22. IDEOLOGY
ideology, a form of social or political philosophy in
which practical elements are as prominent as
theoretical ones. It is a system of ideas that aspires
both to explain the world and to change it.
Generally speaking, it is a value system through which
we perceive, explain and accept the world.
Particular categories of ideology are discussed in
socialism, communism, anarchism, fascism,
nationalism, liberalism, and conservatism.
23. IN MOST INSTANCES, ONE CAN REPLACE THE WORD
"BELIEVE" WITH THE WORD "THINK" OR "USE".
For example:
"I believeit will rain tonight."
can transpose into:
"I think it will rain tonight."
"We should believe a theory as long as the evidence supports a proposition."
can transpose into:
"We should usea theory as long as the evidence supports a proposition."
25. "Don't believe anything. Regard things on a
scale of probabilities.
The things that seem most absurd, put under
'Low Probability', and the things that seem most
plausible, you put under 'High Probability'.
Never believe anything. Once you believe
anything, you stop thinking about it."
--Robert A. Wilson
30. Faith, by definition, in some way
leads the believer beyond simple
human understanding.
ศรัทธานั้นยิ่งใหญ่กว่าความเชื่อ
เพราะศรัทธาไม่จาเป็นต้องอาศัย
เหตุผล
32. วิกฤตศรัทธา
Crisis of faith (วิกฤตศรัทธา) is a term commonly applied,
especially in Western culture, to periods of intense doubt
and internal conflict about one's preconceived beliefs or
life decisions.
A crisis of faith can be contrasted to simply a period of
doubt in that a crisis of faith demands reconciliation or
reevaluation before one can continue believing in
whichever tenet is in doubt or continuing in whatever life
path is in question.
36. IDEOLOGY : ต้นกาเนิดและลักษณะ
ideology, a form of social or political philosophy in
which practical elements are as prominent as
theoretical ones. It is a system of ideas that aspires
both to explain the world and to change it.
Generally speaking, it is a value system through which
we perceive, explain and accept the world.
Particular categories of ideology are discussed in
socialism, communism, anarchism, fascism,
nationalism, liberalism, and conservatism.
37. According to the
political theorist
Robert Dahl, all
individuals are
ideologues in the
sense that we all map
out our own
interpretations of what
the world is and how it
should be.
39. DOMINANT IDEOLOGIES
Dominant Ideologies support the existing
social and political arrangements (e.g.
Conservatism in the United States after 9/11)
Ideologies that dominate in a society are ones
that carry the message of the elites through the
Agents of Socialization such as:
Governments (Political Parties, Pressure
Groups)
The Schools
The Media
Families and Peer Groups
40. THE MAJOR COMPONENTS OF IDEOLOGIES
The state of human nature
The role of the individual in
society
The role of the state
The sources and limits of
political authority
The preferred economic and
social order
Iranian President Mahmoud
Ahmadinejad
41. IDEOLOGIES: HUMAN NATURE
Are human beings born to be basically
good or basically bad (innate), or is
behavior the result of social
conditioning?
For conservatives, human behavior is
unchangeable. The role of
government is to control the
undesirable consequences of human
behavior (Thomas Hobbes)
For Liberals, humans are inherently
good. As a result, we don’t need to be
so tightly controlled by government
42. IDEOLOGIES: ROLE OF THE
INDIVIDUAL
Is it the role of the individual to serve
the interests of the government, or the
role of the government to serve the
needs of the individual?
With Communism, the welfare of the
individual is subordinate to the interests
of the state.
For Liberals, the role of the government
is to provide the conditions for
individual freedom (e.g. Constitution
guarantees individual rights). The
rights of the individual in many cases
takes precedence over the rights of the
state (e.g. private property).
Free Trade and Economic
Liberalism
43. IDEOLOGIES: ROLE OF THE STATE
In some ideologies, the state
is essentially a symbol of evil
in society (e.g. Anarchism).
Individual liberty is
threatened by the existence
of strong government control.
This is the theory of
“Absolute power corrupts
absolutely”
Most modern ideologies (e.g.
social democracy) maintain
that a strong government
(with limits) is necessary in
order to maintain social order
and living standards (e.g.
public healthcare and
education)
What limits should be placed on individual
Freedom?
44. IDEOLOGIES: LIMITS ON POLITICAL
AUTHORITY
In some ideologies (Western
democracies), political authority is
derived by the consent of the
governed (e.g. through elections).
For fascists and Marxist-Leninists,
political authority is derived by the
will of the state or dictators.
Consensus is needed in order to
guarantee social order and progress
For democrats, consent is needed
by the people to justify their power.
The people decide to give up their
individual power to the state. This is
also known as the concept of
political legitimacy.
What limits were placed on their power?
45. IDEOLOGIES: THE PREFERRED
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ORDER
Ideologies have to deal with the
fundamental question of who
controls the wealth in society.
Should wealth be equally shared, or
should some individuals be allowed
to possess more wealth than
others?
For communists, private ownership
is not allowed. They are committed
to providing an equitable distribution
of wealth
For capitalists, people need to
compete with one another in order
to have an incentive for material
gain. Economic and social
inequities are allowed to exist
Microsoft’s
Bill Gates
Wall Street
Billionaire
Warren
Buffett
46. THE ORIGINS OF POLITICAL ATTITUDES
Role of the family
Schooling & information
Ideology
Job (Income)
Race & ethnicity
Religious tradition
Gender
Region
47. WHAT IS YOUR POLITICAL IDEOLOGY
นักศึกษาทาใบงานย่อยที่ 2.3
