The skeletal system is composed of 206 bones that make up the framework of the body. The skeleton can be divided into the axial skeleton of 80 bones, including the skull, spine, ribs and sternum, and the appendicular skeleton of 126 bones including the shoulder girdle, arms, hands, pelvic girdle, legs and feet. Bones provide structure, protect organs, store minerals, allow for blood cell formation, provide muscle attachment points, and enable movement through joints. Bones can be classified by shape as long, short, flat, or irregular. The skeletal system works with muscles to enable movement and supports the body.

2. What is
the
skeletal
system?
The cardiovascular system is composed of 206
bones that, along with cartilage, tendons, and
ligaments, make up the framework or skeleton of
the body.

3. The skeleton can be
divided into two main
parts. The axial
skeleton consists of
80 bones. The primary
bones of the axial
skeleton are the skull,
spine, ribs and
sternum (thorax).
Anterior means front;
posterior means back.
This is an anterior
view of the skeleton.
Axial skeleton…

4. The appendicular
skeleton consists of
126 bones. The
primary bones of this
skeleton are the
shoulder or pectoral
girdle, arms, hands,
pelvic girdle, legs,
and feet.
Appendicular skeleton…

5. Functions of
bones…
Bones are composed of
about 50% water and 50% a
solid, calcified, rigid
substance known as
osseous (AH see us) tissue.
1. Bones provide shape, support,
and the framework of the body.
2. Bones protect internal organs.
3. Bones serve as a storage place for minerals
such as salts, calcium, and phosphorus.

6. 4. Bones play an important role in hematopoiesis
(hee MAT ah poh EE siss)… the formation of
blood cells that takes place in bone marrow.
5. Bones provide a place to attach muscles.
6. Bones make movement possible through
articulation (manner in which the parts come together at a joint) .
Functions of bones…

7. Classifications of
bones by shape…
Bones can be
classified by shape.
4 of those
classifications are:
LONG bones include the
femur (thigh), tibia (larger
shin), fibula (smaller shin
bone), humerus (upper arm),
radius (larger forearm), and
ulna (smaller forearm).

8. Classifications of bones by
shape… Bones can be classified by shape.
4 of those classifications are:
SHORT bones include the carpals of the wrist
and tarsals of the ankle.

9. Classifications of bones by
shape… Bones can be classified by shape.
4 of those classifications are:
FLAT bones include the skull,
sternum (breastbone), and
scapula (shoulder bone).

10. Classifications of bones by
shape… Bones can be classified by shape.
4 of those classifications are:
IRREGULAR bones include the vertebrae (spine),
and pelvic.

11. Epiphysis (ĭ PIF ah siss) -
growing end
Diaphysis (dye AF ah siss) -
shaft
Periosteum (peri OSS tee um) -
outside covering
Medullary (MED ul air ee)-
inner space containing
bone marrow
Endosteum (en DOS tee um)-
lining of medullary cavity
Bone
structure…
The features in this long bone
illustrate those found in all bones.

12. Let’s Review!
What are the 2 major division
of the human bones?
• AXIAL
• APPENDICULAR

13. Let’s Review!
What are the 4 classification of
bones by shape?
• LONG
• SHORT
• FLAT
• IRREGULAR

14. Let’s Review!
Give atleast 3 functions of the
skeletal system
1. Bones provide shape, support, and the
framework of the body.
2. Bones protect internal organs.
3. Bones serve as a storage place for minerals
such as salts, calcium, and phosphorus.

15. Spinal Anatomy…
The spinal column
(vertebral
column or backbone)
provides both structural and
nervous system support for
your entire body. Made up
of 34 bones, the spinal
column holds the body
upright, allows it to bend
and twist with ease and
provides a conduit for major
nerves running from the
brain to the tips of the
toes—and everywhere in
between.

16. POOR POSTURE & ITS EFFECTS ON THE BODY
Posture is defined as “the relative position of the
body at any one period of time”. Correct posture or
neutral posture is a position in which minimal stress
is applied to the body’s muscles, tissues, joints, and
ligaments, providing the most energy efficient
movement.
The central nervous system (CNS) begins to make
musculoskeletal adaptations to the postures and
movements performed most often. These muscular
imbalances cause some muscles to be in a constant
state of contraction while other, opposing muscles
remain weak and overstretched, which leads to pain.

17. TYPES OF POSTURE
· Dynamic posture is how you hold yourself
when you are moving, like when you are
walking, running, or bending over to pick up
something.
· Static posture is how you hold yourself
when you are not moving, like when you are
sitting, standing, or sleeping.
It is important to make sure that you have
good dynamic and static posture.

18. TYPES OF POSTURE
· Dynamic posture is how you hold yourself when you are
moving, like when you are walking, running, or bending
over to pick up something.
· Static posture is how you hold yourself when you are not
moving, like when you are sitting, standing, or sleeping.
It is important to make sure that you have good dynamic and
static posture.
The key to good posture is the position of your spine. Your
spine has three natural curves - at your neck, mid back,
and low back. Correct posture should maintain these
curves, but not increase them. Your head should be above
your shoulders, and the top of your shoulder should be
over the hips

20. How can posture affect my health?
Poor posture can be bad for your health. Slouching
or slumping over can:
 Misalign your musculoskeletal system
 Wear away at your spine, making it more fragile
and prone to injury
 Cause neck, shoulder, and back pain
 Decrease your flexibility
 Affect how well your joints move
 Affect your balance and increase your risk
of falling
 Make it harder to digest your food
 Make it harder to breathe

21. Activity 1:4 Exercises to Improve your Posture
1. Child’s pose
This resting pose stretches and lengthens your spine, glutes, and
hamstrings. The child’s pose helps to release tension in your lower
back and neck.
To do this:
1. Sit on your shinbones with your knees together, your big toes
touching, and your heels splayed out to the side.
2. Fold forward at your hips and walk your hands out infront of you.
3. Sink your hips back down toward your feet.
If your thighs will not go all the way down, place
a pillow or folded blanket under them for support.
4. Gently place your forehead on the floor or
turn your head to one side.
5. Keep your arms extended or rest them along
your body.
6. Breathe deeply into the back of your rib cage
and waist.
7. Relax in this pose for up to 5 minutes while continuing to breathe
deeply.

22. 4 Exercises to Improve your Posture
2. Forward fold
This standing stretch releases tension in your spine, hamstrings,
and glutes. It also stretches your hips and legs. While doing this
stretch, you should feel the entire back side of your body
opening and lengthening.
To do this:
1. Stand with your big toes touching and your heels slightly apart.
2. Bring your hands to your hips and fold forward at
your hips.
3. Release your hands toward the floor or
place them on a block. Don’t worry if your
hands don’t touch the ground — just go as far as you can.
4. Bend your knees slightly, soften your
hips joints, andallow your spine to lengthen.
5. Tuck your chin into your chest and allow
your head to fall heavy to the floor.
6. Remain in this pose for up to 1 minute.

23. 4 Exercises to Improve your Posture
3. High Plank
The high plank pose helps to relieve pain and stiffness throughout
your body while strengthening your shoulders, glutes, and
hamstrings. It also helps you develop balance and strength in your
core and back, both important for good posture.
To do this:
1. Come onto all fours and straighten your legs, lift your heels, and
raise your hips.
2. Straighten your back and engage
your abdominal, arm, and leg muscles.
3. Lengthen the back of your neck,
soften your throat, and look down at
the floor.
4. Make sure to keep your chest open
and your shoulders back.
5. Hold this position for up to 1 minute
at a time.

24. 4 Exercises to Improve your Posture
4. Downward-facing dog
This is a forward bend that can be used as a resting pose to
balance out your body. The downward-facing dog pose helps to
relieve back pain, while also strengthening and aligning your
back muscles. Practicing it regularly helps to improve posture.
To do this:
1. Lying with your stomach on the floor, press into your
hands as you tuck your toes under your feet and lift your heels.
2. Lift your knees and hips to bring your sitting
bones up toward the ceiling.
3. Bend your knees slightly and lengthen
your spine.
4. Keep your ears in line with your upper arms or tuck
your chin all the way into your chest.
5. Press firmly into your hands and keep
your heels slightly lifted.
6. Remain in this pose for up to 1 minute.

25. Assessment
Direction: In your notebook, copy answer the
questions. below. Write your answer in the box.
1. How can I improve my posture in general?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

26. 2. How can I improve my posture when sitting?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

27. 3. How can I improve my posture when
standing?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

28. Joints… A joint is a place where two or more
bones connect. The manner in which
they connect determines the type of
movement allowed at that joint.
A synarthrosis
(sĭn ahrTHROW siss)
is a joint that
allows no
movement. An
example would be
a cranial suture.

29. Joints…
A amphiarthrosis
(am fee ahr THROW siss) is
a joint that allows slight
movement. An example
would be a vertebra.
A diarthrosis (dye ahr THROW siss) is a joint that
allows free movement in a variety of directions,
such as knee, hip, elbow, wrist, and foot.

30. Types of body movements at
diarthrotic joints…
Flexion:
bending a limb
Extension:
straightening a
flexed limb
Abduction: moving a body
part away from the middle.
Adduction: moving a body
part toward the middle.

31. Circumduction:
moving a body
part in a circular
motion
Supination: lying supine or
face upward; or turning the
palm or foot upward.
Pronation: lying prone or
face downward; or turning
the palm downward.
Types of body movements at
diarthrotic joints…

32. Dorsiflexion:
bending a body
part backwards.
Protraction: moving a body
forward.
Retraction: moving a body
part backward.
Types of body movements at
diarthrotic joints…

33. Rotation:
moving a body
part around a
central axis
Inversion: turning inward.
Eversion: turning outward.
Types of body movements at
diarthrotic joints…

34. Lateral
recumbent:
lying on your
left or right side
Fowler’s position: sitting
straight up or reclining slightly;
legs straight or bent.
Trendelenburg position:
(TREN duh len burg) lying
supine with head lower than feet.
Types of body movements at
diarthrotic joints…
Trendelenburg

35. The vertebral column…
The vertebral column is
composed of separate
bones called vertebrae,
connected to form four
spinal curves. A curve has
more strength than a
straight line, so can
support the weight of the
body and provide balance
needed to walk.

36. The vertebral column…
The cervical curve contains the first 7 vertebrae;
the thoracic curve contains the next 12; the
lumbar curve contains 5. The sacral curve does
not contain vertebrae. It contains the sacrum and
coccyx (KOCK siks) or tailbone.

37. The male and female pelvis…
The pelvis is the lower portion of the trunk of the
body. The hip bones, sacrum, and coccyx form the
pelvic basin. Hip bones include the ilium (Ĭl ee um),
pubis (PYU bus), and ischium (ISS kee um).
The male pelvis is shaped like a funnel and is
heavier and stronger than the female. The female
pelvis is oval to round, and wider than the male.
Male Female

38. Bone growth and resorption…
Osteoporosis is an
age-related loss of
bone mass or density.
Bone is continually remodeled. It is
broken down by osteoclasts in a
process called resorption, and
formed again by osteoblasts. Bone
formation and healing slow down as
part of the aging process.