1. There are several criteria that can be used to distinguish between languages and dialects, including standardization, vitality, historicity, autonomy, reduction, mixture, and de facto norms. 2. Dialects are considered subordinate varieties of a language that can differ based on region, social factors, and phonological influences. British and American English are examples of dialects that vary in terms of pronunciation of certain words. 3. Language styles, registers, and beliefs also contribute to differences within and between languages. Style refers to formal vs informal speech, register is associated with occupational and social groups, and beliefs influence perceptions of what constitutes proper language use.

1. Group: 1
Ikhsan Dinn
Islam
Muhamad Idrus

2. Language-Dialect-Variety
The Problem
Language-Criteria
Dialect-Variety

3. The Problem
British Vs American
Scotland

4. Language and Dialect
Language  What the members of a
particular society speak.
Dialect  one variety of language.
But how can we distinguish that X and Y are
two different languages or just two dialects
as a part of one language?

5. According to Bell (1976) the following seven
criteria can be used to address the issue of
language-dialect distinction:
1. Standardization
= The process by which a language has
been codified in some way.
-- grammars and dictionaries, being used in
literature, courts, education, administration,
etc.

6. 2. Vitality
= it refers to the existence of a living
community of speakers.
3. Historicity
= when a particular society finds a sense of
identity through using a particular language.
e.g. Baso Ikan Malimping Lebak is used to
describe Bahasa Lebak used by people in
Malimping because they still have a sense
as a part of Lebak people.

7. 4. Autonomy
= When the speakers feel that X or Y
different from other languages, then they
are two different languages, not dialects.
-- very subjective
5. Reduction
= When X or Y has reduction of resources
e.g. Bahasa Indonesia Logat Sunda has no
standardized writing system

8. 6. Mixture
= it refers to feeling speakers have about
the ‘purity’ of the variety they speak.
--it appears to be more important to
speakers from some languages than of
others.
7. De Facto Norms
= It refers to the feeling that many speakers
have that they are both ‘good’ speakers
and ‘poor’ speakers, and that the good
ones represent the good norm in speaking
the language.

9. So it is clear that dialect is a subordinate
variety of a language.

10. Question : how language can differ from
one another varieties and sub varieties
which many language call Dialects ?

11. Dialects-Variety
Region - Social -
Phonological
-Car
-Water
Influence
Speaker by
social
factor
Br USA
Class Class
a ae

12. STYLES, REGISTERS AND
BELIEFS
1. Style is the way speakers speak, the speaker
also can make a choice weather informal and
formal, it depends on circumstance and the
age and social group of participant
(Wardhaugh, 2006)
2. Register is a set of linguistic items were
associated with discrete occupational and
social groups
3. belief is systems of ideas or ideology, some
people believed that certain language is lack
of grammar, we can speak English without

13. Conclusion