This document summarizes research on using agrobiodiversity to manage pests and diseases. The research involved working with over 1500 smallholder farmers across multiple crops and locations. It found that higher crop diversity on farms reduced vulnerability to pests and diseases by disrupting pest and pathogen transmission. Analyzing over 2000 farmer interviews and field trials, it also showed that traditional crop varieties maintained genetic resistance relevant to local conditions and pests. The research concluded that supporting on-farm agrobiodiversity benefits smallholder food security and livelihoods by reducing crop losses from biotic stresses.
Use of Agrobiodiversity for Pest and Disease Management Carlo Fadda, Bioversi...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
The document summarizes research on using agrobiodiversity to manage pests and diseases. The research involved working with over 1500 smallholder farmers across multiple crops and locations. It found that higher crop diversity on farms reduced vulnerability to pests and diseases by disrupting pest and pathogen transmission. Analyzing over 2000 farmer interviews and field trials, the research also identified traditional crop varieties with different levels of resistance to different pests and diseases, providing options to reduce crop losses. Overall, the research found that agrobiodiversity benefits smallholder farmers by reducing crop failure risks from biotic stresses.
The document summarizes research on rural advisory services and farmer-to-farmer dissemination. Key findings include:
1) Farmer-to-farmer dissemination is an effective way to spread innovations, with a few motivated farmers responsible for disseminating to many others.
2) Volunteer farmer trainers supported by outside organizations can help spread new agricultural practices, though the most effective trainers are not always technical experts.
3) Cost-benefit analyses show volunteer farmer trainer programs provide high returns to projects, trainers, and farmer trainees, with incentives for entrepreneurs to become trainers.
The document discusses a proposed project called PRESA (Propoor Rewards for Environmental Services in Africa) that would build upon an existing project called RUPES (Rewarding the Upland Poor for Environmental Services) in Asia. PRESA would establish sites in Africa to test reward mechanisms for environmental services provided by smallholder farmers and communities. The objectives are to engage sites in testing approaches, engage in policy discussions, and build a community of practice around pro-poor rewards for environmental services. Several potential core project sites in countries like Tanzania, Uganda, Guinea, and Kenya are described.
Potential natural vegetation maps for western and central Kenya can be used to select indigenous tree species for planting by indicating the ecological suitability of areas. The maps were developed in the 1960s based on aerial photographs and fieldwork, delineating 17 potential natural vegetation types classified by structure and dominant species. While the maps provide a picture of climatic and soil variation, their vegetation boundaries and original species compositions may differ from current conditions. The maps could help diversify agroecosystems by matching species to mapped vegetation types.
Oregon State University has a long history in agroforestry education and research. It offers undergraduate and graduate courses and degrees related to agroforestry through its Colleges of Forestry and Agricultural Sciences. These colleges conduct research on various agroforestry practices and systems applicable in Oregon and internationally. OSU faculty also collaborate on agroforestry development projects around the world focused on topics like education, watershed management, and poverty alleviation.
This document summarizes research on using agrobiodiversity to manage pests and diseases. The research involved working with over 1500 smallholder farmers across multiple crops and locations. It found that higher crop diversity on farms reduced vulnerability to pests and diseases by disrupting pest and pathogen transmission. Analyzing over 2000 farmer interviews and field trials, it also showed that traditional crop varieties maintained genetic resistance relevant to local conditions and pests. The research concluded that supporting on-farm agrobiodiversity benefits smallholder food security and livelihoods by reducing crop losses from biotic stresses.
Use of Agrobiodiversity for Pest and Disease Management Carlo Fadda, Bioversi...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
The document summarizes research on using agrobiodiversity to manage pests and diseases. The research involved working with over 1500 smallholder farmers across multiple crops and locations. It found that higher crop diversity on farms reduced vulnerability to pests and diseases by disrupting pest and pathogen transmission. Analyzing over 2000 farmer interviews and field trials, the research also identified traditional crop varieties with different levels of resistance to different pests and diseases, providing options to reduce crop losses. Overall, the research found that agrobiodiversity benefits smallholder farmers by reducing crop failure risks from biotic stresses.
The document summarizes research on rural advisory services and farmer-to-farmer dissemination. Key findings include:
1) Farmer-to-farmer dissemination is an effective way to spread innovations, with a few motivated farmers responsible for disseminating to many others.
2) Volunteer farmer trainers supported by outside organizations can help spread new agricultural practices, though the most effective trainers are not always technical experts.
3) Cost-benefit analyses show volunteer farmer trainer programs provide high returns to projects, trainers, and farmer trainees, with incentives for entrepreneurs to become trainers.
The document discusses a proposed project called PRESA (Propoor Rewards for Environmental Services in Africa) that would build upon an existing project called RUPES (Rewarding the Upland Poor for Environmental Services) in Asia. PRESA would establish sites in Africa to test reward mechanisms for environmental services provided by smallholder farmers and communities. The objectives are to engage sites in testing approaches, engage in policy discussions, and build a community of practice around pro-poor rewards for environmental services. Several potential core project sites in countries like Tanzania, Uganda, Guinea, and Kenya are described.
Potential natural vegetation maps for western and central Kenya can be used to select indigenous tree species for planting by indicating the ecological suitability of areas. The maps were developed in the 1960s based on aerial photographs and fieldwork, delineating 17 potential natural vegetation types classified by structure and dominant species. While the maps provide a picture of climatic and soil variation, their vegetation boundaries and original species compositions may differ from current conditions. The maps could help diversify agroecosystems by matching species to mapped vegetation types.
Oregon State University has a long history in agroforestry education and research. It offers undergraduate and graduate courses and degrees related to agroforestry through its Colleges of Forestry and Agricultural Sciences. These colleges conduct research on various agroforestry practices and systems applicable in Oregon and internationally. OSU faculty also collaborate on agroforestry development projects around the world focused on topics like education, watershed management, and poverty alleviation.
1. Tree-soil-crop interactions in rubber agroforestry systems can be managed at the plot, farm, and landscape levels. At the plot level, a mixed-age stand can be maintained for cash flow while diversifying. At the farm level, credit can cover replanting costs until cash flow is positive. At the landscape level, policy harmonization across forest and agriculture is important.
2. Agroforestry is understood as applying at the plot, landscape, and governance levels, reflecting the interface of agriculture and forestry. It involves tree-soil-crop-livestock interactions as well as interactions between tree cover, livelihoods, and ecosystem services across landscapes.
3. Rubber
The DryDev programme aimed to transform lives and landscapes in dryland areas through sustainable rural development. Over six years, it worked with over 164,000 smallholder farmers across five countries in Africa. Key achievements included rehabilitating over 163,000 hectares of land through watershed management and planting over 4.6 million trees. It also increased food security and incomes by expanding irrigation to over 16,000 hectares, utilizing over 950 water harvesting structures, and promoting climate-smart agricultural practices on over 60,000 hectares.
This document discusses measuring biodiversity on farmland. It notes that 60% of ecosystem services have been impaired and over 20% of global agricultural land is degraded. Assessing farmland biodiversity is challenging due to high spatial variability. Protocols for landscape-scale assessment include measuring land cover, trees, birds, and modeling remote sensing data with ground calibration. Optional protocols examine linear tree features, pollinators, natural enemies, and soil organisms. A farmland biodiversity score is proposed that weighs biomass, spectral diversity, neighborhood effects, and slope/proximity to water.
How can we overcome obstacles and mobilize investments for successful, sustai...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
This document discusses funding gaps and principles for successful financing of nature-based solutions (NBS) such as land restoration projects in Africa. It notes that while the Bonn Challenge and New York declaration on Forests call for $350 billion and $830 billion respectively for restoration, actual funding leaves large gaps. It advocates for bridging these gaps through public-private partnerships and prioritizing long-term sustainability over short-term profits. Six principles are outlined for financing NBS, including ensuring social and environmental safeguards, monitoring impacts, and directing funds toward low-carbon development in developing countries. The Regreening Africa program addresses livelihoods, biodiversity and climate change through land restoration projects across eight African nations.
Forest and agroforesty options for building resilience in refugee situations:...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
Humanitarian Networks and Partnerships Week (HNPW) 2020
Climate Crisis Inter-Network
"Fit for Purpose? Current Tools and Approaches to Mitigate Climate Risks in Humanitarian Settings"
HLPE 2019. Agroecological and other innovative approaches for sustainable agriculture and food systems that enhance food security and nutrition. A report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security, Rome
Agroforestry systems for restoration in Brazil: reconciling social and ecolo...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
This document discusses agroforestry systems for environmental restoration in Brazil that balance social and ecological functions. It outlines that agroforestry can: (1) maintain ecosystem structure/functions like biodiversity and soil quality while providing social/economic functions for family farms; (2) perform restoration in an economically feasible way by including people and accelerating natural succession; and (3) improve livelihoods through appropriate management. However, balancing trade-offs between social/environmental benefits and costs is challenging. The document then provides examples of agroforestry systems for restoration in Brazil and their costs, benefits for climate change adaptation/mitigation, food security, and carbon storage potential.
This document discusses the vulnerability of forest-dependent people and forests to climate change. It notes that over 1 billion people depend on forests for their livelihoods, while 1 billion hectares of land are under agroforestry worldwide. Climate change poses direct risks like increased temperatures and wildfires, and indirect risks through impacts on species and ecosystems. Potential transition issues from policies like REDD+ could negatively impact land and tree rights of indigenous groups. The document argues that comprehensive vulnerability assessments are needed using qualitative and quantitative methods to understand all vulnerabilities, include stakeholders, and identify good practices to address risks to forests and forest-dependent communities from climate change.
An increasing multitude of insect pests and pathogens is targeting indigenous trees of natural forests, agroforestry systems, and exotic trees in planted forests in Africa. This is raising major concerns for a continent already challenged by adaptations to climate change, as it threatens a vital resource for food security of rural communities, economic growth, and ecosystem conservation. The accidental introduction through trade of non‐native species in particular is accelerating, and it adds to the damage to tree‐based landscapes by native pests and diseases. Old‐time and new invaders heavily impact planted forests of exotic eucalypts, pines, and acacias, and are spreading quickly across African regions. But many non‐native pathogens are recently found affecting important indigenous trees.
Species distribution modelling is being used to map the habitats of over 150 priority African plant species. More advanced modelling methods are being used to reduce bias, including spatial folding and thinning. Presence observations from across Africa are being used to calibrate provisional distribution models for individual species in countries like Ethiopia. The results will then be verified by botanists and combined with vegetation mapping data.
Not all roads lead to Rome: Inclusive business models and responsible finance...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
The document discusses approaches to achieving sustainable cocoa production in Ghana by 2020. It identifies several challenges in the cocoa sector including low productivity, rural poverty, and deforestation. It analyzes different stakeholder approaches and finds they mainly focus on increased productivity, while social and environmental issues are addressed less. Inclusive business models include many smallholder farmers but benefits are not always equitable. Responsible finance from impact investors and social lenders has potential to leverage more equitable models and landscape restoration, but investments have not been well adapted for cocoa sectors. A "multi-chain approach" is proposed to better leverage finance through a portfolio of value chains at the landscape level.
Decent work and economic growth: Potential impacts of SDG 8 on forests and fo...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
This paper assesses the potential impact of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 8 on forests and forest-dependent people. The concepts of decent work and economic growth are put in the context of predominant development theories and paradigms (modernization, economic growth, basic needs, sustainable development) which shape the agendas of governments, private sector, civil society, and investors. These stakeholders pursue different goals and interests, with uneven prioritization of SDG 8 targets and mixed impacts on forests and livelihoods.
Forest conservation and socio-economic benefits through community forest conc...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
With an extension of 2.1 million ha, the Maya Biosphere Reserve (MBR) in Petén, Guatemala is the largest protected area in Central America. To reconcile forest conservation and socio-economic development, community forest concessions were created in its Multiple Use Zone (MUZ) in the late 1990s and early 2000s. Operated by a community forest enterprise (CFE), and with a cycle of 25 years, the concessions grant usufruct rights to local communities on an area of about 400,000 ha. Currently, nine concessions are active, while the contracts of two concessions were cancelled and the management plan of another suspended.
Sustainable land management for improved livelihoods and environmental sustai...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
A healthy viable multifunctional landscape has the capability of supporting sustainable agricultural productivity, providing agroforestry and forest products (timber, fuel wood, fruits, medicine, fertilizer, gum etc.) for the sustenance of mankind while providing other environmental services. However these products are increasingly becoming unavailable due to declining soil fertility, climatic extremes, and high costs of inputs. Identifying low-cost, sustainable ways to attain food security and sustainable environment for millions of smallholder farmers in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) remains a major developmental challenge.
Rangelands are more than just grass but rather complex and biodiverse ecosystems. Covering nearly half the world’s land area, they are in need of restoration and sustainable management.
The document discusses several projects aimed at improving agricultural outcomes through agroforestry. It describes a project in Uganda that introduced fodder shrubs to improve milk yields, which increased yields significantly. It is now scaling this approach in Kenya and Malawi through farmer cooperatives. Another project aims to better understand farmers' livelihood aspirations to customize technologies to their goals. A final project focuses on improving diets and health through diversifying crops and developing new food value chains. The document emphasizes the need for meaningful diagnosis, strong intervention design, credible evidence gathering, and efficient delivery to accelerate research impact on poverty, food insecurity, and environmental issues.
1) The document discusses watershed development projects in India, focusing on the state of Uttar Pradesh. It outlines the history and increasing scale of watershed programs in India over time from the 1960s to present.
2) Key data presented includes groundwater usage increasing dramatically from 25 km3 in 1960 to 250-300 km3 in 2009, and the number of bore wells increasing from 1 million to 20 million over the same period. Watershed programs have led to increased benefit-cost ratios, rates of return, and agricultural incomes.
3) The document then focuses on the Doubling Farmers' Income project targeting watershed interventions across several districts in Bundelkhand region of UP. It outlines strategies
NRM Innovations for Risk Management and Agricultural Transformation in Semiar...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
This document summarizes natural resource management innovations in semi-arid East African highlands. It discusses (1) managing extreme events like drought and flood to ensure sustainable ecosystem services and support livelihoods, (2) increasing and sustaining agricultural productivity through investments in NRM, and (3) two examples of NRM innovations - community-based watershed management in Ethiopia and using water spreading weirs to build resilience to climate risks in Ethiopia through a partnership between GIZ, ICRISAT, and local universities. The document also discusses the impacts of these innovations, including increased food security, higher crop yields, and institutional impacts like the site becoming a learning center that influenced regional soil and water conservation policies.
This document discusses land restoration efforts in Niger. It describes the land degradation issues facing the West Africa Sahel region due to fragile ecosystems and unsustainable agricultural practices. Various integrated land management techniques are being implemented and tested, including Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR), cereal/legume intercropping, microdosing of fertilizers, and restoring degraded lands. These techniques are improving soil fertility and crop yields when combined. The document outlines several partnerships working to scale these efforts across Niger, including restoring over 175 hectares of degraded land managed by 11,970 women generating more income. There is growing demand from farmers and partners to expand training and testing of integrated packages to improve livelihoods and food security.
1. Tree-soil-crop interactions in rubber agroforestry systems can be managed at the plot, farm, and landscape levels. At the plot level, a mixed-age stand can be maintained for cash flow while diversifying. At the farm level, credit can cover replanting costs until cash flow is positive. At the landscape level, policy harmonization across forest and agriculture is important.
2. Agroforestry is understood as applying at the plot, landscape, and governance levels, reflecting the interface of agriculture and forestry. It involves tree-soil-crop-livestock interactions as well as interactions between tree cover, livelihoods, and ecosystem services across landscapes.
3. Rubber
The DryDev programme aimed to transform lives and landscapes in dryland areas through sustainable rural development. Over six years, it worked with over 164,000 smallholder farmers across five countries in Africa. Key achievements included rehabilitating over 163,000 hectares of land through watershed management and planting over 4.6 million trees. It also increased food security and incomes by expanding irrigation to over 16,000 hectares, utilizing over 950 water harvesting structures, and promoting climate-smart agricultural practices on over 60,000 hectares.
This document discusses measuring biodiversity on farmland. It notes that 60% of ecosystem services have been impaired and over 20% of global agricultural land is degraded. Assessing farmland biodiversity is challenging due to high spatial variability. Protocols for landscape-scale assessment include measuring land cover, trees, birds, and modeling remote sensing data with ground calibration. Optional protocols examine linear tree features, pollinators, natural enemies, and soil organisms. A farmland biodiversity score is proposed that weighs biomass, spectral diversity, neighborhood effects, and slope/proximity to water.
How can we overcome obstacles and mobilize investments for successful, sustai...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
This document discusses funding gaps and principles for successful financing of nature-based solutions (NBS) such as land restoration projects in Africa. It notes that while the Bonn Challenge and New York declaration on Forests call for $350 billion and $830 billion respectively for restoration, actual funding leaves large gaps. It advocates for bridging these gaps through public-private partnerships and prioritizing long-term sustainability over short-term profits. Six principles are outlined for financing NBS, including ensuring social and environmental safeguards, monitoring impacts, and directing funds toward low-carbon development in developing countries. The Regreening Africa program addresses livelihoods, biodiversity and climate change through land restoration projects across eight African nations.
Forest and agroforesty options for building resilience in refugee situations:...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
Humanitarian Networks and Partnerships Week (HNPW) 2020
Climate Crisis Inter-Network
"Fit for Purpose? Current Tools and Approaches to Mitigate Climate Risks in Humanitarian Settings"
HLPE 2019. Agroecological and other innovative approaches for sustainable agriculture and food systems that enhance food security and nutrition. A report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security, Rome
Agroforestry systems for restoration in Brazil: reconciling social and ecolo...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
This document discusses agroforestry systems for environmental restoration in Brazil that balance social and ecological functions. It outlines that agroforestry can: (1) maintain ecosystem structure/functions like biodiversity and soil quality while providing social/economic functions for family farms; (2) perform restoration in an economically feasible way by including people and accelerating natural succession; and (3) improve livelihoods through appropriate management. However, balancing trade-offs between social/environmental benefits and costs is challenging. The document then provides examples of agroforestry systems for restoration in Brazil and their costs, benefits for climate change adaptation/mitigation, food security, and carbon storage potential.
This document discusses the vulnerability of forest-dependent people and forests to climate change. It notes that over 1 billion people depend on forests for their livelihoods, while 1 billion hectares of land are under agroforestry worldwide. Climate change poses direct risks like increased temperatures and wildfires, and indirect risks through impacts on species and ecosystems. Potential transition issues from policies like REDD+ could negatively impact land and tree rights of indigenous groups. The document argues that comprehensive vulnerability assessments are needed using qualitative and quantitative methods to understand all vulnerabilities, include stakeholders, and identify good practices to address risks to forests and forest-dependent communities from climate change.
An increasing multitude of insect pests and pathogens is targeting indigenous trees of natural forests, agroforestry systems, and exotic trees in planted forests in Africa. This is raising major concerns for a continent already challenged by adaptations to climate change, as it threatens a vital resource for food security of rural communities, economic growth, and ecosystem conservation. The accidental introduction through trade of non‐native species in particular is accelerating, and it adds to the damage to tree‐based landscapes by native pests and diseases. Old‐time and new invaders heavily impact planted forests of exotic eucalypts, pines, and acacias, and are spreading quickly across African regions. But many non‐native pathogens are recently found affecting important indigenous trees.
Species distribution modelling is being used to map the habitats of over 150 priority African plant species. More advanced modelling methods are being used to reduce bias, including spatial folding and thinning. Presence observations from across Africa are being used to calibrate provisional distribution models for individual species in countries like Ethiopia. The results will then be verified by botanists and combined with vegetation mapping data.
Not all roads lead to Rome: Inclusive business models and responsible finance...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
The document discusses approaches to achieving sustainable cocoa production in Ghana by 2020. It identifies several challenges in the cocoa sector including low productivity, rural poverty, and deforestation. It analyzes different stakeholder approaches and finds they mainly focus on increased productivity, while social and environmental issues are addressed less. Inclusive business models include many smallholder farmers but benefits are not always equitable. Responsible finance from impact investors and social lenders has potential to leverage more equitable models and landscape restoration, but investments have not been well adapted for cocoa sectors. A "multi-chain approach" is proposed to better leverage finance through a portfolio of value chains at the landscape level.
Decent work and economic growth: Potential impacts of SDG 8 on forests and fo...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
This paper assesses the potential impact of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 8 on forests and forest-dependent people. The concepts of decent work and economic growth are put in the context of predominant development theories and paradigms (modernization, economic growth, basic needs, sustainable development) which shape the agendas of governments, private sector, civil society, and investors. These stakeholders pursue different goals and interests, with uneven prioritization of SDG 8 targets and mixed impacts on forests and livelihoods.
Forest conservation and socio-economic benefits through community forest conc...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
With an extension of 2.1 million ha, the Maya Biosphere Reserve (MBR) in Petén, Guatemala is the largest protected area in Central America. To reconcile forest conservation and socio-economic development, community forest concessions were created in its Multiple Use Zone (MUZ) in the late 1990s and early 2000s. Operated by a community forest enterprise (CFE), and with a cycle of 25 years, the concessions grant usufruct rights to local communities on an area of about 400,000 ha. Currently, nine concessions are active, while the contracts of two concessions were cancelled and the management plan of another suspended.
Sustainable land management for improved livelihoods and environmental sustai...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
A healthy viable multifunctional landscape has the capability of supporting sustainable agricultural productivity, providing agroforestry and forest products (timber, fuel wood, fruits, medicine, fertilizer, gum etc.) for the sustenance of mankind while providing other environmental services. However these products are increasingly becoming unavailable due to declining soil fertility, climatic extremes, and high costs of inputs. Identifying low-cost, sustainable ways to attain food security and sustainable environment for millions of smallholder farmers in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) remains a major developmental challenge.
Rangelands are more than just grass but rather complex and biodiverse ecosystems. Covering nearly half the world’s land area, they are in need of restoration and sustainable management.
The document discusses several projects aimed at improving agricultural outcomes through agroforestry. It describes a project in Uganda that introduced fodder shrubs to improve milk yields, which increased yields significantly. It is now scaling this approach in Kenya and Malawi through farmer cooperatives. Another project aims to better understand farmers' livelihood aspirations to customize technologies to their goals. A final project focuses on improving diets and health through diversifying crops and developing new food value chains. The document emphasizes the need for meaningful diagnosis, strong intervention design, credible evidence gathering, and efficient delivery to accelerate research impact on poverty, food insecurity, and environmental issues.
1) The document discusses watershed development projects in India, focusing on the state of Uttar Pradesh. It outlines the history and increasing scale of watershed programs in India over time from the 1960s to present.
2) Key data presented includes groundwater usage increasing dramatically from 25 km3 in 1960 to 250-300 km3 in 2009, and the number of bore wells increasing from 1 million to 20 million over the same period. Watershed programs have led to increased benefit-cost ratios, rates of return, and agricultural incomes.
3) The document then focuses on the Doubling Farmers' Income project targeting watershed interventions across several districts in Bundelkhand region of UP. It outlines strategies
NRM Innovations for Risk Management and Agricultural Transformation in Semiar...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
This document summarizes natural resource management innovations in semi-arid East African highlands. It discusses (1) managing extreme events like drought and flood to ensure sustainable ecosystem services and support livelihoods, (2) increasing and sustaining agricultural productivity through investments in NRM, and (3) two examples of NRM innovations - community-based watershed management in Ethiopia and using water spreading weirs to build resilience to climate risks in Ethiopia through a partnership between GIZ, ICRISAT, and local universities. The document also discusses the impacts of these innovations, including increased food security, higher crop yields, and institutional impacts like the site becoming a learning center that influenced regional soil and water conservation policies.
This document discusses land restoration efforts in Niger. It describes the land degradation issues facing the West Africa Sahel region due to fragile ecosystems and unsustainable agricultural practices. Various integrated land management techniques are being implemented and tested, including Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR), cereal/legume intercropping, microdosing of fertilizers, and restoring degraded lands. These techniques are improving soil fertility and crop yields when combined. The document outlines several partnerships working to scale these efforts across Niger, including restoring over 175 hectares of degraded land managed by 11,970 women generating more income. There is growing demand from farmers and partners to expand training and testing of integrated packages to improve livelihoods and food security.
Combining land restoration and livelihoods - examples from Niger
Deforestation in Tanzania's East Usambaras: sticks, carrots, and the crowding out effect
1.
2. Deforestation in Tanzania’s East Usambaras:
Sticks, Carrots and the ‘Crowding Out’ effect
David Kaczan
M.Sc Student
Brent Swallow
Professor and supervisor
Vic Adamowicz
Professor and co-supervisor
Delia Catacutan
ICRAF co-supervisor
3. What is the ‘Crowding Out’ effect, and
why does it matter?
Endogenous preferences Self determination
Information conveyance Framing
4. (Reyes, et al. 2006)
The Context
•3300 km2 of sub montane and
montane forest
•A Biodiversity hotspot: “...the highest
ratio of endemic flora and fauna per
100 km2 of all biodiversity hotspots in
the world”
•35 % of species endemic
•Other important ecosystem functions: water
provision, local climate
(Reyes et al. 2006; Burgess et al. 2007)
8. Conservation efforts
•Forest reserves, Amani nature reserve, Derema
corridor
•What about incentive schemes (PES)?
•If so, how would you design such a scheme for
maximum effectiveness?
9. Intervention Points No compensation?
> 100 percent compensation (Knowledge transfer,
(- altruism / pro social) Credit)
> 50 percent compensation
(- altruism / pro social)
10. A research question
But: if PES is used, is there a danger that economic
incentives could ‘crowd out’ pre existing altruistic/pro
social incentives?
14. Dictator game: stylized PES
0.65
Not Significant Significant
0.6
0.55
0.5
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27
Period
Control PES treatment
Control (average) PES (average)
15. Dictator game: stylized enforcement (high)
0.65
Significant Not significant
0.6
0.55
0.5
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27
Period
Control Enforcement - high
Control (average) Enforcement - high (average)
16. Dictator game: stylized enforcement (low)
0.65
Not Significant Not significant
0.6
0.55
0.5
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27
Period
Control Enforcement - low (average)
Control (average) Enforcement - low
17. Dictator game: stylized PES (collective)
0.65
Significant Significant
0.6
0.55
0.5
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27
Period
Control PES - collective
Control (average) PES collective (average)
18. Experiment II: Which of the payment options will you prefer?
(n=194)
70%
62%
60%
50%
40%
30% 23%
20%
11%
10%
2.5%
0%
No payment but Individual Payment of Disagree/Need
provision for payment of Tsh2000 additional
village Tsh2000 transferred to options
infrastructure village
committee
Vardhan, 2010 (unpublished)
19. Experiment I: Will your neigbor participate under these payment
options? (n=194)
120%
97%
100%
82% 76%
80% 74%
64%
60%
40%
20%
0%
High No mention High social Payment Low
individual of payment payment (Tsh mentioned individual
payment 1000) offered but not payment (Tsh
(Tsh1000) offered 200 offered)
offered
Vardhan, 2010 (unpublished)
20. In summary...
•Preliminary evidence suggests crowding out for
rewards, less so for enforcements
• Fact of enforcement may be more important
than its magnitude
•Contrary to other studies, but some similarities
with Vardhan?
•Collective payment unsuccessful
22. With thanks…
to supervisors B. Swallow, V. Adamowicz and D. Catacutan;
field assistants F. Njilima, V. Mkongewa, Y. Mwaikio and A. Kajiru;
administrators at ICRAF Tanzania and Kenya;
and valuable, regular advice from H. Vihemaki, S. Rantala and R. Bullock