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PPT_Ch04.ppt
1.
© Oxford University
Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute
2.
© Oxford University
Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute 4.1 Introduction to integration 4.2 Major challenges facing the Caribbean region 4.3 The West Indies Federation 4.4 The Caribbean Free Trade Association (CARIFTA) 4.5 The Caribbean Community (Caricom) 4.6 The Caribbean Common Market 4.7 Globalization and trade liberalization 4.8 The Caricom Single Market (CSM) 4.9 The Caricom Single Economy (CSE) 4.10 The governing structure of the Caribbean Community (Caricom) under the Revised Treaty 4.11 Functions of the Caricom secretariat 4.12 The West Indies Associated States Council of Ministers (WISA); the Eastern Caribbean Common Market (ECCM); the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS); and the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States Economic Union 4.13 The governing structure of the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) under the revised Treaty of Basseterre 4.14 The Association of Caribbean States (ACS) and CARIFORUM 4.15 Regional factors that promote integration 4.16 Extra-regional factors that promote integration 4.17 Factors that hinder regional integration: governance issues 4.18 Other factors hindering regional integration 4.19 The benefits of regional integration 4.20 The role of citizens, businesses and government in the integration process 4.21 Areas of regional cooperation
3.
© Oxford University
Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute 4.1 Introduction to Integration
4.
© Oxford University
Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Regional integration: • is the uniting of the separate Caribbean states into a regional organization. • is necessary for the development of the region. • must be embraced by Caribbean governments and people in order to be successful.
5.
© Oxford University
Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute 4.2 Major challenges facing the Caribbean region
6.
© Oxford University
Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute There are several major challenges facing the Caribbean region: Small markets which do not allow producers to reap economies of scale. Uncompetitive products which cannot compete in international markets. Heavy indebtedness to international lending agencies. Shortage of skilled labour and high levels of unemployment and underemployment. Vulnerability to natural disasters. Limited exploitable natural resources and lack of diversification.
7.
© Oxford University
Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute 4.3 The West Indies Federation
8.
© Oxford University
Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Facts about the West Indies Federation: It was a political union of ten Caribbean states formed in 1958. It aimed to improve the social and economic development of the member states and prepare them for self-rule. It was administered by a central government based in Trinidad. It did not achieve any of its objectives and collapsed in 1962.
9.
© Oxford University
Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute 4.4 The Caribbean Free Trade Association (CARIFTA)
10.
© Oxford University
Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute A free trade area is a basic example of economic cooperation among a group of countries. The Caribbean Free Trade Area/Association was established on 1st May 1968 among the countries which were members of the West Indies Federation along with Guyana and Belize (British Honduras). The Caribbean Free Trade Area (CARIFTA) aimed to: • Promote free trade among its members by removing all restrictions to the free flow of goods produced and traded within the Region. • Increase the quantity and variety of goods and services produced for intra-regional trade • Give all the members states an equal opportunity to develop. CARIFTA was successful in increasing intra-regional trade. The Caribbean Free Trade Association (CARIFTA)
11.
© Oxford University
Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute 4.5 The Caribbean Community (CARICOM)
12.
© Oxford University
Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute The Caribbean Community and Common Market were established by the Treaty of Chaguaramas in 1973. The Caribbean Community is an association of sovereign Caribbean countries. The Common Market replaced CARIFTA. 4.5(a) The Caribbean Community (CARICOM)
13.
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Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute 4.5(b) The Caribbean Community’s objectives The objectives of the Caribbean Community include: • Increasing free trade in regionally produced goods among members of the Common Market. • Encouraging member states to pursue common trade policies when dealing with non-member states. • Encouraging the independent Member States to adopt common policies when dealing with non-member states and international organizations. • Promoting functional cooperation among member states in areas including: education, culture, health, communications and industrial development.
14.
© Oxford University
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15.
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Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute 4.6(a) The Caribbean Common Market A common market is a group of countries which agree to promote free trade by: o removing all tariff and non-tariff restrictions on goods which they produce and sell to each other o allowing the free movement of capital and labour across member countries o charging a common external tariff (CET) on goods imported from countries which are not members of the group A common market is a more advanced form of economic integration than a free trade area. Under the Caribbean Common Market, restrictions remained in place on the right of establishment, the movement of capital and labour, and the provision of services.
16.
© Oxford University
Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute The role of the Caribbean Common Market was to further promote economic integration. The objectives of the Caribbean Common Market included: • increasing and regulating free trade among member states and sharing the benefits from increased trade fairly • increasing the total output of goods • promoting the economic development of the member states 4.6(b) Role and Objectives
17.
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18.
© Oxford University
Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Globalization and trade liberalization have influenced regional integration. Trade liberalization involves the removal of restrictions to the flow of goods, services, labour and capital on a global scale. Globalization is the process by which countries around the world are becoming interconnected. Globalization and trade liberalization present the region with many challenges and opportunities.
19.
© Oxford University
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20.
© Oxford University
Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute 4.8 (a) The CARICOM Single Market (CSM) The Caricom Single Market is one aspect of the proposed Caricom Single Market and Economy (CSME) Member states must remove all restrictions to the free movement of capital, labour, and goods and services of Caricom origin in order to create a single market. A single market for goods has existed in the Caribbean since 1973, when the Common Market was created. Under the Caribbean Common Market arrangement, restrictions remained in place on the right of establishment, the movement of capital and labour, and the provision of services.
21.
© Oxford University
Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute 4.8 (b) CARICOM Single Market (CSM) Objectives The objectives of the CARICOM Single Market include: • increasing trade in regional goods and services • increasing the output of goods and services • promoting competition among Caricom firms • promoting the most efficient use of the region’s resources • improving the welfare of Caricom citizens
22.
© Oxford University
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23.
© Oxford University
Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute 4.9(a) The Caricom Single Economy In the Caricom Single Economy, member states will be required to adopt a common currency and pursue similar monetary and fiscal policies. The objective of the CSE is to create a single financial space involving all the members of Caricom. When it is established, the CSE will complement the CSM.
24.
© Oxford University
Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute 4.9(b) The Caricom Single Economy The single financial space is to be created by the governments of the member states: • pursuing corresponding revenue (taxation) and spending policies (fiscal policies) • pursuing corresponding policies to control the availability of spending money to businesses and consumers (monetary policies) • adopting a single currency • adopting common customs and company laws • pursuing similar development policies in the major industries such as agriculture, tourism, manufacturing, and fisheries
25.
© Oxford University
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26.
© Oxford University
Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute 4.10(a) The governing structure of the Caribbean Community (Caricom) under the Revised Treaty The hierarchical structure of the Caribbean Community is as follows: • The Conference of Heads of Government (The Conference) • The Community Council of Ministers (The Council) • The Ministerial Councils • Other bodies of the Community • The Caricom Secretariat
27.
© Oxford University
Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute 4.10(b) The governing structure of the Caribbean Community (Caricom) under the Revised Treaty The Bureau of the Conference is a sub-committee of the Conference. The Conference is the policy-making organ of the Community and functions as a quasi-cabinet. The Council coordinates member states’ activities in the areas of economic cooperation and functional cooperation. The Ministerial Councils assist the Conference and the Community Council of Ministers.
28.
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29.
© Oxford University
Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute 4.11 Functions of the Caricom Secretariat The main functions of the Secretariat include: • preparing proposals for consideration and decision by the relevant organs • servicing meetings of the organs and bodies of the community and taking follow-up action on decisions taken • collecting, storing, and circulating relevant information to member states • assisting community organs in developing and implementing proposals and programmes • mobilizing resources from donor agencies to assist in the implementation of Caribbean Community programmes • assisting member states in implementing Caribbean Community decisions
30.
© Oxford University
Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute 4.12 Other organizations: The West Indies Associated States Council of Ministers (WISA); the Eastern Caribbean Common Market (ECCM); the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) and the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States Economic Union
31.
© Oxford University
Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute 4.12 (a) The West Indies Associated States Council of Ministers (WISA) and the Eastern Caribbean Common Market (ECCM) There are similarities in the stages of the integration process involving both the Eastern Caribbean States and Caricom. WISA (West Indies Associated States Council of Ministers) was a political organization which also promoted functional cooperation among its members. ECCM (Eastern Caribbean Common Market) was established to promote economic cooperation among its members.
32.
© Oxford University
Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute 4.12 (b) The Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) and the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States Economic Union OECS (Organization of Eastern Caribbean States) is a nine member community of states with a governing structure and objectives similar to Caricom’s. It replaced WISA and the ECCM. OECS is a sub-grouping within the Caribbean Community. The objectives of the OECS Economic Union are similar to those of the Caricom Single Market (CSM).
33.
© Oxford University
Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute 4.13 The governing structure of the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) under the revised Treaty of Basseterre
34.
© Oxford University
Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute The OECS Authority of Heads of Government of Member States is the highest decision-making organ. The Council of Ministers assists the OECS Authority. The OECS Assembly enacts legislation for the organization. The Economic Affairs Council oversees the Economic Union Protocol. The OECS Commission is the principal administrative organ. The Institutions of the Organization promote functional cooperation. Governing Structure of OECS
35.
© Oxford University
Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute 4.14 The Association of Caribbean States (ACS) and Cariforum
36.
© Oxford University
Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute The Association of Caribbean States (ACS) is a grouping of Caribbean and Latin American States. The objectives of the Association of Caribbean States are to promote economic integration and functional cooperation among the states, countries, and territories of the Caribbean Basin. CARIFORUM is an association between the Caribbean Community countries and the Dominican Republic and Cuba. Its purpose was to negotiate the Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) with the European Union (EU). ACS and Cariforum
37.
© Oxford University
Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute 4.15 Regional factors that promote integration
38.
© Oxford University
Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Common cultural heritage. Small size of national markets and the need to create competitive businesses. The need to increase intra-regional trade and raise the standard of living. The region’s vulnerability to natural disasters. Differences in allocation of exploitable natural resources among regional states. The high cost of government and the need for functional cooperation. Shortage of skills.
39.
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40.
© Oxford University
Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute 4.16 Extra-regional factors The increasing global trend towards the establishment of trade blocs. The effects of Globalization and Trade Liberalization. The vulnerability to economic shocks which originate from outside the region. The political and economic insignificance of the individual countries in a globalized world environment.
41.
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42.
© Oxford University
Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute 4.17 Governance Issues The way in which Caricom is governed is a major hindrance to regional integration. Both governments and citizens of some Caricom countries are showing opposition to regional integration. There is hesitancy on the part of some governments to support some regional institutions. Some regional governments continue to place their national interests before Caricom’s.
43.
© Oxford University
Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute 4.18 Other factors hindering integration
44.
© Oxford University
Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute The region’s dependence on extra-regional markets in preference to regional markets. Lack of oneness among Caribbean people. The existence of multiple currencies in the region. Limited opportunities for the masses to participate in regional integration directly. The unequal distribution of exploitable natural resources among Caricom states. Differences in the stages of growth and development among Caricom states.
45.
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46.
© Oxford University
Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute 4.19(a) Benefits to citizens Increased employment opportunities. Access to a greater quantity, variety and better quality of regionally produced goods and services. Unrestricted travel in the region. Access to common services provided by regional governments. A feeling of a sense of community. Opportunities to move capital freely within the region for investment purposes.
47.
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Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute 4.19(b) Benefits to businesses Access to a large regional market. Access to a larger pool of resources. Protection by the Common External Tariff (CET). The right to establish business ventures in any member state.
48.
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49.
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50.
© Oxford University
Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute 4.20(a) The role of citizens in the integration process Entrepreneurship. Supporting regional producers. Giving mutual support to fellow Caricom citizens.
51.
© Oxford University
Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute 4.20 (b) The role of businesses in the integration process Improving competitiveness. Increasing output and trade. Providing investment opportunities for Caricom citizens. Promoting and protecting the welfare of consumers.
52.
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Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute 4.20 (c) The role of governments in the integration process Supporting regional institutions. Honouring the protocols of the Revised Treaty of Chaguaramas. Supporting competition among regional businesses. Educating citizens about regional integration.
53.
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54.
© Oxford University
Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute The Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency (CDEMA) The Caribbean Meteorological Organization (CMO) The Caribbean Public Health Agency (CARPHA) The Caribbean Agricultural Research and Development Institute (CARDI) The Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ) The Caribbean Development Bank (CDB) The Caribbean Examinations Council (CXC)
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