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1. EMERGING ISSUES IN ACCESS TO
HIGHER EDUCATION IN INDIA
Dr. Mamta Jain
Associate Professor,
Department of EAFM,
University Of Rajasthan, Jaipur,
Rajasthan, India

2. “Education is the manifestation of
perfection in Man”
– Swami Vivekananda

3. What access is ?
(In Higher Education)
Access (to higher education) is defined as ‘the
right of qualified candidates to apply and to be
considered for admission to higher education.
Access is multidimensional and should be
looked at from a holistic view. Key dimensions
of access include: affordability, availability,
accessibility, accommodation, and
acceptability.

4. PRESENT SCENARIO OF HIGHER
EDUCATION WITH RESPECT TO ACCESS
• India’s higher education system is one of the largest
in the world after china and USA. (In terms of
number of student enrolled in higher education)
• The right to education act which stipulate compulsory
and free education to all children within the age upto
6-14 has brought a revolutionary change in Higher
Education System.
• Educational movement has been receiving
tremendous government support through planning in
its various five year plans but focus of government
has largely been on school education.

5. •Active involvement of private sector has began to
demonstrate significant reach.
•The Gross Enrolment Ratio in higher education is
24.5% and aims to increase 25.2% in 2017-18 and upto
30% in 2020-21 while the world average ratio is 30%.
•An overwhelming demographic dividend (about 65%
India’s population below 35 years) still persists in the
access to quality higher education.
•Higher education sector has witnessed a tremendous
increase in the number of universities and colleges since
Independence.
•Changing nature of knowledge, newer skills demanded,
rapid process of globalization, industrialization and
unprecedented spread of information technology yet it is
not equally accessible to all.

6. OBJECTIVES
• To study the progress and present scenario of higher
education in India with respect to access.
• To identify the key issues and challenges in
furthering access to higher education.
• To suggest measures to overcome the issues related
to access to higher education in India.

7. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The present paper is descriptive in nature and
based on secondary data collected from the
published and unpublished records, reports and
contributions of several institutions, organizations
and individuals in India. Specifically, the
secondary sources include Annual Reports of
UGC, Planning Commission, Education
Department of Ministry of Human Resource
Development, Economic Survey and other
journals, books and websites.

8. PRESENT STATUS & PROGRESS OF
HIGHER EDUCATION WITH RESPECT
TO ACCESS
•Growth in Higher Education Institutions: Physical
access to higher education is an important indicator
which can be examined by considering the trends
and growth in institutions. Higher Education sector
has witnessed a tremendous increase in the number
of Universities/University level Institutions &
Colleges since Independence.

9. Figure1: Number of university Figure2: Number of colleges
Growth in Higher Education Institutions
Source: AISHE 2015-16.
Increase 30%. 2010-11 to 2015-16) Increase 18%. 2010-11 to 2015-16)

10. Student Enrolment in Higher Education:
Figure 3: Growth in student enrolment
Source: AISHE2015-16
No. of students enrolled in the Higher
Education Institution
No. of persons in the relevant age group
GER =
Overall Growth is 18.5% from 2011-2015-16

11. Gender Differentials in Access to Higher Education
Figure 4: Gender wise enrolment
Source: AISHE2015-16
Per 100 male student No. of Female student has increased from 80 (2011-12) to 86 (2015-16)

12. Distribution of Enrolment Among Various Categories
Figure 5: Distribution of enrolment among various categories
Source: AISHE2015-16

13. Gender Parity Index
Source: AISHE2015-16
Gender parity Index is a socio economic Index usually designed to
measure the relative access to education of males and females
No. of Female Student enrolled
No. of male student enrolled
GPI =

14. ISSUES IN FURTHERING ACCESS TO
HIGHER EDUCATION
• Inequity in access
- Gender disparity
- Geographical inequity
- Minority and majority based inequality
- Economic based in equality
• Poor Infrastructure –
• Inadequate faculty –
• Unqualified or untrained faculty -
• Inappropriate or over load in curriculum –
• Lack of financial resources –
• Ineffective Monitoring –
• A social difference between classes –
• Poor government funding –

15. SUGGESTIONS TO IMPROVE ACCESS TO
QUALITY HIGHER EDUCATION
• Making a realistic financial plan –
• Infrastructure Development –
• Provision of adequate trained and qualified faculty –
• Eliminate Ethnic inequalities –
• Promote use of Internet and Communication Technology –
• Enable better funding for institutions –
• Improve financial schemes reach –
• Remove overlapping of authority -
• Make curriculum industry oriented –
• Follow Up programmes for funding:
• Other Measures -

16. CONCLUSION
• Enrollment ratio still relatively low in comparison to
International as UK 59%, Japan 55%, USA 34%, China
28%.
• Accessibility equity and quality are interrelated if we
neglect one out of three the higher education system stick
there where it was.
• Despite several efforts by the Government through policy
planning and various programms and schemes a majority of
Indian population still deprived of higher education.
• Education should be developed as to increase productivity,
active social and national integration, accelerate the process
of modernization and cultivate social, moral and spiritual
value.

17. THANK YOU