min) taken autoguided
with a 132mm Williams
Optics Flourite triplet
apochromatic, F5.6 (field of
view is 41.2 x 55min). Image A: The Bubble Nebula (NGC7635), and M52
In both cases, the camera is
an SGIB ST2000XM, the
mount a Celestron CGE,
and both employed an H-
alpha filter and 0.8 reducer.
Other than an automatic
dark frame subtraction,
neither image has been
further processed.
Mitch comments..
“Aesthetically I prefer
Bubble A, a sharper "faster"
image with the additional
interest of M52, but Bubble
B has great potential and
awaits further data!”
Mitch offers access to the
FITS files. Email the editor
and your message will be
forwarded.
Image B: The Bubble Nebula (NGC7635)
Practical Astronomy November 2009 8
9. Readers Image Gallery
We welcome your images for publication. Beginner, advanced or expert, just send to: editor@practicalastronomy.com
M13 By Herbert Fritsche
M13, captured in Zwettl, Austria on 19
August 2009
Equipment:
Syntha ED80/600, HEQ5, Canon
EOS350D unmodified.
Exposure time 3 min., focusing with
DSLR-Focus.
Guiding with a second Syntha-70/500
telescope and Guidemaster.
Image processing with IRIS.
Herbert comments..
“My first try to guide the telescope, but I
think it worked well!”
I think so too!
Globular Cluster M13 (NGC 6205) in Hercules
December Issue Out 17 November
Next Month...
• Christmas Present Ideas
• Binocular Observing Challenge - 12 Objects, 12 Days
• Plus much more...
Practical Astronomy November 2009 9
10. Astronomy Recipe Of The Month
From a co'ection of recipes, specia'y created to inspire you for observing sessions this month!
“Regulus” Chicken And Tomato 3. Add the chicken and ground sea salt. Fry for
2 mins
Ingredients
- 250g chicken, boned and diced
- 1 can chopped tomatoes
- 2 medium onions, sliced
- 1 large carrot, diced
- 1 clove garlic, finely chopped
- black peppercorns, cumin seeds, sunflower
seeds, turmeric
- olive oil, mixed herbs, sea salt
4. Add the tomatoes, 1/2 tsp dried mixed herbs
(serves 2 - double quantities for 4) (or fresh herbs, if you have them) and 1/4 tsp
turmeric.
Preparation (35 mins) 5. Bring to boil, cover with a lid and simmer for
20 mins, stirring occasionally. Add water if it
1. Heat a cast iron casserole pot for 1 min. Add
1 tsp fresh ground black peppercorns, 1/2
tsp cumin seeds and 2 tsp sunflower seeds.
Dry fry gently for 2 mins.
2. Add 2 tbsp olive oil, then the onions, garlic
and carrots. Fry gently for 5 mins (to release
sugars from the vegetables).
becomes too thick.
6. Taste to check seasoning, adding salt if
necessary.
7. Serve with plain, boiled rice of your
preference (I like brown rice), and a salad
garnish.
Practical Astronomy Magazine Websites UK Astronomy Equipment Supplier
IYA2009.com Astronomy Blog I got good service and prices recently (ed)
First Light Optics
YouTube Channel Please mention “Practical Astronomy
Main Site Magazine ”
Practical Astronomy November 2009 10
11. Software Review: New Version Of Registax
Graphics and text: Kevin Brown
What Is Registax?
It's a free software to
align and stack a
number of images of
the same object,
combining them into a
better-quality
composite, final
image.
What Images Can
Registax Work With?
Registax is designed
for stacking and
processing, Lunar and
Planetary astro-
images.
You can load two
types of images:
Registax main screen, showing a single alignment box set over Moon crater
1. Collections of single Theophilus
frame sub-images (eg
jpg, bmp, fits, raw 3. Aligning
format files from a single-shot ccd device or
digital camera) 4. Optimizing
2. Files containing many frames (eg AVI video 5. Stacking
files from a webcam). 6. Processing with wavelets (to adjust quality)
7. Saving the final image
For the demonstration images here, I used a
couple of webcam AVI files of the Moon, There is good news for new users... once you
captured with a Philips Toucam. have done steps 1 and 2, Registax can do
steps 3 to 6 AUTOMATICALLY, if you choose.
(This is what I used for this test)
How Do You Use Registax?
As you get more proficient at stacking and
There are 7 steps..
optimizing, you'll find there's a huge wealth of
1. Loading images manual settings and controls to adjust, to
2. Setting align points (for this test, I used just a produce that perfect final image.
single align box, as you can see in the
screenshot above)
Practical Astronomy November 2009 11
12. Software Review: New Version Of Registax (cont.)
Graphics and text: Kevin Brown
How Can You Get The Software?
Simply download for free from..
http://www.astronomie.be/registax/
A detailed user manual is also available.
What's New In Latest Version 5?
There's quite a few useful enhancements, but
notably:
• Supports RAW format, digital SLR images
• Handles large (over 1GB) AVI video files
• Up to 500 alignment points and user-defined
align boxes Stacked and optimized crater trio -
Theophillus, Cyrillus and Catharina
Summary
Excellent software that will improve and inspire
your astro imaging. And you can’t argue with
the price!
Think of all the fun you can have reprocessing
those old image files, with this latest version of
Registax.
Mare Criseum area of the Moon
Moon crater Copernicus and the Appennine Mountains
Practical Astronomy November 2009 12
13. Sky View Mid-November (lat. 51N)
Looking South
Looking West
These maps show the sky view looking in different directions at 20.00 GMT in mid-November,
for an observer at latitude 51 degrees North. Further South? Objects are higher above your
local horizon, but patterns are the same. Local time zone not GMT? The view will be much the
same at 20.00 hrs, in your local time.
Practical Astronomy November 2009 13
14. Sky View Mid-November (lat. 51N)
Looking North
Looking East
These maps show the sky view looking in different directions at 20.00 GMT in mid-November,
for an observer at latitude 51 degrees North. Further South? Objects are higher above your
local horizon, but patterns are the same. Local time zone not GMT? The view will be much the
same at 20.00 hrs, in your local time.
Practical Astronomy November 2009 14
15. Observers’ Delights November 2009
MOON Full New Full
2nd Nov 16th Nov 2nd Dec
Very Favourable
LEONIDS See IYA2009.com
METEORS Peak 17th Nov Date Range 15-20th Nov soon for details
JUPITER SATURN VENUS MARS
Still very bright in Possible before Bright before dawn, but Rises around
the South evening dawn. Less becoming lost in dawn midnight.
sky (in Capricorn) than splendid twilight Brightening
Close to Neptune throughout the
rest of 2009
DEEP SKY Starts ~ Ends ~
“WINDOW” 11th Nov 2009 21th Nov 2009 Make the most of it!
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Practical Astronomy November 2009 15