The document provides an overview of processes and departments at Pakistan Petroleum Limited (PPL), the largest natural gas supplier in Pakistan. It details PPL's history and operations. Key points include:
1) PPL operates the country's largest gas field at Sui and engages in exploration, drilling, production, purification and distribution of natural gas.
2) Major departments discussed include Exploration, Development, Production, Purification, Planning, Administration and Quality/Safety departments.
3) Detailed descriptions of purification plants and processes carried out at each stage of production are provided.
The document provides an overview of the Mari Petroleum Company Limited (MPCL), which operates Pakistan's second largest gas field. It describes the various administrative departments that manage human resources, housing, land acquisition, purchasing, and health and safety. It also outlines the key infrastructure and services that MPCL provides, such as water supply, gas supply, power generation, and vehicle maintenance.
The document provides an overview of a thermal power plant training project conducted at the Jamshoro Thermal Power Station in Pakistan. It discusses the importance of practical training and familiarizing with real-world industrial scenarios. It also briefly outlines the various processes involved in power generation including steam generation, turbine generation, synchronization, and control and instrumentation. The report aims to cover all aspects of the power plant in detail to gain experience in electrical, mechanical, chemical and control/instrumentation departments.
1) A compressor takes in air at atmospheric pressure and compresses it, delivering it at a higher pressure to a storage vessel.
2) Reciprocating compressors use pistons driven by a crankshaft to compress air in cylinders. As the piston moves, the air is compressed and discharged from the cylinder.
3) The work required to compress air depends on the pressure and volume changes. Actual work done is greater than theoretical isothermal work due to heat transfer during compression.
NTPC was established in 1975 by the Government of India to address growing power demand. It is now the largest power generating company in India with over 30 GW of installed capacity from coal, gas, hydro, and renewable sources. NTPC started with thermal power plants and has expanded into various power generation technologies and business areas. The document provides details on NTPC's thermal power plants across India, including their locations and installed capacities.
Aircraft propulsion axial flow compressors off design performanceAnurak Atthasit
The document discusses axial flow compressors and their off-design performance. It covers topics such as compressor maps, surge lines, efficiency islands, best efficiency points, operating lines, surge margins, effects of inlet pressure distortion, Reynolds number, Mach number, and tip clearance on compressor performance. The conclusion summarizes that changes in total temperature, total pressure, Mach number, and density can affect compressor operation and efficiency.
The document discusses internal combustion engines and their thermodynamic cycles. It provides details on:
- The basic workings of internal combustion engines in which chemical energy from fuel is converted to thermal and then mechanical energy through combustion and expansion of combustion gases.
- Common classifications of internal combustion engines including by ignition type, number of strokes, valve/cylinder configuration, speed, design, and application.
- Performance analysis metrics for internal combustion engines like brake torque, indicated work per cycle, indicated/brake mean effective pressures, thermal efficiencies, and specific fuel consumption.
- The ideal Otto cycle that is an approximation of the thermodynamic cycle for spark-ignition engines like gasoline engines. It involves constant volume combustion and
The document provides an overview of the Mari Petroleum Company Limited (MPCL), which operates Pakistan's second largest gas field. It describes the various administrative departments that manage human resources, housing, land acquisition, purchasing, and health and safety. It also outlines the key infrastructure and services that MPCL provides, such as water supply, gas supply, power generation, and vehicle maintenance.
The document provides an overview of a thermal power plant training project conducted at the Jamshoro Thermal Power Station in Pakistan. It discusses the importance of practical training and familiarizing with real-world industrial scenarios. It also briefly outlines the various processes involved in power generation including steam generation, turbine generation, synchronization, and control and instrumentation. The report aims to cover all aspects of the power plant in detail to gain experience in electrical, mechanical, chemical and control/instrumentation departments.
1) A compressor takes in air at atmospheric pressure and compresses it, delivering it at a higher pressure to a storage vessel.
2) Reciprocating compressors use pistons driven by a crankshaft to compress air in cylinders. As the piston moves, the air is compressed and discharged from the cylinder.
3) The work required to compress air depends on the pressure and volume changes. Actual work done is greater than theoretical isothermal work due to heat transfer during compression.
NTPC was established in 1975 by the Government of India to address growing power demand. It is now the largest power generating company in India with over 30 GW of installed capacity from coal, gas, hydro, and renewable sources. NTPC started with thermal power plants and has expanded into various power generation technologies and business areas. The document provides details on NTPC's thermal power plants across India, including their locations and installed capacities.
Aircraft propulsion axial flow compressors off design performanceAnurak Atthasit
The document discusses axial flow compressors and their off-design performance. It covers topics such as compressor maps, surge lines, efficiency islands, best efficiency points, operating lines, surge margins, effects of inlet pressure distortion, Reynolds number, Mach number, and tip clearance on compressor performance. The conclusion summarizes that changes in total temperature, total pressure, Mach number, and density can affect compressor operation and efficiency.
The document discusses internal combustion engines and their thermodynamic cycles. It provides details on:
- The basic workings of internal combustion engines in which chemical energy from fuel is converted to thermal and then mechanical energy through combustion and expansion of combustion gases.
- Common classifications of internal combustion engines including by ignition type, number of strokes, valve/cylinder configuration, speed, design, and application.
- Performance analysis metrics for internal combustion engines like brake torque, indicated work per cycle, indicated/brake mean effective pressures, thermal efficiencies, and specific fuel consumption.
- The ideal Otto cycle that is an approximation of the thermodynamic cycle for spark-ignition engines like gasoline engines. It involves constant volume combustion and
Summer Training Report Front page (DLW).Vivek Yadav
Summer Training Report,Only front page,
Locomotive Manufacturing Workshops,
DIESEL LOCOMOTIVE WORKS, VARANASI(DLW),
Full report on next upload,
Diesel locomotive works (DLW) is production unit under the ministry of railways. This was set up in collaboration with American Locomotive Company (ALCO) USA in 1961 and the first locomotive was rolled out in 1964. This unit produces diesel electronic locomotives and DG sets for Indian railways and other customers in India and abroad.
Presentation on Pakistan State Oil with Financial Analysis 2013/2014Fahad Ur Rehman Khan
The document discusses the history and operations of Pakistan State Oil (PSO). It notes that PSO was formed through the nationalization of three petroleum companies in the 1970s. PSO dominates Pakistan's fuel market with a 79% share of the black oil market and 58% share of the white oil market. It has an annual turnover of $6.8 billion and operates 3700 retail outlets across Pakistan. The document also examines PSO's financial performance and compares it to Attock Oil Company Limited, finding that PSO has higher earnings per share and stock in trade.
The document provides information about Anil Jadon's industrial training at the NTPC power plant in Faridabad. It discusses the company NTPC, describes the Faridabad plant and its 432 MW capacity powered by natural gas. It explains the basic working of the power plant, from burning natural gas in the gas turbine to generating electricity. It also discusses the electrical systems, distribution of electricity, control and instrumentation, advantages of natural gas, and precautions taken at the plant. The training helped clear Anil's concepts and understand how electricity is generated at the large scale, efficient Faridabad plant.
80 instrumentation interview questions with answerskirstymoore071
In this file, you can ref interview materials for instrumentation such as, instrumentation situational interview, instrumentation behavioral interview, instrumentation phone interview, instrumentation interview thank you letter, instrumentation interview tips …
Top 36 instrumentation interview questions with answers pdf
free pdf download ebook
This document discusses oil refineries in Pakistan. It lists several existing and planned refineries in Pakistan including their names, locations, and processing capacities. The largest existing refineries are Byco Petroleum in Karachi with a capacity of 150,000 barrels per day and Pak-Arab Refinery also in Karachi with a capacity of 100,000 barrels per day. Several other refineries are mentioned including Attock Refinery, National Refinery, and others under construction. Details are provided on some of the refinery's products and plans for a new greenfield refinery project called Khalifa Coastal Refinery with a proposed capacity of 250,000 barrels per day.
Nestle Pakistan Ltd is a leading food and beverage company in Pakistan and subsidiary of Swiss-based Nestle S.A. An analysis of Nestle's financial performance from 2013-2015 found that the company is more efficient and profitable in 2015 compared to 2014. Ratios show improved activity, liquidity, solvency, profitability, returns and cash flows in 2015. Both horizontal and vertical common-size analyses indicate Nestle is increasing equity investment, long-term financing and cash balances while reducing costs of goods sold and increasing sales and assets. The DuPont analysis finds the company more efficiently uses assets, manages costs and resources to generate higher profits and returns in 2015.
Sagar mehta summer training thermal power station full reportSagar Mehta
This document provides a practical training report submitted by Sagar Mehta to Rajasthan Technical University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree. The report details Mehta's summer training at the Nashik Thermal Power Station in Maharashtra, India. It includes sections on the history of the power sector and thermal power generation in India, an overview of the Nashik Thermal Power Station, descriptions of the key components and operations of a steam power plant, and summaries of Mehta's experiences working in various parts of the plant during the training.
training report on thermal power plant & thermal power generation by sagar me...Sagar Mehta
This document provides a practical training report submitted by Sagar Mehta to Rajasthan Technical University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree. The report details Mehta's summer training at the Nashik Thermal Power Station in Maharashtra, India. It includes sections on the history of the power sector and thermal power generation in India, an overview of the Nashik Thermal Power Station, descriptions of the various systems and processes within a thermal power plant including the steam power plant, coal handling plant, water treatment plant, boilers, turbines, generators, condensers and ash handling plant. The report concludes with discussions on energy conservation, auditing, and suggestions.
The document discusses pumps and pumping systems for industrial energy efficiency. It covers types of pumps like centrifugal and positive displacement, assessing pump performance, and opportunities for improving energy efficiency such as selecting the properly sized pump, controlling flow via variable speed drives, using parallel pumps, eliminating throttling valves and bypass lines, implementing start/stop controls, and trimming impeller sizes.
The Francis turbine is an inward flow reaction turbine with radial discharge at the outlet. It is a mixed-flow turbine where water enters the runner radially and exits axially. Francis turbines are used in applications with medium head between 45-250 meters. They have medium specific speeds between 50-250 and a vertically oriented shaft. Francis turbines are widely used worldwide due to their high efficiencies between 80-94%. However, they also have high costs due to their complex design and cavitation can be an issue.
We have come up as one of the most reliable as well as prominent Exporters and Suppliers of Vortex Gas Flow Meters in New Delhi. The Vortex Gas Flow Meters, offered by the company, are feature-studded products with a guarantee of quality. These Vortex Gas Flow Meters are known for their durability as well high efficiency.
Highlights Of Vortex Gas Flow Meters
Stable long term accuracy and repeatability
No routine maintenance required
Lower cost of installation than traditional orifice-type meters
Reduced possibility of process fluid leakage
No moving parts to wear
No special protection needed against extreme weather condition
Specifications
Size DN 25 to DN 3000
Service Liquid / Gas / Steam
Pressure 25 bar
Output Signal 4-20 mA
Communication Interface RS485
Accuracy + / - 0.5%, + / - 1%
Repeatability 0.2%
Protection IP 65 / IP 68
1) Muhammad Aamir completed an internship at Sitara Chemical Industries Pvt. LTD and submitted this report documenting his experience.
2) Sitara Chemical Industries Pvt. LTD is a large chemical company in Pakistan that produces products like caustic soda.
3) During his internship, Muhammad learned about the company's operations, quality management systems, environmental policies, and how they use instrumentation and control systems in their manufacturing processes.
The document provides an overview of supply chain management concepts and the oil and gas industry supply chain. It discusses key elements of supply chain management including production, supply, inventory, location, transportation and information. It also outlines driving factors like information technology and relationship management. The document then provides an overview of the global energy industry including regional reserves and production/consumption trends for oil, gas and electricity.
The document provides an overview of the Hazira Gas Processing Complex (HGPC) operated by ONGC in Gujarat, India. It discusses (1) the process of receiving sour gas and condensate from offshore fields through pipelines, separating them using slug catchers, and sending them to downstream units; (2) removing hydrogen sulfide from the sour gas using MDEA gas sweetening units to produce sweet gas; (3) further processing the sweet gas through dehydration and dew point depression units; and (4) recovering liquefied petroleum gas and other products from a portion of the sweet gas and condensate streams.
Contract Procurement Management Report of Ntpc1988chandan
This document provides a summary of the summer training report submitted by Madan Nagar towards their post graduate degree in international business from Amity International Business School. The report focuses on the bidding and financial analysis procedures at NTPC (National Thermal Power Corporation). Key points covered in the report include contract and procurement management practices at NTPC, payments terms, arbitration processes, liquidated damages clauses, and evaluations of vendor and purchase performances. The report also includes an industry profile of NTPC, outlining its role as the largest power generating company in India and its objective to accelerate electricity generation through thermal power development.
Indian oil corporation barauni refineryRajeev Kumar
The document provides information about Barauni Refinery located in Bihar, India. It discusses:
1) Barauni Refinery's history, facilities, and products.
2) Efforts made to reduce energy consumption from 171 MBTU/BBL/NRGF in 1990-91 to 133.8 in 2003-04 through various optimization projects.
3) Energy conservation initiatives including establishing an energy conservation cell, implementing total productive maintenance, and celebrating an annual energy conservation fortnight.
4) Key energy conservation achievements in 2003-04 including utilizing a new heat recovery steam generator, installing efficient vacuum ejectors and air coolers, and advanced process control systems.
Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL) is India's largest oil and gas company. It was formed in 1964 by combining Indian Refineries and the Indian Oil Company. IOCL owns and operates 10 of India's 22 refineries with a total refining capacity of 65.7 million metric tons per year. Its vision is to be a major diversified, trans-national energy company playing a national role in oil security and distribution. IOCL produces a variety of fuels including gasoline, diesel, natural gas, and lubricants. It has also established several joint ventures both within India and internationally. IOCL is ranked among the top 100 largest global corporations and top energy companies.
Gas turbines work by compressing air in a compressor, combusting fuel in a combustion chamber which increases the temperature and pressure of the air, and driving a generator with the mechanical energy produced by expanding the hot gas in a turbine. Key components include the compressor, combustion chamber, and turbine mounted on a common shaft. Gas turbines were first developed in the early 20th century and are now used widely in power plants due to their ability to respond quickly to changing demand. Advantages include quick construction time and lower fuel storage needs, while disadvantages include lower efficiency compared to steam plants.
Standar ini menetapkan persyaratan mutu gemuk pelumas untuk kendaraan bermotor. Persyaratan mutu terdiri dari spesifikasi karakteristik fisika kimia dan parameter kinerja yang diuji dengan metode standar. Gemuk pelumas dikelompokkan berdasarkan tingkat kinerja NLGI untuk chassis dan bantalan roda.
The document discusses Motorola's Canopy wireless broadband platform. It describes how the system:
1) Extends broadband coverage to hard-to-reach customers through long distances, extreme climates, and mountainous terrain in a cost-effective way.
2) Provides high-performance broadband technology through a secure, reliable and cost-effective wireless solution for building or extending broadband networks.
3) Offers superior performance through interference resistance, scalability, data rates up to 14Mbps, and security features like AES encryption.
Summer Training Report Front page (DLW).Vivek Yadav
Summer Training Report,Only front page,
Locomotive Manufacturing Workshops,
DIESEL LOCOMOTIVE WORKS, VARANASI(DLW),
Full report on next upload,
Diesel locomotive works (DLW) is production unit under the ministry of railways. This was set up in collaboration with American Locomotive Company (ALCO) USA in 1961 and the first locomotive was rolled out in 1964. This unit produces diesel electronic locomotives and DG sets for Indian railways and other customers in India and abroad.
Presentation on Pakistan State Oil with Financial Analysis 2013/2014Fahad Ur Rehman Khan
The document discusses the history and operations of Pakistan State Oil (PSO). It notes that PSO was formed through the nationalization of three petroleum companies in the 1970s. PSO dominates Pakistan's fuel market with a 79% share of the black oil market and 58% share of the white oil market. It has an annual turnover of $6.8 billion and operates 3700 retail outlets across Pakistan. The document also examines PSO's financial performance and compares it to Attock Oil Company Limited, finding that PSO has higher earnings per share and stock in trade.
The document provides information about Anil Jadon's industrial training at the NTPC power plant in Faridabad. It discusses the company NTPC, describes the Faridabad plant and its 432 MW capacity powered by natural gas. It explains the basic working of the power plant, from burning natural gas in the gas turbine to generating electricity. It also discusses the electrical systems, distribution of electricity, control and instrumentation, advantages of natural gas, and precautions taken at the plant. The training helped clear Anil's concepts and understand how electricity is generated at the large scale, efficient Faridabad plant.
80 instrumentation interview questions with answerskirstymoore071
In this file, you can ref interview materials for instrumentation such as, instrumentation situational interview, instrumentation behavioral interview, instrumentation phone interview, instrumentation interview thank you letter, instrumentation interview tips …
Top 36 instrumentation interview questions with answers pdf
free pdf download ebook
This document discusses oil refineries in Pakistan. It lists several existing and planned refineries in Pakistan including their names, locations, and processing capacities. The largest existing refineries are Byco Petroleum in Karachi with a capacity of 150,000 barrels per day and Pak-Arab Refinery also in Karachi with a capacity of 100,000 barrels per day. Several other refineries are mentioned including Attock Refinery, National Refinery, and others under construction. Details are provided on some of the refinery's products and plans for a new greenfield refinery project called Khalifa Coastal Refinery with a proposed capacity of 250,000 barrels per day.
Nestle Pakistan Ltd is a leading food and beverage company in Pakistan and subsidiary of Swiss-based Nestle S.A. An analysis of Nestle's financial performance from 2013-2015 found that the company is more efficient and profitable in 2015 compared to 2014. Ratios show improved activity, liquidity, solvency, profitability, returns and cash flows in 2015. Both horizontal and vertical common-size analyses indicate Nestle is increasing equity investment, long-term financing and cash balances while reducing costs of goods sold and increasing sales and assets. The DuPont analysis finds the company more efficiently uses assets, manages costs and resources to generate higher profits and returns in 2015.
Sagar mehta summer training thermal power station full reportSagar Mehta
This document provides a practical training report submitted by Sagar Mehta to Rajasthan Technical University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree. The report details Mehta's summer training at the Nashik Thermal Power Station in Maharashtra, India. It includes sections on the history of the power sector and thermal power generation in India, an overview of the Nashik Thermal Power Station, descriptions of the key components and operations of a steam power plant, and summaries of Mehta's experiences working in various parts of the plant during the training.
training report on thermal power plant & thermal power generation by sagar me...Sagar Mehta
This document provides a practical training report submitted by Sagar Mehta to Rajasthan Technical University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree. The report details Mehta's summer training at the Nashik Thermal Power Station in Maharashtra, India. It includes sections on the history of the power sector and thermal power generation in India, an overview of the Nashik Thermal Power Station, descriptions of the various systems and processes within a thermal power plant including the steam power plant, coal handling plant, water treatment plant, boilers, turbines, generators, condensers and ash handling plant. The report concludes with discussions on energy conservation, auditing, and suggestions.
The document discusses pumps and pumping systems for industrial energy efficiency. It covers types of pumps like centrifugal and positive displacement, assessing pump performance, and opportunities for improving energy efficiency such as selecting the properly sized pump, controlling flow via variable speed drives, using parallel pumps, eliminating throttling valves and bypass lines, implementing start/stop controls, and trimming impeller sizes.
The Francis turbine is an inward flow reaction turbine with radial discharge at the outlet. It is a mixed-flow turbine where water enters the runner radially and exits axially. Francis turbines are used in applications with medium head between 45-250 meters. They have medium specific speeds between 50-250 and a vertically oriented shaft. Francis turbines are widely used worldwide due to their high efficiencies between 80-94%. However, they also have high costs due to their complex design and cavitation can be an issue.
We have come up as one of the most reliable as well as prominent Exporters and Suppliers of Vortex Gas Flow Meters in New Delhi. The Vortex Gas Flow Meters, offered by the company, are feature-studded products with a guarantee of quality. These Vortex Gas Flow Meters are known for their durability as well high efficiency.
Highlights Of Vortex Gas Flow Meters
Stable long term accuracy and repeatability
No routine maintenance required
Lower cost of installation than traditional orifice-type meters
Reduced possibility of process fluid leakage
No moving parts to wear
No special protection needed against extreme weather condition
Specifications
Size DN 25 to DN 3000
Service Liquid / Gas / Steam
Pressure 25 bar
Output Signal 4-20 mA
Communication Interface RS485
Accuracy + / - 0.5%, + / - 1%
Repeatability 0.2%
Protection IP 65 / IP 68
1) Muhammad Aamir completed an internship at Sitara Chemical Industries Pvt. LTD and submitted this report documenting his experience.
2) Sitara Chemical Industries Pvt. LTD is a large chemical company in Pakistan that produces products like caustic soda.
3) During his internship, Muhammad learned about the company's operations, quality management systems, environmental policies, and how they use instrumentation and control systems in their manufacturing processes.
The document provides an overview of supply chain management concepts and the oil and gas industry supply chain. It discusses key elements of supply chain management including production, supply, inventory, location, transportation and information. It also outlines driving factors like information technology and relationship management. The document then provides an overview of the global energy industry including regional reserves and production/consumption trends for oil, gas and electricity.
The document provides an overview of the Hazira Gas Processing Complex (HGPC) operated by ONGC in Gujarat, India. It discusses (1) the process of receiving sour gas and condensate from offshore fields through pipelines, separating them using slug catchers, and sending them to downstream units; (2) removing hydrogen sulfide from the sour gas using MDEA gas sweetening units to produce sweet gas; (3) further processing the sweet gas through dehydration and dew point depression units; and (4) recovering liquefied petroleum gas and other products from a portion of the sweet gas and condensate streams.
Contract Procurement Management Report of Ntpc1988chandan
This document provides a summary of the summer training report submitted by Madan Nagar towards their post graduate degree in international business from Amity International Business School. The report focuses on the bidding and financial analysis procedures at NTPC (National Thermal Power Corporation). Key points covered in the report include contract and procurement management practices at NTPC, payments terms, arbitration processes, liquidated damages clauses, and evaluations of vendor and purchase performances. The report also includes an industry profile of NTPC, outlining its role as the largest power generating company in India and its objective to accelerate electricity generation through thermal power development.
Indian oil corporation barauni refineryRajeev Kumar
The document provides information about Barauni Refinery located in Bihar, India. It discusses:
1) Barauni Refinery's history, facilities, and products.
2) Efforts made to reduce energy consumption from 171 MBTU/BBL/NRGF in 1990-91 to 133.8 in 2003-04 through various optimization projects.
3) Energy conservation initiatives including establishing an energy conservation cell, implementing total productive maintenance, and celebrating an annual energy conservation fortnight.
4) Key energy conservation achievements in 2003-04 including utilizing a new heat recovery steam generator, installing efficient vacuum ejectors and air coolers, and advanced process control systems.
Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL) is India's largest oil and gas company. It was formed in 1964 by combining Indian Refineries and the Indian Oil Company. IOCL owns and operates 10 of India's 22 refineries with a total refining capacity of 65.7 million metric tons per year. Its vision is to be a major diversified, trans-national energy company playing a national role in oil security and distribution. IOCL produces a variety of fuels including gasoline, diesel, natural gas, and lubricants. It has also established several joint ventures both within India and internationally. IOCL is ranked among the top 100 largest global corporations and top energy companies.
Gas turbines work by compressing air in a compressor, combusting fuel in a combustion chamber which increases the temperature and pressure of the air, and driving a generator with the mechanical energy produced by expanding the hot gas in a turbine. Key components include the compressor, combustion chamber, and turbine mounted on a common shaft. Gas turbines were first developed in the early 20th century and are now used widely in power plants due to their ability to respond quickly to changing demand. Advantages include quick construction time and lower fuel storage needs, while disadvantages include lower efficiency compared to steam plants.
Standar ini menetapkan persyaratan mutu gemuk pelumas untuk kendaraan bermotor. Persyaratan mutu terdiri dari spesifikasi karakteristik fisika kimia dan parameter kinerja yang diuji dengan metode standar. Gemuk pelumas dikelompokkan berdasarkan tingkat kinerja NLGI untuk chassis dan bantalan roda.
The document discusses Motorola's Canopy wireless broadband platform. It describes how the system:
1) Extends broadband coverage to hard-to-reach customers through long distances, extreme climates, and mountainous terrain in a cost-effective way.
2) Provides high-performance broadband technology through a secure, reliable and cost-effective wireless solution for building or extending broadband networks.
3) Offers superior performance through interference resistance, scalability, data rates up to 14Mbps, and security features like AES encryption.
Este documento presenta una introducción a la mecánica cuántica. Explica que la mecánica cuántica describe el comportamiento de la materia y la radiación a escalas atómicas y subatómicas. También menciona que sus conceptos chocan con las nociones familiares de la escala macroscópica. Finalmente, señala que el desarrollo de las ideas básicas de la mecánica cuántica comenzó a principios del siglo XX como consecuencia de observaciones que pusieron en evidencia las limitaciones de
The britannica guide to relativity and quantum mechanics (physics explained) أحمد عبد القادر
This document provides an introduction to the key concepts in relativity and quantum mechanics. It summarizes that relativity was developed to explain the constant speed of light, with Einstein's special theory published in 1905 and his general theory in 1915. Quantum mechanics arose from Max Planck's work on blackbody radiation in 1900. The introduction outlines some of the unusual predictions of both theories, such as time dilation, curved spacetime, wave-particle duality of matter, and Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. It also notes the theories have been confirmed experimentally and transformed fields like cosmology, particle physics, and technology.
The document outlines several key principles of managerial economics:
1) The incremental principle states that a decision is rational if it leads to increased profits by either increasing total revenue more than total costs, or decreasing total revenue less than total costs.
2) The opportunity cost principle refers to the cost of the next best alternative forgone when choosing between alternatives. It is the minimum price needed to retain a factor in its current use.
3) The discounting principle states that when a decision impacts costs and revenues over the long run, they must be discounted to present values to properly compare alternatives.
This document provides information about the structure of enamel in teeth. It discusses striations of Retzius, enamel rods, tufts and lamellae. It explains how variations in organic material deposition during development lead to darker and lighter banding in enamel. It also describes structures like the neonatal line, gnarled enamel, Hunter-Schreger bands, cross-striations and enamel spindles. Electron micrographs show enamel features like rods, tufts and the dentinoenamel junction in detail.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document provides a summary of three key terms from mathematics:
1. Algorithm - A sequence of instructions that tell how to accomplish a task, which must be specified exactly and have a finite number of steps.
2. Al-Khwarizmi - A Muslim mathematician from the 9th century who introduced modern numerals to Europe and whose works provided the source for the term "algebra".
3. Alternate interior angles - When a transversal cuts two lines, it forms two pairs of angles where the angles in each pair are equal according to Euclidian geometry.
The.britannica.guide.to.ancient.civilizations pre-columbian.america,empires.o...أحمد عبد القادر
This document provides an introduction to the book "Pre-Columbian America: Empires of the New World". It summarizes the major pre-Columbian civilizations that arose in Mesoamerica and the Andes region, including the Olmec, Zapotec, Maya, Teotihuacan, Toltec, Aztec, and Inca. The introduction outlines the major time periods of pre-Columbian history in these regions. It notes that pre-Columbian civilizations were much more advanced and populated than previously believed. The book aims to provide readers with a comprehensive understanding of the complex cultures and achievements of indigenous peoples in the Americas before the arrival of Europeans.
Advances In Digital Automation Within RefiningJim Cahill
Emerson's Tim Olsen presents to Argentinean refiners on the changes in automation technologies and how they are being applied to improve efficiency and reduce costs.
This document discusses the benefits of meditation for reducing stress and anxiety. It states that regular meditation practice can calm the nervous system and regulate breathing and heart rate. Meditation may help improve focus and productivity while reducing feelings of being overwhelmed. Overall, meditating even just 10-15 minutes per day can have mental and physical benefits.
This document is a catalog from Fluke Corporation that summarizes new products, including the Fluke 773 Milliamp Process Clamp Meter, Fluke Ti32 Thermal Imager, Fluke 233 Remote Display Digital Multimeter, and Fluke 28 II Dustproof/Waterproof Digital Multimeter. The catalog provides information on key features and specifications for monitoring electrical signals, taking temperature measurements, and performing electrical tests in hazardous environments.
Distillation Operation by Henry Z Kister
A good Reference Book for distillation
Chapter 1 Distillation Troubleshooting
Chapter 10 Column assembly and preparation for commissioning
Chapter 12 Column startup and Shutdowns
Chapter 13 Operation Difficulties
Chapter 20 Columns that did not work: Case histories
The document provides information about different types of quadrilaterals and triangles, including their definitions, properties, and how to calculate their perimeters and areas. It defines squares, rectangles, parallelograms, rhombi, trapezoids, kites, and triangles. It explains key properties such as equal or parallel sides, right angles, and intersecting diagonals. It also shows examples of how to calculate perimeters by adding side lengths and areas using formulas like length x width for rectangles or (base x height)/2 for trapezoids.
Civil v-hydrology and irrigation engineering [10 cv55]-notesSuryenn Edwie Mon
WRE: UNIT–I:
Surface Water Hydrology: Water Resources in India, Hydrology in water Resources Planning –Precipitation – Types,
Measurement of rainfall, Average depth of rainfall over an area, Mean annual rainfall, consistency of rainfall record, Double
mass curve; Infiltration – Factors affecting and its determination, Evaporation and Evapo-Transpiration. Runoff – factors
affecting runoff, methods of determination of runoff, stream gauging.
UNIT-II:
Hydrograph analysis: Base flow separation, Unit Hydrograph – Hydrograph of different durations, applications of unit
hydrograph, S-hydrograph, Flood Forecasting Techniques.
Ground Water Hydrology: Mechanics of interstitial flow, definitions, sub surface distribution of water, types of aquifers,
ground water movement, Darcy’s law, Well hydraulics – steady flow into wells in Un-confined and confined aquifers,
determination of hydraulic properties of aquifer, pumping test and recuperation test methods for determination of yield of
open well.
UNIT-III:
Reservoir Planning: Types of reservoir investigations for reservoir planning, selection of site for a reservoir, zones of
storage in a reservoir, reservoir yield, mass curve and demand curve, determination of reservoir capacity, yield from a
reservoir of given capacity, operating schedules, guide curve for reservoir operation, apportionment of total cost of a multi
purpose project, reservoir sedimentation, control of reservoir sedimentation, useful life of a reservoir.
UNIT-IV:
Irrigation: Definition of irrigation, types of irrigation systems – direct and indirect, lift and inundation irrigation system,
methods of irrigation – surface and sprinkler methods, drip irrigation, Soil moisture constants, depth of water held by soil in
root zone. Water requirements of crops, Duty, Delta, Base period and their relationship, crop seasons, factors affecting duty
and methods of improving duty, consumptive use of water, determination of canal capacities for cropping patterns.
UNIT-V:
Canal Systems: Classification of irrigation canals – canal alignment, design of unlined canals, regime theories – Kennedy’s
and lacey’s theories, tractive - force method, design problems – balancing depth of canal.
The document discusses the key properties and formulas for calculating the surface areas and volumes of cones, cylinders, and spheres. It defines that a cone has a circular base and lateral surface, and a cylinder has flat, circular bases and a lateral surface. Formulas provided include: surface area of a cone = πrl + πr^2, surface area of a cylinder = 2πrh + 2πr^2, surface area of a sphere = 4πr^2, volume of a cone = (1/3)πr^2h, volume of a cylinder = πr^2h, and volume of a sphere = (4/3)πr^3. Diagrams and
This document provides an introduction and table of contents for the WIKA-Handbook on Pressure and Temperature Measurement. It describes WIKA as a leading manufacturer of pressure and temperature instruments for over 50 years. The handbook is intended to be a reference for customers, covering fundamentals and practical applications of industrial pressure and temperature measurement. It will present all common measurement methods and consider new developments in mechanical and electronic sensors. The table of contents provides an overview of topics that will be covered in the two main sections on pressure measurement and thermometry.
O documento discute a importância da lubrificação de matrizes no processo de forja a quente, destacando como os lubrificantes à base de grafite reduzem o atrito e transferência de calor, prolongando a vida das matrizes e melhorando a qualidade e produtividade das peças forjadas. Também aborda tendências na automatização da lubrificação e fatores que influenciam o desempenho dos lubrificantes e das matrizes.
ONGC_ internship _ report please don't edit directly make a copy of this file...SURENDRASINGH87542
The document is a training report submitted by engineering students who completed an internship at the Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) Gas Processing Plant in Hazira, Surat, Gujarat, India from May 17th to June 18th 2018. It provides an overview of the cogeneration process at the plant, which involves using gas turbines to simultaneously generate electricity and steam to power the plant's operations and supply surrounding areas. The cogeneration unit is capable of generating up to 61.5 MW of electricity using 3 gas turbine generator units coupled with the gas turbines. Approximately 28-31 MW is used onsite, 11.2 MW is exported, and the surplus is sold to the local electricity board.
Here are the key steps in the indirect bath heater design:
1. Calculate the heat transfer rate (Q) required based on the inlet and outlet temperatures of the oil and flow rate.
2. Estimate the heat transfer coefficients on the inside and outside of the tubes.
3. Calculate the number of tubes required based on the heat transfer rate (Q), heat transfer coefficients, and surface area of the tubes.
4. Size the burner based on the heat transfer rate (Q) and calorific value of the fuel gas.
5. Calculate the volume of the water in the expansion tank needed to circulate and transfer the heat.
6. Consider space for insulation, supports, and access
This document provides an overview of Deep Patel's winter training at the Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC) Hazira plant from December 7, 2015 to January 6, 2016. It discusses ONGC's role in India's oil and gas production, describes the various processing units at the Hazira plant including co-generation, oil and gas processing, and environmental and safety systems. It also acknowledges and thanks the individuals who provided guidance and support during the training period.
The document provides details about the gas terminal unit at the Hazira Gas Processing Complex (HGPC) in India. It discusses the key components of the gas terminal including the pig receiver, slug catcher, and gas filtering units. The slug catcher separates the incoming gas and condensate streams. Filtering units further remove any entrained condensate from the gas. The gas terminal is an important initial processing step that receives sour gas via pipelines and separates it into gas and condensate streams for further downstream processing.
The document provides details about Muhammad Ali's internship at the Pakistan Petroleum Limited (PPL) Production Department at the Sui Gas Field. It includes:
1) An overview of the departments visited including Well Service, Cathodic Protection, and the De-Hydration Plant.
2) Key learnings around well operations, maintenance, monitoring, safety systems, and the process to remove moisture from raw natural gas.
3) Acknowledgements and appreciation for the knowledge and experience gained during the internship.
Oil and Gas Development Company Limited (OGDCL) is Pakistan's national oil and gas exploration and production company. It was established in 1961 and is responsible for developing Pakistan's oil and gas reserves. OGDCL has over 100 oil and gas field discoveries, and is the largest exploration company in Pakistan in terms of reserves, production, and acreage. It plays a key role in meeting Pakistan's energy needs and employs over 11,000 professionals.
The document is a 4-page curriculum vitae for C. Thirumoorthy that outlines his 24+ years of experience in equipment design, commissioning, operation, and troubleshooting of oil, gas, petrochemical and fertilizer plants. It details his current role as Deputy Manager-Process and highlights his skills in areas like equipment design, commissioning activities, safety focus, and plant optimization. It also lists his educational background and work history at various companies in India, Egypt, and Saudi Arabia working on projects like refineries, gas processing plants, and ammonia/urea plants.
Bhavdeep Sharma is a chemical engineer with 12 years of experience in petroleum refineries and petrochemical plants. He currently works as a safety officer for HPCL-Mittal Pipelines Limited. Previously he has held roles such as field operator, field engineer, and assistant manager. Sharma is seeking a position where he can utilize his experience in process operations, commissioning, and safety management.
This curriculum vitae provides biographical information about Karanam Manoranjan Babu, including his educational qualifications and professional experience. He has over 28 years of experience in the fertilizer industry, having worked at Krishak Bharati Cooperative Ltd. in India for over 22 years before joining Oman India Fertilizer Company in Oman. He holds a B.Tech in Chemical Engineering and has extensive experience in process engineering, plant operations, projects, and energy management across ammonia, urea, and utility plants.
This CV summarizes Ali Faroug's qualifications and experience as a Petroleum Engineer. He has over 30 years of experience in oil exploration, production, and management in Sudan and other countries. Currently, he works as a consultant focusing on increasing oil production and implementing improved oil recovery techniques. Previously, he held senior roles as Vice President and Production Manager at various oil companies in Sudan, where he successfully increased and optimized oil production. He has a Bachelor's degree in Petroleum Engineering, a higher diploma in Petroleum Exploration and Production, and is pursuing a Master's degree.
The document discusses sustainability practices of three major Indian steel companies - Jindal Steel and Power Limited (JSPL), Tata Steel, and Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL). It describes various initiatives taken by the companies in areas such as environment management, waste management, water management, sustainable supply chain, customer centricity, and community development. Key practices include installing pollution control equipment, utilizing waste, rainwater harvesting, using renewable energy, and community health, education and livelihood programs. The companies aim to balance business growth with minimizing environmental impact and enhancing social welfare.
This document discusses the process analysis and design of the Oil and Gas Development Company Limited (OGDCL), Pakistan's largest oil and gas exploration company. It describes OGDCL's process focus strategy, which involves multiple processing stages to separate oil, gas, LPG, and sulfur from raw materials extracted from wells. The key department responsible for this processing is the Process and Plants Department. They ensure uninterrupted supply of on-specification petroleum products to customers through efficient operation and maintenance of OGDCL's 18 processing plants across Pakistan. These plants employ processes like separation, sweetening, dehydration, stabilization, and sulfur recovery to transform raw materials into finished products like natural gas, crude oil, LPG, and sulfur
B. Satish Kumar has over 25 years of experience in production roles in refinery and petrochemical plants. He currently works as a Production Supervisor at Qatar Petroleum Refinery, where he has worked for 15 years. Prior to that, he worked as an Assistant Manager at Reliance Petroleum Refinery and in various roles at other companies in India. He has extensive experience in commissioning, operations, and project work. His technical skills include knowledge of process control systems, process training, and experience working with international engineering companies on major projects.
Susan Cassidy has over 15 years of experience as a process engineer, primarily working on refinery projects. She received her Bachelor's degree in Chemical Engineering in 2000. Her career includes roles as a process engineer at Engen Refinery and Foster Wheeler, where she led engineering projects in South Africa, Malaysia, Thailand, Kuwait, and Canada. Currently, she is the Principal Process Engineer at Engen Refinery, leading the Utilities group and overseeing various water reduction initiatives and projects.
Ong-Art Sanpinit has over 20 years of experience in project management, operations management, and staff development. He has managed large construction projects in various industries including power plants, oil and gas facilities, and chemical plants. Some of his accomplishments include successfully completing multiple power plant projects on time and under budget, establishing ISO safety and quality certifications, and training staff in project management skills.
FFBL provides summer internships to students to gain practical knowledge of its fertilizer production processes. The internship report summarizes the author's experience at FFBL, including learning about urea and DAP production. FFBL is a large fertilizer producer in Pakistan that uses advanced systems to produce urea, DAP, and ammonia at higher-than-designed capacities in a safe and efficient manner.
This document is a report on the instrumentation process at the Guwahati Refinery in India. It provides an overview of the refinery and describes the various instruments and control systems used to measure important process parameters like temperature, flow, pressure, and level. It also discusses the different units within the refinery like the nitrogen unit, sulfur recovery unit, hydro treating unit, hydrogen units, and INDMAX plant. The control system architecture and types of field instruments, transmitters, and control valves are also summarized.
2. Introduction to Pakistan Petroleum Limited
The pioneer of the natural gas industry in the country, Pakistan Petroleum Limited (PPL) has been
a frontline player in the energy sector since the mid-1950s. As a major supplier of natural
gas, PPL today contributes over 20 percent of the country’s total natural gas supplies besides
producing crude oil, Natural Gas Liquid and Liquefied Petroleum Gas.
The company’s history can be traced back to the establishment of a public limited company in
June 1950, with major shareholding by Burma Oil Company (BOC) of the United Kingdom for
exploration, prospecting, development and production of oil and natural gas resources. In
September 1997, BOC disinvested from the Exploration and Production (E&P) sector worldwide
and sold its equity in PPL to the Government of Pakistan (GoP).
Subsequently, the government reduced its holding through an initial public offer in June 2004,
which was further decreased with the initiation of the Benazir Employees Stock Option Scheme
(BESOS) in August 2009 when PPL employees were allotted 12 percent shares from the
government’s equity. More recently, GoP further disinvested its 5 percent shares, around 3.55
percent of the total paid-up capital, in PPL through Secondary Public Offering in 2014.
Currently, the company’s shareholding is divided between the government, which owns about
68 percent, PPL Employees Empowerment Trust that has approximately 7 percent — being
shares transferred to employees under BESOS — and private investors, who hold nearly 25
percent.
PPL has acquired 100 percent shareholding of MND E&P Limited, a company incorporated in
England and Wales. The name of the subsidiary has been changed to PPL Europe E&P Limited.
Over the years, PPL has developed a reliable foundation and infrastructure for providing clean
and safe energy through sustainable exploitation of indigenous natural resources while adhering
to best practices of corporate governance and employee health and safety and constraining the
ecological footprint of its operations.
PPL operates six producing fields across the country at Sui (Pakistan’s largest gas
field), Adhi, Kandhkot, Chachar, Mazarani and Hala and holds working interest in fifteen partner-
operated producing fields, including Qadirpur the country’s second largest gas field.
3. PROCESSES BEING CARRIED OUT IN PAKISTAN PETROLEUM LIMITED
Exploration Department: This department is comprising geologists which explore different parts
of the Dera Bugti district for possible sources of gas. They test different types of area and if there
is any possible chance of discovery of a well then forward it to SUI Development. Exploration
department is the upstream process in PPL.
Sui Development: The purpose of this department is to handle the drilling operations on the
marked positions which the exploration department has suggested. Drilling operations will be
performed on the marked spots and then when the gas has been extracted then the workforce
seals the well and hands it over to the production department. There 3 sites from which gas is
being extracted. Sui Main Limestone (SML) supplies most of the gas of around 400 mmcfd, Sui
Upper Limestone (SUL) supplies around 40 mmcfd and Habib Raheel Limestone (HRL) is used
rarely for extraction. All the wells comprise of these 3 main supplies.
Production Department: This department is responsible for supplying the raw gas fromthe wells
to the plants. To setup distribution pipelines from the wells is the purpose of this department.
Perfect working condition, maintenance, monitoring and control of the wells and their pipelines
is the objective of this department. Engineers on daily basis visit wells to check for any problems
and make a report on them. SUL, SML and HRL all have different properties of gas, so they are
sent to different plants to be converted in to usable gas.
De-Hydration Plant: Raw gas coming from Sui Upper Limestone does not have any toxic gases,
so it is considered as Sweet Gas. But it still has moisture content in it, due to which, it is sent to
the de-hydration plant for releasing the moisture content the gas is then made into usable or
sales gas.
Sui Field Gas Compression Station (SFGCS): This plant was commissioned in 1985 because with
the passage of time the pressure of raw gas coming from the wells had reduced from what it was
in 1952. As the purification plant, in which gas is purified of impurities, requires a pressure of at
least 65 bar, the SFGCS project was commissioned. The main purpose of this plant is to compress
the incoming gas so that the design parameters of the equipment in the purification plant can be
satisfied.
Purification Plant: The purpose of this plant is to purify the raw gas coming from Sui Main
Limestone (SML), as the raw gas has impurities such as Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S), Carbon Dioxide
(CO2) and Water (H2O). For the gas to be used as a source of energy it should not possess such
impurities. This plant does the downstream processes and provides sales gas according to the
customer’s specifications. PPL’s customers are Sui Northern Gas Company Limited (SNGPL) and
Sui Southern Gas Company Limited (SSGPL).
4. Sales Gas Specifications:
H2S --- Hydrogen Sulphide --- Not more than 16 ppm
CO2 --- Carbon Dioxide --- Not more than 3 mole %
Oxygen --- O2 --- Not more than 0.2 Mole %
Calorific Value --- CV --- Not less than 950 BTU/SCF
Water --- H2O --- Not more than 7lbs/ MMscf
Temperature --- T --- Not more than 130 F
Pressure --- P --- Maximum 1050 PSI G
5S Methodology being followed in PPL:
Seiri Sorting
Seiton Set in Order
Seiso Shining
Seiketsu Standardize
Shitsuke Sustain
Systems, Administration and Planning (SAP):
SAP ERP has been implemented in the entire organization of PPL since 2004. Due to which the
office environment quite much of a paper free environment. If any purchase requisition from the
store or any maintenance work order needs to be made then it can be done easily and in a quick
manner.
SAP is an enterprise resource planning tool with which each procedure for any type of work order
is followed through a systematic set of steps. With the SAP software, a track of the entire supply
chain is maintained and information is easily shared in the entire network of PPL.
Stores Department:
An organized category wiseindexing systemis being observed for the storage items which makes
it very easy to trace any item required. Whenever any item is required then a Purchase
Requisition is generated which fulfills the requirement of products. There are 2 types of items
ordered, one is Non-scheduled item (ND) which is only ordered when someone gives a request
for something. The other is Periodic scheduled item (PD) of which a quantity has to be maintained
always and is ordered on schedules. There are 5 stores in the entire Sui Field situated at different
locations.
5. Quality, Health, Safety & Environment Department (QHSE):
The QHSE department is responsible for the implementation and guidance of safeworking habits
for the employees in the Purification Plant and Sui Field Gas Compression Station. To provide
each and every employee Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and ensure that they are being
used by everyone inside plant premises, is the sole purpose of this department.
Emergency evacuation plans,emergency preventive plans and assemblypoints are alldecided by
the QHSE department. Training of employees is being done by the Health & Safety engineers to
ensure that chances of accident occurrences are reduced. Each and every person has to go
through an induction by the QHSE department whenever a person visits the plant for the first
time, so that the person has an understanding of how to move about in an industrial area and
does not get harmed in any way.
Personal Protective Equipment that is provided by the QHSE department are Coverall, Safety
Helmet, Safety Shoes and Ear plugs.All these equipment are compulsory for everyone to be worn
while working on the plant premises. Hazardous zones are defined in the plant premises
according to the hazard levels of the area. Smoke detectors, fire extinguishers and gas detectors
are installed for prevention and handling of emergencies. Pakistan Petroleum Limited is OHSAS
14001 certified due to the compliance of such HSE policies.
Planning Department:
The purpose of the planning department is to make annual work plans for the maintenance of
machinery equipment installed in the plant. Preventive maintenance schedules are made
according to the Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) Standards.
According to operating hours the machines are maintained whenever they reach their
maintenance time periods as they operate 24 hours per day. Contracts are awarded by the
planning department whenever there is maintenance to be done on any machine equipment.
When the planning department receives information that the operating hours of a machine are
to be fulfilled then a work order is generated which is then sent to the maintenance department.
An annual budget is also generated by this department for the maintenance expenses on the
particular machines and then it is sent for approval on a yearly basis. If the maintenance costs of
any equipment exceeds its capital value then a request for new equipment is generated.
6. Administration Department:
The administration department is responsible for dealing with the labor force and all the petty
issues that are involved with the work force. Issuing security passes, forwarding leave
applications, dealing with the security force of the plant are some of the daily work assignments
of the administration department.
This department is also responsible for messes in the Sui Field and the related work procedures
taking place in the messes. The maintenance of the messes, the issuance of salaries to the work
force at the messes, the provision of essential items and equipment that are used on a daily basis
at the messes.
It is a form of co-ordination center for all the departments situated in the plant premises. The
administration department of the Sui Purification Plant and Sui Field Gas Compression Station
usually work in the same way. This department serves as an administrator for all related-to-work
and not related-to-work issues.
Laboratory of Purification Plant:
To maintain the required standards of processed gas and assurethe quality of process auxiliaries,
this department performs a series of different tests on daily basis such as analysis of treated
water and processed gas.
The purpose of this department is to check for impurities in the incoming gas and alsothe purified
gas that is being sent to our customer. Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) is the bi-product of the
purification process of the gas so it is to be checked that traces of this toxic gas do not remain in
the gas that is being transmitted to our customer.
It is this department’s responsibility to check that the gas is purified according to the given
parameters as also there are other acidic gases coming along in the pipelines. A daily analysis of
the gas is done and the information is then kept in a folder by the name of “Sui Gas Purification
Plant Laboratory Analysis & Operational Information” which is available in soft copies as well as
a hard copy.
Testing is being done of the percentage amount of Mono-Ethanol Amine (MEA) and Tri-Ethylene
Glycol (TEG) present in the sales gas.
7. Technical Services and Inspection:
The main purpose of technical services is to observe and follow through with the operational
inspections of the equipment in the plant. The Inspection section’s responsibility is to follow
through with the maintenance inspections. This department generates reports accordingly as
problems arise and are being solved. The purpose of this work method is for sectional activities
so that proper system can be made for organizing, collecting data.
Water Treatment Plant:
The purpose of the water treatment plant is to provide de-mineralized water and also soft water
for use by the boilers installed in the boiler area. The de-mineralized water hence does not
damage the boiler lines and prevents it from rust and corrosion which will reduce the life of the
boilers.
This water treatment plant is assigned to reduce the conductivity of water which is done by the
de-mineralization process. Short-term shutdown take place in this plant for 30 to 40 minutes
after every 24-48 hours for the change of filters.
The process of de-mineralization is being done by a Reverse Osmosis plant EU ICR system which
is designed to purify water by the process of reverse osmosis with which 97-98 % of the dissolved
ions and approximately 99% of contaminants are removed.
All machines are equipped with Grundfos Multi-Stage Centrifugal Pumps. These pumps are
designed to deliver consistent high-pressure flow ideal for membrane system operation.
A neutralization pump is installed which is used to mix the acidic liquids, coming out as the bi-
product, with caustic acid so that the drained out liquid is neutralized and then drained out.
Power House of Purification Plant:
The power house is responsible for providing electrical power to the entire Purification Plant, the
residential messes and also to the entire Sui Gas field which includes the main offices.
Gas turbine generators are being used to provide electricity to the field. Steam turbine
generators are being used to provide electricity for plant operations. Most of the turbines are
axial-flow single shaft.
Diesel generators are used for stand-by in case that one of the gas turbine generators does not
work. 4000 hours is usually the operating time of a generator after which the generator is then
shut-down for maintenance. After 32000 hours the generator is completely overhauled and the
engine is replaced.
8. Electrical Department of Purification Plant:
The purpose of the electrical department is the maintenance of electrical components fitted in
the power house with the generators. It is this department’s responsibility to ensure proper
efficient working of the transmission lines which are providing power to the Sui Field and also to
the purification plant.
This department is divided in 2 sections, one is electrical maintenance and the other is electrical
works. When overhauling of generators is needed to be done then the electrical department has
to isolate the generator and provide electrical assistance when overhauling is being done and
completed.
Un-interrupted Power Supply (UPS) is also under the responsibility of this department, as it
cannot be afforded for the plants electricalequipment to be shut down for even a minute as then
it would make a problem in the gas supply for the entire country.
Instrumentation Department:
The instrumentation department is responsible for providing equipment for the trouble-shooting
of the electrical department.
Control panels installed in all the departments are for monitoring and control of performance
parameters so that the process operations can be kept within optimum performance zone.
Commissioning of control panels for the power house, process area and boiler area are all done
by the instrumentation department. Their main objective is to keep all instruments (like
temperature control valve, pressure control valve, level transmitters etc.) in perfect working
condition.
Boiler Area of Purification Plant:
The boiler area consists of 14 boilers, out of which 6 are in operation, 2 are on standby and 1 is
being overhauled. The purpose of the boiler area is to provide steam to the steam generators in
the power house for the generators to function properly and provide electricity to the plant. The
boiler’s maintenance is done once a year when the chief boiler inspector comes and examines
the boilers and then the boiler is overhauled accordingly.
Process Description: The demineralized water coming from the water treatment plant is fed to
de-aerators by means of transfer pumps. The water flow rate is controlled by level controls
installed on steam condensate surge tanks. Then the flash condensate is fed to the condensate
run down vessel.
The demineralized water pumps are designed to pump demineralized water from surge tanks to
de-aerators.
9. Process Area of Purification Plant:
The process area has 8 purification banks and 6 de-hydration units which are to be monitored
and controlled. This department hold the authority to authorize any services for the Purification
banks and also the de-hydration units. Shift engineers on every 8 hour shift inspect the units
physically and accordingly authorize the maintenance and service departments to take
preventive actions. Performance parameters of the units are displayed on screens inside the
process area control room.
This department is responsible for the entire operations and analysis of the Purification banks
and de-hydration units. This department is the main station where acidic gases and water are
separated from the raw (sour) gas. The monitoring of parameters and controlling of the required
S.O.Ps for the sales gas is the responsibility of the process area engineers. The production of sales
gas on average is 350 Million standard cubic feet per day (MMscfd).
Workshop of SFGCS:
Purpose of the workshop is to repair any problematic parts which arise from the equipment
installed for the processes of SFGCS. It is a manufacturing shop which does different functions
such as welding, machining, shearing, fabrication and maintenance activities. Some of the Major
Machines installed are: lathe machine, rolling machine, guillotine machine, heavy duty lathe,
water distillation plant, metal degreaser, hacksaw machine and hydraulic press unit.
Instrument Department of SFGCS:
Electronic instruments for monitoring and control of operations of SFGCS compressors are
commissioned by the instrument department. Control panels have been installedfor SUL line and
SML line which monitor different performance parameters. All types of sensors that are installed
in offices, equipment and on pipelines are centrally monitored in the control room with the help
of the control panels. Pressure transmitter, pressure differential transmitter, flow transmitter,
level transmitter and pressure control valves are some of the sensors which are installed and
maintained by the instrument department.
10. Electrical Department of SFGCS:
The main purpose of the electrical department is to monitor and control the power generators
and its power distribution system in SFGCS. There are 9 sub-stations which are controlling and
monitoring the parameters of the different generators. The power is transmitted to 14
transformers which then transfer power to the different auxiliaries of the SUL and SML
compressors. The generators are producing 6600 volt which is then stepped down to 415 volt for
use by the motors.
4 gas turbine generators are installed of 3.2 Mega Watt each. 7 gas turbine compressors of 6.2
Mega Watt each, are installed for compression of gas coming from the SML pipeline, of which 5
are operational at one time. Then there are 3 motor driven compressors for the SUL line, which
were installed in 1995 and have power rating of 2.2 Mega Watt. The auxiliaries that are installed
for the gas turbine compressors, in total require 400 KW load.
Installation and maintenance of anti-explosive emergency lights is also the responsibility of the
electrical department.
Operations Department:
The purpose of the operations department is to monitor and control the performance
parameters of SUL and SML gas headers, the turbo compressors, turbo generators, and SUL
compressors.
The operations department works inside the control room where the workforce is managing the
entire operational procedures. Fuel gas for the gas turbine generators is being provided from the
SUL gas header which is coming from the de-hydration plant directly to the gas turbines. There
are 7 units installed for the monitoring of SML compressors and 4 units installed for the
monitoring of SUL motor driven compressors. The auxiliaries that are installedfor the generators,
compressors are also being monitored by the operations department.