The document discusses medicinal plants and rhubarb. It provides background on Ayurveda and the use of medicinal plants in traditional Indian medicine. It then focuses on rhubarb, describing its origins and use in traditional Chinese medicine to treat various ailments. It discusses some key active compounds in rhubarb including anthraquinones.

1. BY
Dr. JASMEET KOUR
Assistant Professor,
PADMA SHRI PADMA
SACHDEV,
Govt. PG College for Women,
Gandhi Nagar, JAMMU.

2. The origin of Ayurveda can be traced from the ancient knowledge of
Atharvaveda Medicinal Plants in India: Impact on Biodiversity,
Pharmaceutical Industries | 281 and Rigveda. It depicts the scientific
tradition of harmonious living with nature. From the ancient age,
Ayurveda is one of the traditional systems of medicine and healthcare
in India. For centuries, it has formulated several medicines most of
which are from medicinal herbs. (10 pdf).
Classification of medicinal uses Ailments were grouped into eleven
categories according to the recommended usage. The ailment
categories are circulatory system, digestive system, endocrine
system, immune system, lymphatic system, central nervous
system, reproductive system, skeletal system, respiratory system,
urinary system, and skin or integumentary system. Informants
did not specify any use of plants for the body muscular system. (1
pdf)
Medicinal plants have been used in healthcare since time immemorial. Studies
have been carried out globally to verify their efficacy and some of the findings
have led to the production of plant-based medicines. The global market value
of medicinal plant products exceeds $100 billion per annum. (8 PDF)

3.  Most profitable Medicinal Plants farming in
India | Medicinal Plants Cultivation Business
Video link: https://youtu.be/Ru96iXsWpyg

4. 20 pdf
In MAPs it is mainly the secondary metabolites that are utilized. The synthesis and
biological role of these chemical principles, as related to the products of the primary
metabolism, are special. Frequently they are metabolic end products, with no relevant
role in the metabolism (e.g.: essential oils excreted by glandular hairs).
3 PDF
Medicinal plants have been the subject of man’s interest since old time and assume a key job in human
wellbeing. Some noteworthy varieties in phyto-pharmaceutical items have been accounted for which
can be affected by hereditary assorted variety (both chromosomal and hereditary), ecological
variables, plant part utilized, season of collection, developmental stage of plant and cultivation
practices, etc.
The genre Rheum palmatum commonly called as Gilgiti rhubarb, Indian rhubarb, Small
Himalayan rhubarb, Turkey rhubarb, belongs to family Polygonaceae is addressed by 60 species
and is generally coursed in mountains and desert regions in Asia and Europe [5]. Rhubarbs belong
to plant medicines known as far back as 2700 BC. Rhubarb root was used by earlier Chinese
practitioner for medical purposes to induce bile production, stimulate appetite and intestinal atony,
flatulence, and treat hepatitis [6]. In China, Rheum plant is adored as it cures such a significant
number of ailments and it is called as Dahuang in China

5. A Brief History of Rhubarb
https://youtu.be/2woAsyxQrOw
Commissioned for Wakefield's Rhubarb Festival,
Richard Bell's cartoon animation tells the story of
rhubarb from its origins in the cold winters and
rich moist soils of Southern Siberia, through to the
heyday of Yorkshire's Rhubarb Triangle when a
regular night train from Ardsley Station carried 200
tons of forced rhubarb to London. Along the way
we meet Marco Polo, Ghengis Khan's camels,
Nicholas Culpeper and Rhuben Cushstead, head
gardener. Music by Karen Chalmers.

6.  How to Grow and Harvest Rhubarb
https://youtu.be/tJ313fR1BRI
9 PDF
Rheum emodi wall. ex Meissn. (Polygonceae) is a leafy
perennial herb distributed in altitudes ranging from 2800 to
3800 m in the temperate and subtropical regions of Himalayas,
from Kashmir to Sikkim in India. The rhubarbs, rhizomes of
Rheum species are used in remedies of blood stagnation
syndrome, which includes diabetes, atherosclerosis, ischemia,
and inflammation in Japanese and Chinese traditional
medicine. Several antioxidants and xanthine oxidase inhibitors
have been isolated from methanolic extract of rhubarbs, and
these properties have been linked to the multiple beneficial
effects in these disorders [1,2]. Rheum emodi wall is known to
contain several secondary metabolites, of which
anthraquinones (such as emodin and rhein) are considered as
the active ingredient [3]. The methanolic and aqueous extracts
of Rheum emodi rhizome is known to contain high number of
phenolic compounds and show Fe3+ reducing antioxidant
properties [4].

7. 7 PDF
Rhubarb is a collective name of various
perennial plants of the genus Rheum L. from
Polygonaceae family. Tis plant has important
economic value, not only referred to a few
edible rhubarbs [1], but also used as
purgative drug in China since the third
millennium BC [2], frstly recorded in Shen
Nong’s Herbal Classic.
Rhubarb has been suggested to exert eliminating heat, purging
fre, cooling blood, dispersing blood stasis, dredging collateral
antidotal and purgative efects, used to treat constipation, diabetic
nephropathy, chronic renal failure, acute pancreatitis, gastrointestinal
bleeding and other disease. Tere are articles summarizing the research
progresses of rhubarb on treating acute organophosphorus pesticide
poisoning [4], acute ischemic stroke [5], acute pancreatitis [6], chronic
kidney disease [7] in recent years. Scientists and medics isolated various
types of compounds from rhubarb, containing anthraquinones and their
glycosides, anthrones and their glycosides, stilbenes, butyrophenones and
chromones, tannins, saccharides and so on [9].

8. 10 Amazing Rhubarb Health Benefits
Video link: https://youtu.be/yvEL-pCWQSU

9. Anthraquinones are the main characteristic as
well as pharmacodynamic ingredients of rhubarb
[10, 11]. Te proportion of anthraquinones ranges
from 3 to 5% in diferent species [3]. More than 30
anthraquinones have been isolated and
identifed from rhubarb.
There are many kinds of anthraquinone
glycosides, containing aloe-emodin-8-glucoside,
emodin-8-glucoside, rhein-8-glucoside, physcion
diglucoside, emodin6-glucoside etc. [3, 9]. Main
structures of anthraquinones (1–11) are as follows
(Fig. 1) [3, 8, 12].

12. Stilbenes
Anthraquinones
Anthranone
Tannins
Butyrophenones
ANTIBACTERIAL
ANTITUMOUR
ANTIINFLAMMATORY
HEPATOPROTECTIVE
CARDIOVASCULAR
PROTECTION
FREE RADICAL
SCAVENGING
PURGATIVE
IMMUNOREGULATORY
ANTIINFLAMMATORY

13. MECHANISM OF PUCRATIVE (LAXATIVE) ACTIVITY OF RHUBARB
(7PDF)

14. Rhein
Emodin
Chrysophanol
Aloe-emodin
Physcion
Anthraquinone glycosides

15.  8 pdf
 The emphasis on the use of medicinal plants had hitherto been placed on the treatment
rather than prevention of diseases. However, there exists in the literature considerable
report in recent times on research work on the use of medicinal plants and their
constituents in disease prevention.
 A medicinal plant is any plant which, in one or more of its organs, contains substances
that can be used for therapeutic purposes or which are precursors for the synthesis of
useful drugs. This description makes it possible to distinguish between medicinal plants
whose therapeutic properties and constituents have been established scientifically.


16.  Health Benefits of Rhubarb
https://youtu.be/xGlxTFvGF8s

17. 11 Health Benefits of Rhubarb
Video link:
https://youtu.be/kQ3WGIHPwxQ

18. 11 pdf
This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of astragalus–
saffron– rhubarb mixture (Bao’shen recipe, BSR) on diabetic
nephropathy (DN) in db/db mice and preliminarily explore the possible
underlying mechanism. Methods: A total of 125 8-week-old male db/db
mice with DN were randomly divided into five groups: model group,
irbesartan group and high-, medium- and low doses of BSR group, while
25 male db/m mice were used as a blank control. At 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24
weeks of feeding, the animals were sacrificed and blood as well as urine
samples were collected for blood glucose, urea nitrogen, creatinine and
urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER) measurement via blood glucose
meter or corresponding detection kits, respectively. The renal tissues of
each mouse underwent hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Masson, periodic
acid Schiff (PAS) staining. Renal homogenate was used to detect IL-6,
TNF-α, TNF-1R and TNF-2R by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. :
BSR could effectively reduce the body weight, blood glucose,
UAER, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels, relieve the
proliferation of mesangial tissue, and lower the levels of IL-6,
TNF-α, TNF-1R, and TNF-2R in renal tissue of db/db mice with DN.
Of note, the high-dose BSR treatment group has advantages over
irbesartan treatment group in improving above-mentioned
aspects.

19.  13 pdf
 Chemistry Up to date,
 a variety of constituents have been isolated from Rheum species with their structures being
elucidated. As an important traditional Chinese herb, the components of rhubarb have been
classified into five primary categories, namely, anthraquinone, anthrones, stilbenes, flavonoids
and acylglucosides.

20. S. No. Sources Compounds
1 R. officinale aloe-emodin
2 R. glabrucaule 1-methyl-8-hydroxyl-9,10- anthraquinone-3-O-
β-D-(6′-Ocinnamoyl) glucopyranoside
3 R. emodi 6-methyl-aloe-emodin
4 R. undulatum aloe-emodin-1-O-β-Dglucopyranoside
5 R. palmatum aloe-emodin-3-(hydroxymethyl)- O-β-D-
glucopyranoside
6 R. tanguticum aloe-emodin-8-O-β-Dglucopyranoside
7 R. rhaponticum chrysaron
8 R. palmatum rheinoside A
9 R. undulatum emodin-1-O-β-D-glucopyranoside R
10 R. glabrucaule citreorosein