EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE

1. EARTH AND LIFE
SCIENCE
MODULE 3
MINERALS
LINDSY MAE E. SULA-SULA,LPT

2. Minerals
- make up the rocks beneath your feet, the soil that
supports plants, and the deep rock of Earth’s mantle.
- are the building blocks of rocks. Mineralogists use
the criteria to determine whether a material is
classified as a mineral or not.

3. 1. Naturally occurring- term which identifies
mineral as part of earth’s natural processes.
2. Inorganic- means a substance is not a
product of an organism.
3. Homogeneous solid- minerals should have
definite volume and rigid shape
4. Definite chemical composition—
represented by a chemical formula
5. Orderly crystalline structure- atoms of
minerals are arranged in an orderly and
repeating pattern

4. To identify minerals, mineralogists observe
the following properties:
a. Color - mineral’s color may change depending on
the surface.
b. Streak - color of mineral in powdered form.
c. Hardness - minerals resistance to scratching.

5. 10 - Diamond
9 - Corundum
8 - Topaz
7 - Quartz
6 - Orthoclase
5 - Apatite
4 - Fluorite
3 - Calcite
2 - Gypsum
1 - Talc

6. d. Cleavage - mineral’s resistance to
being broken and fracture
e. Crystalline structure or habit
f. Diaphaneity/amount of
transparency - ability to allow light
to pass through it. This is affected by
chemical makeup of the mineral
sample.
g. Luster - how light is reflected off a
surface

7. h. Tenacity- describes the minerals
reaction to stress.
Brittleness- a mineral turns into
powder.
Malleability- a mineral can be flattened
by pounding with a hammer.
Ductility- A mineral can be stretched
into wire.
Flexible but inelastic-Minerals are bent
but they remain in the new position.
Flexible and elastic- Minerals are bent,
and they bring back to their original
position.
i. Sectility- ability of minerals to be sliced
by a knife.

8. EARTH AND LIFE
SCIENCE
MODULE 4
ROCKS
LINDSY MAE E. SULA-SULA,LPT

9. - A rock is a naturally occurring solid aggregate of one or
more minerals. The aggregate minerals forming the rocks
are held together by chemical bonds. Grains can be
different in color, texture, and sizes. Geologists then group
rocks into three categories based on how the rocks form:
igneous sedimentary and metamorphic rock.
- Petrology is the scientific study of rocks.
- Rocks are combined aggregation of minerals.
- Petrologist classified rocks based on how they were
formed.
- In general, rocks are classified as igneous, sedimentary,
and metamorphic rock.

10. Igneous- formed from hardening and
crystallization of magma or molten material that
originates deep within the earth.
Two types of igneous rock:
A. Extrusive/Volcanic rock - forms when magma
makes its way to Earth’s surface as lava and then
cools. The crystals are very small (fine-grained)
since the cooling process is fast.
B. Intrusive/Plutonic - It cools slowly beneath the
Earth surface and are created by magma. The
intrusive igneous rocks have very large crystals
(coarse grained).

11. Igneous rocks are classified based on:
1. Composition- it refers to rock’s mineral
and chemical make-up.
Felsic – igneous rocks that are light in colors;
feldspar and silicates
Mafic – dark-colored igneous rocks made up
of magnesium, calcium and iron
Intermediate – refers to igneous rocks
between mafic and felsic composition.
Ultramafic – denotes igneous rocks that
composed chiefly of mafic minerals.

12. Igneous rocks are classified based on:
2. Texture - overall appearance of a rock based on the size,
shape, and arrangement of interlocking mineral crystals.
Aphanistic – fine-grained rocks with crystals seen by aid of
microscope.
Phaneritic - coarse-grained rocks
Porphyritic – large crystals with small crystals
Glassy - a rock that looks like colored glass with no visible
mineral crystal.
Pyroclastic- results from explosive fragmentation of
volcanic material.
Examples:
Obsidian, pumice, basalt, granite, diorite, gabbro