This document defines and describes different types of posture including static, dynamic, and ideal posture. It explains that posture results from the interaction of muscles, bones, and ligaments working together. Static posture maintains a constant position while dynamic posture adjusts with movement. Ideal posture minimizes strain and maximizes support. The document then describes common faulty postures involving the head, neck, shoulders, trunk, and pelvis. It details how different muscle imbalances can lead to issues like forward head, sway back, military-type posture, and lower crossed syndrome. The document also discusses scoliosis and how it is detected.

1. Definition
Posture Is a position or attitude of the body,
he relative arrangement of the body parts
for specific activity, or a characteristics
manner of bearing one’s body.
The state of muscular and skeletal
balance.
Muscles, bones, and ligaments all work
together to make use of postural control
to maintain optimal posture.

2. CONT’S…
To maintain an optimal posture we need a
good control mechanism and internal force
generators.

3. Types of posture
 Static posture : a constant pattern
of posture is maintained by the interaction of
groups of muscles which work statically.
 The body and its segments are aligned
and maintained in certain position.
lying, kneeling, sitting ,standing

4. Dynamic posture :
Dynamic postures: the pattern of the
posture is constantly modified and adjusted
to meet the changing circumstances which
arise as a result of movement.
Walking, Running ,Jumping, Throwing and
Lifting

5. CONT’S…
• Erect bipedal stance gives us freedom for
upper extremity, but in comparison with
quadripedial posture, erect stance has certain
disadvantages
Increases the work of the heart
 Increase stress on vertebral column, pelvis,
lower extremity
Reduces stability

6. Good Posture
• Ideal posture(good posture)
: which serves as a reference
point is the posture in which
the body segments are
balanced in the position of
least strain and maximum
support(maximum efficiency and

7. basic “principles” for normal posture
1. Optimal load on the skeletal system
2. Balance between antagonistic muscle
groups
3. Optimal activity for internal body systems

8. Muscles responsible for good posture
• Anatomically, posture is dependent on the
interaction of the skeletal, muscular and non-
contractive connective tissue systems (including
fascia, tendons and ligaments).
• Biomechanically, the complex stress structure of
complementary forces created by these three
systems also makes erect, balanced posture
possible.

10. POSTURE
a vertical line,
directly through
the center of
gravity of the
body must fall
within the base of
support
the net torque
about each
articulation of the
body must be
zero
Static
posture that which is
adopted while
the body is in
action, or in the
anticipatory
phase just prior
to an action
Dynamic
posture

11. STANDARD POSTURE
Posterior to apex
of coronal suture
Through
EAM
& dens
Through
VB of LV
Through
sacral
promontory
Posterior to the
center of the
hip jt
Ant. To
knee
joint axis
Through
calcaneocuboid jt
Through ear lobes
Through bodies CV
Through shouder jt.
Through trunk
Through GT
Anterior to midline
knee
Anterior to lat
malleolus
Plumb
line
alignment

17. FAULTY POSTURE

18. FAULTY POSTURE:
Standing
• Head and neck
• Shoulder and scapula
• Head, neck, shoulder and scapula
• Trunk
• Feet and knees

19. • Forward head
– Inc flexion of the
lower cervical and
upper thoracic
regions
– Inc extension of the
occiput on the upper
cervical vertebrae
– Pr0trusion of
mandible

20. Head and Neck
• Flat neck
▫ Dec cervical lordosis
▫ Inc flexion of the
occiput on the atlas
▫ Retraction of the
mandible
▫ Exaggerated
military posture

21. Head
Posterior
Tilt
Head
Anterior
Tilt
Marked
Anterior
Tilt
Forward
Head with
Attempted
Correction
Head and Neck

22. Shoulders and Scapula
Shoulders and scapula
Good position
Scapula Abducted
Slightly Elevated
Scapula Adducted
Slightly Elevated

24. Shoulders and Scapula
Scapula depressed Winging of
the Scapula
Shoulders and scapula
Good position

25. Head, Neck, Shoulders and Scapula
• Upper crossed syndrome
– The occiput and C1/C2 will
hyperextend with the head
being pushed forward
– The lower cervical to 4th
Thoracic vertebrae will be
posturally stressed
– Rotation and abduction of
the scapulae occurs

26. Head, Neck, Shoulders and Scapula
• Upper crossed
syndrome
–Tight muscles: Pectoralis
major and minor, upper
trapezius, Levator
scapulae, SCM
– Weak muscles: Lower
and middle trapezius,
Serratus Anterior,
Rhomboids (Chaitow, 2001)

27. Trunk • Kyphosis-Lordosis
Forward head
Increased cervical
lordosis
Scapula Abducted
Increased thoracic
kyphosis
Increased lumbar
lordosis
Anterior pelvic tilt
Knees slightly
hyperextended
Ankles slightly
plantarflexed
Short and Tight:
• Neck extensors
• Hip flexors
• Low back
Lengthened and
Weak:
• Neck flexors
• Hamstrings
• Erector spinae
• Possibly abdominals

28. Trunk • Sway-back
Forward head
Increased cervical
lordosis
Increased thoracic
kyphosis
Decreased lumbar
lordosis
Posterior pelvic tilt
Knees slightly
hyperextended
Ankles neutral
Short and Tight:
• Upper abdominals
• Intercostals
• Hamstrings
Lengthened and
Weak:
• Neck flexors
• Hip flexors
• Thoracic
extensors
• Lower abdominals

29. Trunk • Military type
Normal-slightly
posterior
Normal
Normal kyphosis
Increased lumbar
lordosis
Anterior pelvic tilt
Knees slightly
hyperextended
Ankles slightly
plantarflexed
Short and Tight:
• Lumbar extensors
• Hip flexors
Lengthened and
Weak:
• Abdominals
• Hamstrings

30. Trunk •
Forward head
Increased cervical
lordosis
Decreased
kyphosis
Decreased lumbar
lordosis
Posterior pelvic tilt
Knees slightly
hyperextended
Ankles slightly
plantarflexed
Short and Tight:
• Neck extensors
• Abdominals
• Hamstrings
Lengthened and
Weak:
• Neck flexors
• Back extensors
• Hip flexors

31. Trunk
• Lower crossed syndrome
▫ Tight muscles:
Erector Spinae, Iliopsoas
▫ Weak muscles: Gluteus
maximus, Abdominals

32. • Scoliosis
– Lateral deviation of the spine
– Deformity
• Structural
– Fixed deformity
– Apical vertebrae
– Vertebral body on convex
– Spinous process on
concave
• Non-structural
– Flexible deformity
– Positional, functional,
postural
Trunk

33. How is scoliosis
detected?
Forward bending test
Skyline view

34. FAULTY POSTURE:
Sitting

35. POSTURE IN LYING DOWN
• Supine accentuates kyphosis
• Prone position accentuates lordosis
• Sidelying position straightens spine