Solar energy is available abundantly, the utilization of solar energy is developing rapidly and the photovoltaic based direct current (DC) microgrid system design is under demand but the stability of the DC voltage is of most important issue, as the variation of the output DC voltage is a common problem when the load or source voltage varies, hence a regulated DC output voltage converter is proposed. This paper presents source-loadvariable (SLV) voltage regulated cascaded DC/DC converter which is used to obtain regulated output voltage of 203.1 V DC at 0.4 duty ratio with ±2% voltage fluctuations for the variation in the input source voltage and ±1.5% voltage fluctuations for the variation in load resistance of the nominal value with lower output voltage ripple and without use of sub circuits. A simulation model of SLV voltage regulated cascaded DC/DC converter in LTspice XVII software environment for the assessment of converter performance at different input source voltages and load resistances are verified.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Energy Management Scheme in Photovoltaic Based DC Microgridijtsrd
This paper explores the need for renewable based DC microgrid and proposes characteristic features of a standalone DC microgrid. The need for energy management system and its role in DC microgrid has been emphasized. Renewable generating sources such as wind turbine generator and photovoltaic panel require stringent control for harnessing maximum available energy, energy storage system demands efficient management, and DC link voltage must be maintained constant. Microgrid is a small modular and distributed power generation and distribution system that combines power quality management and enduser energy utilization technology based on distributed power generation technology based on distributed resources or users small scale power plants. The solar based DC Microgrid has been proposed from the following controller and two compensation systems, . It forms a system of three rings, and feeds each load. Load balancing and voltage regulation are the main aspects for designing the model. The voltage is kept constant at 48V in the voltage control loop. Advantages of DC microgrids include easy control, high system efficiency and low energy conversion. The centralized monitoring controller has been designed to control current sharing and voltage regulation together in a PV based DC microgrid. Ovais Ahmad Parray | Mohd Ilyas "Energy Management Scheme in Photovoltaic Based DC Microgrid" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45200.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/45200/energy-management-scheme-in-photovoltaic-based-dc-microgrid/ovais-ahmad-parray
A current control method for bidirectional multiphase DC-DC boost-buck conve...IJECEIAES
In the future, more and more electric vehicle (EV) batteries are connected to the direct current (DC) microgrid. Depending on the battery state of charge, the battery voltage can be higher or lower than the DC microgrid voltage. A converter that is aimed to fulfil such function must be capable of working in both charging and discharging regardless the voltage level of the battery and DC microgrid. Battery performance degradation due to ripple current entering the battery is also a concern. In this paper, a converter that can minimize ripple current that entering battery and operate in two power-flow directions regardless of battery and DC microgrid voltage level is presented. A current control method for this kind of converter was proposed. Experiment on a prototype was conducted to prove the proposed converter current control method.
The voltage source inverters (VSI) are ever required section in the AC motor drive and power system interface. The electrical drive segment, the VSI based drives are unavoidable and they are closely operated with induction motor, permanent magnate synchronous motor and BLDC motor. These drives are normally needed high torque-power characters. Hence, the input DC-link side voltage is increased with help of increasing input AC in the rectifier input. However, this causes the power quality disturbance in the AC main and DC-link. In order to go for a increasing the AC voltage, the rectifier out is connected with DC to DC boost converter and they are increasing the DC voltage to meet out the drive DC-link voltage demand. With this aim, the paper proposes the idea to connect high step non-isolated high gain coupled DC to DC converter with three phase VSI for drives applications. The proposed converter has an ability to increase the voltage five times and the counter winding arrangement ratio of the converter is help for the further increase of gain. Inn this interface the front end DC to DC converters inductors are charged by making the short circuit with inverter switching. The converter voltage gain is controlled by shoot through of the VSI switch (converter gain directly proportional to inverter shoot through). The proposed converter has a higher degree of freedom in their values of winding and output voltage. Hence, the DC-link voltage of the inverter can be extended in any level. The operation principle and modes of the proposed DC to DC Source tied VSI is analyzed and simulated using MATLAB-Simulink software simulation. The laboratory based small scale power circuit is developed with help of control algorithm. The entire implementation is done through PIC microcontroller platform. The deign Investigation, system simulation and experimentation confirming the proposed DC to DC converter tied VSI drive system.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Energy Management Scheme in Photovoltaic Based DC Microgridijtsrd
This paper explores the need for renewable based DC microgrid and proposes characteristic features of a standalone DC microgrid. The need for energy management system and its role in DC microgrid has been emphasized. Renewable generating sources such as wind turbine generator and photovoltaic panel require stringent control for harnessing maximum available energy, energy storage system demands efficient management, and DC link voltage must be maintained constant. Microgrid is a small modular and distributed power generation and distribution system that combines power quality management and enduser energy utilization technology based on distributed power generation technology based on distributed resources or users small scale power plants. The solar based DC Microgrid has been proposed from the following controller and two compensation systems, . It forms a system of three rings, and feeds each load. Load balancing and voltage regulation are the main aspects for designing the model. The voltage is kept constant at 48V in the voltage control loop. Advantages of DC microgrids include easy control, high system efficiency and low energy conversion. The centralized monitoring controller has been designed to control current sharing and voltage regulation together in a PV based DC microgrid. Ovais Ahmad Parray | Mohd Ilyas "Energy Management Scheme in Photovoltaic Based DC Microgrid" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45200.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/45200/energy-management-scheme-in-photovoltaic-based-dc-microgrid/ovais-ahmad-parray
A current control method for bidirectional multiphase DC-DC boost-buck conve...IJECEIAES
In the future, more and more electric vehicle (EV) batteries are connected to the direct current (DC) microgrid. Depending on the battery state of charge, the battery voltage can be higher or lower than the DC microgrid voltage. A converter that is aimed to fulfil such function must be capable of working in both charging and discharging regardless the voltage level of the battery and DC microgrid. Battery performance degradation due to ripple current entering the battery is also a concern. In this paper, a converter that can minimize ripple current that entering battery and operate in two power-flow directions regardless of battery and DC microgrid voltage level is presented. A current control method for this kind of converter was proposed. Experiment on a prototype was conducted to prove the proposed converter current control method.
The voltage source inverters (VSI) are ever required section in the AC motor drive and power system interface. The electrical drive segment, the VSI based drives are unavoidable and they are closely operated with induction motor, permanent magnate synchronous motor and BLDC motor. These drives are normally needed high torque-power characters. Hence, the input DC-link side voltage is increased with help of increasing input AC in the rectifier input. However, this causes the power quality disturbance in the AC main and DC-link. In order to go for a increasing the AC voltage, the rectifier out is connected with DC to DC boost converter and they are increasing the DC voltage to meet out the drive DC-link voltage demand. With this aim, the paper proposes the idea to connect high step non-isolated high gain coupled DC to DC converter with three phase VSI for drives applications. The proposed converter has an ability to increase the voltage five times and the counter winding arrangement ratio of the converter is help for the further increase of gain. Inn this interface the front end DC to DC converters inductors are charged by making the short circuit with inverter switching. The converter voltage gain is controlled by shoot through of the VSI switch (converter gain directly proportional to inverter shoot through). The proposed converter has a higher degree of freedom in their values of winding and output voltage. Hence, the DC-link voltage of the inverter can be extended in any level. The operation principle and modes of the proposed DC to DC Source tied VSI is analyzed and simulated using MATLAB-Simulink software simulation. The laboratory based small scale power circuit is developed with help of control algorithm. The entire implementation is done through PIC microcontroller platform. The deign Investigation, system simulation and experimentation confirming the proposed DC to DC converter tied VSI drive system.
Performance Analysis of DC Micro Grid with PV-Fuel Cell Hybrid GenerationIJMREMJournal
Conventional energy resources are being replaced by Renewable energy sources mainly due to increasing
environmental concerns. Photovoltaic (PV) and Fuel cell (FC) are suitable to be used in modern DC microgrids
due to their DC output. In this research work, a DC microgrid structure is proposed for small residential areas
using hybrid PV and FC generation. Power Electronic converters are used to regulate generated voltage of the
two sources for integration to a common DC bus. Proposed system is simulated using MATLAB SIMULINK to
observe its performance. Simulation results show that output voltage is properly maintained at different DC
Photovoltaic Management System in Residential Areas Using Power Line Communic...IJTET Journal
Abstract— Energy consumption in residential areas is rising; residential areas have deployed a photovoltaic (PV) system to save
energy cost and provide continuous power in the area. The PV system needs to be continuously monitored to maintain its performance.
In addition, it is desirable to monitor each PV module because one abnormal PV module affects the whole PV system. Here Power line
communication (PLCC) technology is used to monitor each PV module in order to check the performance of PV system. Power line
communication (PLCC) carries data on a conductor that is also used simultaneously for AC electric power transmission. The
parameters in PV module are monitored by PLC. The system architecture is composed of the following components: PLC modem,
CUK Converter, and inverter connected with AC load. The PLC modems are deployed on each PV module for continuous monitoring.
The CUK converter will provide constant voltage to the battery. The device retrieves the stored data in microcontroller unit and
informs users about the status of the photovoltaic module. The device retrieves the stored data from the converter to inform users of
the status of the PV system. Voltage, Current and Temperature are the parameters which are going to be noted in PV module. The
output of the inverter circuit is given to the AC load by using resistive load. Users can browse and figure out the PV system
performance in detail by using power line communication technology. The system is installed in the field.It is composed of sixteen PV
modules with 960V; since each PV module provides 60V and a 1kW inverter. This scheme will maintain the performance of a PV
system and can be used for industrial applications.
Power electronic interface has reached a new level in the area of hybrid energy integration nowadays. The existence for the concept of hybrid energy integration is truly questionable without a proper power electronic interface. In this paper, a modified dual input DC-DC converter which is capable of incorporating two distinct V-I characteristic sources such as solar-PV, battery, fuel cell, etc., is proposed. The converter has the ability to operate in both unidirectional and bidirectional mode with buck, buck-boost and boost operation. The software simulation of the proposed converter has been conducted in MATLAB/Simulink platform in a detailed manner and an experimental prototype of the propsed converter has been built to validate the simulation results.
Simulation of various DC-DC converters for photovoltaic systemIJECEIAES
This work explains the comparison of various dc-dc converters for photovoltaic systems. In recent day insufficient energy and continues increasing in fuel cost, exploration on renewable energy system becomes more essential. For high and medium power applications, high input source from renewable systems like photovoltaic and wind energy system turn into difficult one, which leads to increase of cost for installation process. So the generated voltage from PV system is boosted with help various boost converter depends on the applications. Here the various converters are like boost converter, buck converter, buck-boost converter, cuk converter, sepic converter and zeta converter are analysed for photovoltaic system, which are verified using matlab / simulink.
Sliding-mode controller for a photovoltaic system based on a ´ Cuk converterIJECEIAES
The wide range of step-up and step-down input-output voltage characteristic of the ´ Cuk converter makes it a good candidate to interface photovoltaic arrays in both clas- sical and distributed maximum power point tracking systems. Because its two inductor structure, ´ Cuk converters have continuous input and output currents, which reduce the additional filtering elements usually required for interfacing dc/dc converter topologies. However, PV systems based on ´ Cuk converters usually do not provide formal proofs of global stability under realistic conditions, which makes impossible to ensure a safe operation of the PV installation. Therefore, this paper proposes a highperformance sliding-mode controller for PV systems based on ´ Cuk converters, which regulates the PV voltage in agreement with the commands imposed by a MPPT algorithm, rejecting both load and environmental perturbations, and ensuring global stability for real operation conditions. Finally, the performance of the regulated PV system is tested using both simulations and experiments.
This work includes the establishment of a Photovoltaic system connected to the grid by means of an inverter. The fundamental goal of the work is to incorporate an advanced active power flow management scheme in order to adopt load at any weather condition along with the advantage of maximum active power flow and zero harmonics from PV inverter to the grid. The outcome of analysis and control design of grid connected PV inverter using a Proportional-Integral (PI) control technique is based on synchronous dq rotating reference frame so as to achieve maximum output voltage and record the active power. It has been observed that the model provides a better rate of stability as compared to the existing topology.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Fixed Output DC to DC Converter for Photovoltaic Systemijtsrd
In This Paper, The Variable Input Voltage And Fixed Output Voltage DC To DC Converter For Photovoltaic System PV System Is Designed, Simulated And Constructed. There Are Three Main Portions In The Proposed System. They Are Solar Power Sensing System, The Controlling System And DC To DC Converter. In The Solar Power Sensing System, NPN Transistors 2SC 945 Are Used For Voltage Sensor And Logic Converter. In The Controlling System, PIC 16F876A Is Used To Determine The Solar Power Level And Control The DC To DC Converter. It Also Reads The Input And Output Voltage Values Of The DC To DC Converter Using Its Analog To Digital Converter A D Converter And Shows This Value On The Four Seven Segments Light Emitting Diodes Leds . The Developed Program For PIC 16F876A Is Tested With Proteus Simulation Software. In The DC To DC Converter, TL 494 Switch mode Pulse Width Modulation Control Circuit Is Used To Control The Power MOSFET Which Drives The Ferrite Core Transformer High Frequency Transformer Or Power Transformer . Dr. Thida Aung "Fixed Output DC to DC Converter for Photovoltaic System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27988.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/27988/fixed-output-dc-to-dc-converter-for-photovoltaic-system/dr-thida-aung
A hybrid DC/DC/AC converter connected to the grid without a three-phase transformer is controlled. The decentralized control method is applied to the hybrid DC-DC converter such that the maximum power of PV flows to the grid side. This controller must charge and discharge the battery at the proper time. It must also regulate DC-link voltage. An additional advantage of the proposed control is that the three-phase inverter does not need a separate controller such as PWM and SPWM. A simple technique is used for creating the desired phase shift in the three-phase inverter, which makes the active and reactive power of the inverter controllable. A new configuration is also proposed to transmit and manage the generation power of PV. In this scheme, the battery and fuel cell are employed as an auxiliary source to manage the generation power of PV. Finally, a real-time simulation is performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed controller and system by considering the real characteristics of PV and FC.
Implementation of a grid-tied emergency back-up power supply for medium and l...IJECEIAES
Emergency back-up power supply units are necessary in case of grid power shortage, considerably poor regulation and costly establishment of a power system facility. In this regard, power electronic converters based systems emerge as consistent, properly controlled and inexpensive electrical energy providers. This paper presents an implemented design of a grid-tied emergency back-up power supply for medium and low power applications. There are a rectifier-link boost derived DC-DC battery charging circuit and a 4-switch push-pull power inverter (DC-AC) circuit, which are controlled by pulse width modulation (PWM) signals. A changeover relay based transfer switch controls the power flow towards the utility loads. During off-grid situations, loads are fed power by the proposed system and during on-grid situations, battery is charged by an AC-link rectifier-fed boost converter. Charging phenomenon of the battery is controlled by a relay switched protection circuit. Laboratory experiments are carried out extensively for different loads. Power quality assessments along with back-up durations are recorded and analyzed. In addition, a cost allocation affirms the economic feasibility of the proposed framework in case of reasonable consumer applications. The test-bed results corroborate the reliability of the research work.
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
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Performance Analysis of DC Micro Grid with PV-Fuel Cell Hybrid GenerationIJMREMJournal
Conventional energy resources are being replaced by Renewable energy sources mainly due to increasing
environmental concerns. Photovoltaic (PV) and Fuel cell (FC) are suitable to be used in modern DC microgrids
due to their DC output. In this research work, a DC microgrid structure is proposed for small residential areas
using hybrid PV and FC generation. Power Electronic converters are used to regulate generated voltage of the
two sources for integration to a common DC bus. Proposed system is simulated using MATLAB SIMULINK to
observe its performance. Simulation results show that output voltage is properly maintained at different DC
Photovoltaic Management System in Residential Areas Using Power Line Communic...IJTET Journal
Abstract— Energy consumption in residential areas is rising; residential areas have deployed a photovoltaic (PV) system to save
energy cost and provide continuous power in the area. The PV system needs to be continuously monitored to maintain its performance.
In addition, it is desirable to monitor each PV module because one abnormal PV module affects the whole PV system. Here Power line
communication (PLCC) technology is used to monitor each PV module in order to check the performance of PV system. Power line
communication (PLCC) carries data on a conductor that is also used simultaneously for AC electric power transmission. The
parameters in PV module are monitored by PLC. The system architecture is composed of the following components: PLC modem,
CUK Converter, and inverter connected with AC load. The PLC modems are deployed on each PV module for continuous monitoring.
The CUK converter will provide constant voltage to the battery. The device retrieves the stored data in microcontroller unit and
informs users about the status of the photovoltaic module. The device retrieves the stored data from the converter to inform users of
the status of the PV system. Voltage, Current and Temperature are the parameters which are going to be noted in PV module. The
output of the inverter circuit is given to the AC load by using resistive load. Users can browse and figure out the PV system
performance in detail by using power line communication technology. The system is installed in the field.It is composed of sixteen PV
modules with 960V; since each PV module provides 60V and a 1kW inverter. This scheme will maintain the performance of a PV
system and can be used for industrial applications.
Power electronic interface has reached a new level in the area of hybrid energy integration nowadays. The existence for the concept of hybrid energy integration is truly questionable without a proper power electronic interface. In this paper, a modified dual input DC-DC converter which is capable of incorporating two distinct V-I characteristic sources such as solar-PV, battery, fuel cell, etc., is proposed. The converter has the ability to operate in both unidirectional and bidirectional mode with buck, buck-boost and boost operation. The software simulation of the proposed converter has been conducted in MATLAB/Simulink platform in a detailed manner and an experimental prototype of the propsed converter has been built to validate the simulation results.
Simulation of various DC-DC converters for photovoltaic systemIJECEIAES
This work explains the comparison of various dc-dc converters for photovoltaic systems. In recent day insufficient energy and continues increasing in fuel cost, exploration on renewable energy system becomes more essential. For high and medium power applications, high input source from renewable systems like photovoltaic and wind energy system turn into difficult one, which leads to increase of cost for installation process. So the generated voltage from PV system is boosted with help various boost converter depends on the applications. Here the various converters are like boost converter, buck converter, buck-boost converter, cuk converter, sepic converter and zeta converter are analysed for photovoltaic system, which are verified using matlab / simulink.
Sliding-mode controller for a photovoltaic system based on a ´ Cuk converterIJECEIAES
The wide range of step-up and step-down input-output voltage characteristic of the ´ Cuk converter makes it a good candidate to interface photovoltaic arrays in both clas- sical and distributed maximum power point tracking systems. Because its two inductor structure, ´ Cuk converters have continuous input and output currents, which reduce the additional filtering elements usually required for interfacing dc/dc converter topologies. However, PV systems based on ´ Cuk converters usually do not provide formal proofs of global stability under realistic conditions, which makes impossible to ensure a safe operation of the PV installation. Therefore, this paper proposes a highperformance sliding-mode controller for PV systems based on ´ Cuk converters, which regulates the PV voltage in agreement with the commands imposed by a MPPT algorithm, rejecting both load and environmental perturbations, and ensuring global stability for real operation conditions. Finally, the performance of the regulated PV system is tested using both simulations and experiments.
This work includes the establishment of a Photovoltaic system connected to the grid by means of an inverter. The fundamental goal of the work is to incorporate an advanced active power flow management scheme in order to adopt load at any weather condition along with the advantage of maximum active power flow and zero harmonics from PV inverter to the grid. The outcome of analysis and control design of grid connected PV inverter using a Proportional-Integral (PI) control technique is based on synchronous dq rotating reference frame so as to achieve maximum output voltage and record the active power. It has been observed that the model provides a better rate of stability as compared to the existing topology.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Fixed Output DC to DC Converter for Photovoltaic Systemijtsrd
In This Paper, The Variable Input Voltage And Fixed Output Voltage DC To DC Converter For Photovoltaic System PV System Is Designed, Simulated And Constructed. There Are Three Main Portions In The Proposed System. They Are Solar Power Sensing System, The Controlling System And DC To DC Converter. In The Solar Power Sensing System, NPN Transistors 2SC 945 Are Used For Voltage Sensor And Logic Converter. In The Controlling System, PIC 16F876A Is Used To Determine The Solar Power Level And Control The DC To DC Converter. It Also Reads The Input And Output Voltage Values Of The DC To DC Converter Using Its Analog To Digital Converter A D Converter And Shows This Value On The Four Seven Segments Light Emitting Diodes Leds . The Developed Program For PIC 16F876A Is Tested With Proteus Simulation Software. In The DC To DC Converter, TL 494 Switch mode Pulse Width Modulation Control Circuit Is Used To Control The Power MOSFET Which Drives The Ferrite Core Transformer High Frequency Transformer Or Power Transformer . Dr. Thida Aung "Fixed Output DC to DC Converter for Photovoltaic System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27988.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/27988/fixed-output-dc-to-dc-converter-for-photovoltaic-system/dr-thida-aung
A hybrid DC/DC/AC converter connected to the grid without a three-phase transformer is controlled. The decentralized control method is applied to the hybrid DC-DC converter such that the maximum power of PV flows to the grid side. This controller must charge and discharge the battery at the proper time. It must also regulate DC-link voltage. An additional advantage of the proposed control is that the three-phase inverter does not need a separate controller such as PWM and SPWM. A simple technique is used for creating the desired phase shift in the three-phase inverter, which makes the active and reactive power of the inverter controllable. A new configuration is also proposed to transmit and manage the generation power of PV. In this scheme, the battery and fuel cell are employed as an auxiliary source to manage the generation power of PV. Finally, a real-time simulation is performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed controller and system by considering the real characteristics of PV and FC.
Implementation of a grid-tied emergency back-up power supply for medium and l...IJECEIAES
Emergency back-up power supply units are necessary in case of grid power shortage, considerably poor regulation and costly establishment of a power system facility. In this regard, power electronic converters based systems emerge as consistent, properly controlled and inexpensive electrical energy providers. This paper presents an implemented design of a grid-tied emergency back-up power supply for medium and low power applications. There are a rectifier-link boost derived DC-DC battery charging circuit and a 4-switch push-pull power inverter (DC-AC) circuit, which are controlled by pulse width modulation (PWM) signals. A changeover relay based transfer switch controls the power flow towards the utility loads. During off-grid situations, loads are fed power by the proposed system and during on-grid situations, battery is charged by an AC-link rectifier-fed boost converter. Charging phenomenon of the battery is controlled by a relay switched protection circuit. Laboratory experiments are carried out extensively for different loads. Power quality assessments along with back-up durations are recorded and analyzed. In addition, a cost allocation affirms the economic feasibility of the proposed framework in case of reasonable consumer applications. The test-bed results corroborate the reliability of the research work.
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Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
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identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
Developing a smart system for infant incubators using the internet of things ...IJECEIAES
This research is developing an incubator system that integrates the internet of things and artificial intelligence to improve care for premature babies. The system workflow starts with sensors that collect data from the incubator. Then, the data is sent in real-time to the internet of things (IoT) broker eclipse mosquito using the message queue telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol version 5.0. After that, the data is stored in a database for analysis using the long short-term memory network (LSTM) method and displayed in a web application using an application programming interface (API) service. Furthermore, the experimental results produce as many as 2,880 rows of data stored in the database. The correlation coefficient between the target attribute and other attributes ranges from 0.23 to 0.48. Next, several experiments were conducted to evaluate the model-predicted value on the test data. The best results are obtained using a two-layer LSTM configuration model, each with 60 neurons and a lookback setting 6. This model produces an R 2 value of 0.934, with a root mean square error (RMSE) value of 0.015 and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.008. In addition, the R 2 value was also evaluated for each attribute used as input, with a result of values between 0.590 and 0.845.
A review on internet of things-based stingless bee's honey production with im...IJECEIAES
Honey is produced exclusively by honeybees and stingless bees which both are well adapted to tropical and subtropical regions such as Malaysia. Stingless bees are known for producing small amounts of honey and are known for having a unique flavor profile. Problem identified that many stingless bees collapsed due to weather, temperature and environment. It is critical to understand the relationship between the production of stingless bee honey and environmental conditions to improve honey production. Thus, this paper presents a review on stingless bee's honey production and prediction modeling. About 54 previous research has been analyzed and compared in identifying the research gaps. A framework on modeling the prediction of stingless bee honey is derived. The result presents the comparison and analysis on the internet of things (IoT) monitoring systems, honey production estimation, convolution neural networks (CNNs), and automatic identification methods on bee species. It is identified based on image detection method the top best three efficiency presents CNN is at 98.67%, densely connected convolutional networks with YOLO v3 is 97.7%, and DenseNet201 convolutional networks 99.81%. This study is significant to assist the researcher in developing a model for predicting stingless honey produced by bee's output, which is important for a stable economy and food security.
A trust based secure access control using authentication mechanism for intero...IJECEIAES
The internet of things (IoT) is a revolutionary innovation in many aspects of our society including interactions, financial activity, and global security such as the military and battlefield internet. Due to the limited energy and processing capacity of network devices, security, energy consumption, compatibility, and device heterogeneity are the long-term IoT problems. As a result, energy and security are critical for data transmission across edge and IoT networks. Existing IoT interoperability techniques need more computation time, have unreliable authentication mechanisms that break easily, lose data easily, and have low confidentiality. In this paper, a key agreement protocol-based authentication mechanism for IoT devices is offered as a solution to this issue. This system makes use of information exchange, which must be secured to prevent access by unauthorized users. Using a compact contiki/cooja simulator, the performance and design of the suggested framework are validated. The simulation findings are evaluated based on detection of malicious nodes after 60 minutes of simulation. The suggested trust method, which is based on privacy access control, reduced packet loss ratio to 0.32%, consumed 0.39% power, and had the greatest average residual energy of 0.99 mJoules at 10 nodes.
Fuzzy linear programming with the intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbersIJECEIAES
In real world applications, data are subject to ambiguity due to several factors; fuzzy sets and fuzzy numbers propose a great tool to model such ambiguity. In case of hesitation, the complement of a membership value in fuzzy numbers can be different from the non-membership value, in which case we can model using intuitionistic fuzzy numbers as they provide flexibility by defining both a membership and a non-membership functions. In this article, we consider the intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem with intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbers, which is a generalization of the previous polygonal fuzzy numbers found in the literature. We present a modification of the simplex method that can be used to solve any general intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem after approximating the problem by an intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy number with n edges. This method is given in a simple tableau formulation, and then applied on numerical examples for clarity.
The performance of artificial intelligence in prostate magnetic resonance im...IJECEIAES
Prostate cancer is the predominant form of cancer observed in men worldwide. The application of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a guidance tool for conducting biopsies has been established as a reliable and well-established approach in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. The diagnostic performance of MRI-guided prostate cancer diagnosis exhibits significant heterogeneity due to the intricate and multi-step nature of the diagnostic pathway. The development of artificial intelligence (AI) models, specifically through the utilization of machine learning techniques such as deep learning, is assuming an increasingly significant role in the field of radiology. In the realm of prostate MRI, a considerable body of literature has been dedicated to the development of various AI algorithms. These algorithms have been specifically designed for tasks such as prostate segmentation, lesion identification, and classification. The overarching objective of these endeavors is to enhance diagnostic performance and foster greater agreement among different observers within MRI scans for the prostate. This review article aims to provide a concise overview of the application of AI in the field of radiology, with a specific focus on its utilization in prostate MRI.
Seizure stage detection of epileptic seizure using convolutional neural networksIJECEIAES
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), seventy million individuals worldwide suffer from epilepsy, a neurological disorder. While electroencephalography (EEG) is crucial for diagnosing epilepsy and monitoring the brain activity of epilepsy patients, it requires a specialist to examine all EEG recordings to find epileptic behavior. This procedure needs an experienced doctor, and a precise epilepsy diagnosis is crucial for appropriate treatment. To identify epileptic seizures, this study employed a convolutional neural network (CNN) based on raw scalp EEG signals to discriminate between preictal, ictal, postictal, and interictal segments. The possibility of these characteristics is explored by examining how well timedomain signals work in the detection of epileptic signals using intracranial Freiburg Hospital (FH), scalp Children's Hospital Boston-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (CHB-MIT) databases, and Temple University Hospital (TUH) EEG. To test the viability of this approach, two types of experiments were carried out. Firstly, binary class classification (preictal, ictal, postictal each versus interictal) and four-class classification (interictal versus preictal versus ictal versus postictal). The average accuracy for stage detection using CHB-MIT database was 84.4%, while the Freiburg database's time-domain signals had an accuracy of 79.7% and the highest accuracy of 94.02% for classification in the TUH EEG database when comparing interictal stage to preictal stage.
Analysis of driving style using self-organizing maps to analyze driver behaviorIJECEIAES
Modern life is strongly associated with the use of cars, but the increase in acceleration speeds and their maneuverability leads to a dangerous driving style for some drivers. In these conditions, the development of a method that allows you to track the behavior of the driver is relevant. The article provides an overview of existing methods and models for assessing the functioning of motor vehicles and driver behavior. Based on this, a combined algorithm for recognizing driving style is proposed. To do this, a set of input data was formed, including 20 descriptive features: About the environment, the driver's behavior and the characteristics of the functioning of the car, collected using OBD II. The generated data set is sent to the Kohonen network, where clustering is performed according to driving style and degree of danger. Getting the driving characteristics into a particular cluster allows you to switch to the private indicators of an individual driver and considering individual driving characteristics. The application of the method allows you to identify potentially dangerous driving styles that can prevent accidents.
Hyperspectral object classification using hybrid spectral-spatial fusion and ...IJECEIAES
Because of its spectral-spatial and temporal resolution of greater areas, hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has found widespread application in the field of object classification. The HSI is typically used to accurately determine an object's physical characteristics as well as to locate related objects with appropriate spectral fingerprints. As a result, the HSI has been extensively applied to object identification in several fields, including surveillance, agricultural monitoring, environmental research, and precision agriculture. However, because of their enormous size, objects require a lot of time to classify; for this reason, both spectral and spatial feature fusion have been completed. The existing classification strategy leads to increased misclassification, and the feature fusion method is unable to preserve semantic object inherent features; This study addresses the research difficulties by introducing a hybrid spectral-spatial fusion (HSSF) technique to minimize feature size while maintaining object intrinsic qualities; Lastly, a soft-margins kernel is proposed for multi-layer deep support vector machine (MLDSVM) to reduce misclassification. The standard Indian pines dataset is used for the experiment, and the outcome demonstrates that the HSSF-MLDSVM model performs substantially better in terms of accuracy and Kappa coefficient.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
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Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Source-load-variable voltage regulated cascaded DC/DC converter for a DC microgrid system
1. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol. 13, No. 1, February 2023, pp. 107~115
ISSN: 2088-8708, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v13i1.pp107-115 107
Journal homepage: http://ijece.iaescore.com
Source-load-variable voltage regulated cascaded DC/DC
converter for a DC microgrid system
Radhika Salyam, Vijaya Margaret
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, Christ University, Bengaluru, India
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Apr 12, 2022
Revised Aug 1, 2022
Accepted Aug 19, 2022
Solar energy is available abundantly, the utilization of solar energy is
developing rapidly and the photovoltaic based direct current (DC) microgrid
system design is under demand but the stability of the DC voltage is of most
important issue, as the variation of the output DC voltage is a common
problem when the load or source voltage varies, hence a regulated DC
output voltage converter is proposed. This paper presents source-load-
variable (SLV) voltage regulated cascaded DC/DC converter which is used
to obtain regulated output voltage of 203.1 V DC at 0.4 duty ratio with ±2%
voltage fluctuations for the variation in the input source voltage and ±1.5%
voltage fluctuations for the variation in load resistance of the nominal value
with lower output voltage ripple and without use of sub circuits. A
simulation model of SLV voltage regulated cascaded DC/DC converter in
LTspice XVII software environment for the assessment of converter
performance at different input source voltages and load resistances are
verified.
Keywords:
DC microgrid
DC/DC converter
Photovoltaic system
Voltage lift technique
Voltage regulation
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Radhika Salyam
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology,
Christ University
Bengaluru, India
Email: radhika.s@res.christuniversity.in
NOMENCLATURE
CIBC - Cascaded interleaved boost converter PC - Proposed converter
VIN - DC input source voltage Vin1 - DC input source voltage of 22V
VO1 - DC output voltage of stage1 at C5 Vin2 - DC input source voltage at stage2
VO2 - DC regulated output voltage at C6 VC1 - Voltage across capacitor C1
VC2 - Voltage across capacitor C2 VC3 - Voltage across capacitor C3
VC4 - Voltage across capacitor C4 VC5 - Voltage across capacitor C5
VC6 - Voltage across capacitor C6 VL1 - Voltage across inductor L1
VL2 - Voltage across inductor L2 VL3 - Voltage across inductor L3
VL4 - Voltage across inductor L4 VL5 - Voltage across inductor L5
VL6 - Voltage across inductor L6 VOUT - Regulated output voltage
∗ Off state value of each component D - Duty ratio of switches = 0.4
1. INTRODUCTION
In current years, direct current (DC) microgrids are increasing rapidly in electric power grids and
other isolated systems, storage units, DC loads and renewable energy resources [1]. A DC microgrid is
2. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 13, No. 1, February 2023: 107-115
108
essential for an unconventional control system and in the main grid when error occurs it is best to work in an
islanded method. There are a large number of advantages by using photovoltaic (PV) systems when
compared to other renewable energy resources [2] but as solar energy is intermittent energy, regulated output
is necessary for stable operation of the microgrids. Solar energy production industries have increased to
150 GW from 21 GW between 2010 to 2020 [3], [4]. In the year 2020, in spite of the coronavirus disease
(COVID-19) pandemic, reports in the worldwide renewable energy sources, there was an increase in
investment by 2% [5] and also show that new solar capacity reserves have improved by 12% and reached
USD 148.6 billion. The initial data displays that the new PV capacity has increased by almost 20% which is
nearly 140 GW [6], [7]. In India new installations dropped during this period from stronger marketing in
2019 [8]. There are more possibilities of reduction in the cost which will drive the development of PV
installations in the coming decades. In 2022, higher progress rate is expected according to most of the market
estimates along with new installations and also breaking 1 TW barrier [9].
There is a necessity for incorporating the system into the DC microgrid to enhance the power
management, stability and consistency in the power distribution system. When the alternating current (AC)
system is compared with DC microgrid, it gives the option of improved efficient integration for any
residential renewable energy source and the storage battery systems [10]. DC microgrids are dominant in
consistency, efficiency and control systems but the power quality issues and voltage levels in the DC
microgrid system have to be handled accurately. It is easier for the integration of the DC source renewable
generation with the energy storage system in a DC microgrid system [11]. In DC microgrids unlike in AC
microgrids, the difficulties like synchronization, phase unbalanced and harmonics do not occur. Hence, there
is a large growth in the usage of DC sources in commercial, residential and industrial systems [12]–[15].
A DC microgrid configuration is as shown in Figure 1. It consists of a PV panel, battery storage
system, DC microgrid, DC/DC converters and DC loads. A DC/DC boost converter is used between the PV
panel and the DC bus to step up the voltage to the required level and the battery is connected to the DC bus
through a bidirectional buck-boost DC/DC converter and finally, the loads are connected to a DC bus through
the buck DC/DC converter. The DC microgrid system, due to the nature of the DC/DC converters, PV system
and the load is basically a nonlinear system. The International Space Station is a standard example of a DC
microgrid. When the solar rays in connection with illumination deliver power to the loads and batteries, the
batteries discharge if the solar arrays cannot generate enough power to the loads in order to supply the
remaining power. To regulate voltage, DC/DC converters are being used [16]. In recent years, various
researchers have contributed their works in the DC microgrid system mainly consisting of photovoltaic
systems particularly concentrating on the energy management, stability issues and control system techniques.
In various control strategies, DC bus voltage controlling in a proper manner is an important controlling issue.
In this paper a new modest method named, source-load-variable (SLV) voltage regulated cascaded DC/DC
converter is being proposed to regulate the output voltage with minimum voltage fluctuations.
Figure 1. A DC microgrid system configuration
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This paper is structured as: discussion about conventional circuits and the proposed method in
section 2, section 3 presents details of proposed converter with mathematical model. Then, discussion on the
simulation results of voltage regulated which validates theoretical results is described in section 4 along with
the simulation graphs of converter DC output voltage for variation in input source voltage and load
resistance. Discussion on assessment of operation of the performance of the proposed and cascaded interleaved
boost converter along with PV converter in section 5 and finally, overall work conclusion in section 6.
2. PROPOSED METHOD
In a conventional proportional integral controller (PI), the performance is affected by the load
variations when connected to DC microgrids, hence a feed forward control method has been studied by
considering the mismatched power/current disturbances to obtain an enhanced dynamic performance of the
dc link voltage to handle this difficulty. The main aim was to regulate the dc link voltage to a constant value
[17]–[19]. To have more reliable and comprehensive operation of the system, various refined control
schemes and energy management systems are being proposed and to maintain constant voltage at DC bus
which was based on comprehensive control system and the power management system, a nonlinear adaptive
backstepping controller design was being used which was a method for stabilizing DC bus voltage and it also
implemented flexibly in the power flow of the system [20]. In order to obtain the steady operation of a DC
microgrid, voltage regulators and load sharing controllers are the main requirements. To improve the stability
and for proper control of the load sharing, a primary controller with droop control method was being used in
the DC microgrid system but there was poor voltage regulation and load sharing in the system [21]–[23]. The
review of different methods proposed in the recent literature confirmed that to develop voltage regulated
DC/DC converters there are a number of techniques that are being proposed with various additional sub
circuit requirements like proportional integral derivative controllers (PID), droop control methods, and
feedback passivation method with high system complexity and poor voltage regulation.
The proposed, SLV voltage regulated cascaded DC/DC converter using voltage lift method with the
gate control circuit aims to attain regulated output voltage at lower duty ratio with minimum voltage
fluctuations with lower switching losses and without use of sub circuits. This system is suitable for
applications like battery charging and interconnecting to DC microgrids. The highlights of this converter are:
i) the application of voltage lift technique, ii) the operation of the converter at a lower duty cycle for
minimization of switching losses, and iii) regulated output voltage with minimum voltage fluctuations.
3. METHOD
This paper is an extension work of [24], which gives the operation of the circuit comprising of
inductors of 70 µH and capacitors of 100 µF which is the modified double voltage lift converter designed
with the arrangement of voltage lift technique and the boost circuit that results in obtaining enhanced output
voltage from the fixed input source voltage of 15 V DC at lower duty ratio varying from 0.4 to 0.6 which was
the preferred duty ratio of the converter. The inductors are represented with a dot notation pattern to
comprehend the flow of current in the circuit. The SLV voltage regulated cascaded DC/DC converter circuit
is as shown in Figure 2. The circuit operates based on the switches being in the “ON” and “OFF” states. The
inductors act as charging in parallel in the “ON” state and inductors discharge in series in the “OFF” state,
hence the output voltage can be enhanced as the inductor voltage gets added up. When the input source
voltage is varied between 14 to 30 V DC, the regulated output voltage is obtained which is constant at
203.1 V DC with ±2% voltage fluctuations and also when the load resistance is varied between 40 to 1 KΩ,
the output voltage is regulated at 203.1 V DC with ±1.5% voltage fluctuations at a switching frequency of
50 KHz with the gate control circuit comprising of the PWM signals in order to drive the switches to “ON”
state and “OFF” state at a lower duty ratio of 0.4. The control technique is based on the gate control circuit
consisting of the driver circuit and the PWM circuit which regulates the voltage in the converter to the
nominal value with minimum voltage fluctuations for the variations in the input source voltage and load. The
load resistance is varied to justify that constant power load can be attained as the output voltage is regulated
with slight variation in the output current of the converter.
3.1. Operation of switch T1
The SLV voltage regulated cascaded DC/DC converter is cascaded with two stages, the operation of
the converter is according to the “ON” and “OFF” states of the switches T1 and T2. When the switch T1 is
“ON”, the inductors are in a charging state which is indicated by the (1) to (3). As the inductor voltage is
equal to the product of D/(1–D) and “ON” state value [25], the capacitor and inductor voltages are as in (4) to
(6). When the switch T1 is “OFF”, the inductors are in discharging state and hence voltage enhances as in (7).
Finally, the output of stage 1 of the converter is as in (9).
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Figure 2. SLV voltage regulated cascaded DC/DC converter [24]
a. During the “ON” state of switch T1
−𝑉𝐿1 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛1 (1)
−𝑉𝐿2 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛1 + 𝑉𝐶1 (2)
−𝑉𝐿3 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛1 + 𝑉𝐶1 + 𝑉𝐶2 (3)
𝑉𝐶1 = 𝑉𝐶1
∗
= 𝑉𝐿1
∗
=
−𝐷
(1−𝐷)
𝑉𝐿1 (4)
𝑉𝐶2 = 𝑉𝐶2
∗
= 𝑉𝐿2
∗
=
−𝐷
(1−𝐷)
𝑉𝐿2 (5)
𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦, 𝑉𝐿3
∗
=
−𝐷
(1−𝐷)
𝑉𝐿3 (6)
b. During the “OFF” state of switch T1
𝑉𝑂1 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛1 + 𝑉𝐿1
∗
+ 𝑉𝐿2
∗
+ 𝑉𝐿3
∗
(7)
𝑉𝑂1 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛1 +
−𝐷
(1−𝐷)
𝑉𝐿1 +
−𝐷
(1−𝐷)
𝑉𝐿2 +
−𝐷
(1−𝐷)
𝑉𝐿3 (8)
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑉𝑂1 =
𝑉𝑖𝑛1
(1−𝐷)3 (9)
3.2. Operation of switch T2
When the switch T2 is “ON”, the output of stage 1 is the input to stage 2 of the converter as given in
(10) and as the inductor voltage is equal to the product of D/(1–D) and “ON” state value, the capacitor and
inductor voltages are as in (11) to (16). When the switch T2 is “OFF”, the inductors are in discharging state
and hence voltage gets added up and the converter output voltage is given by the (17).
a. During the “ON” state of switch T2
𝑉𝑂1 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛2 =
𝑉𝑖𝑛1
(1−𝐷)3 (10)
−𝑉𝐿4 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛2 (11)
−𝑉𝐿5 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛2 + 𝑉𝐶3 (12)
−𝑉𝐿6 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛2 + 𝑉𝐶3 + 𝑉𝐶4 (13)
𝑉𝐶3 = 𝑉𝐶3
∗
= 𝑉𝐿4
∗
=
−𝐷
(1−𝐷)
𝑉𝐿4 (14)
𝑉𝐶4 = 𝑉𝐶4
∗
= 𝑉𝐿5
∗
=
−𝐷
(1−𝐷)
𝑉𝐿5 (15)
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Source-load-variable voltage regulated cascaded DC/DC converter for a DC … (Radhika Salyam)
111
𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦, 𝑉𝐿6
∗
=
−𝐷
(1−𝐷)
𝑉𝐿6 (16)
b. During the “OFF” state of switch T2
𝑉𝑂2 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛2 + 𝑉𝐿4
∗
+ 𝑉𝐿5
∗
+ 𝑉𝐿6
∗
(17)
VO2 = Vin2 +
−D
(1−D)
VL4 +
−D
(1−D)
VL5 +
−D
(1−D)
VL6 (18)
VO2 = 2 Vin2 =
2 Vin1
(1−D)3 (19)
=
2 Vin1
(1−D)3 (20)
Therefore,
VOUT = 2
Vin1
(1−D)3 (20)
Theoretically, regulated output voltage, VOUT = 203.7 V for 22 V input source voltage at 0.4 duty ratio is as in
(20), which is the nominal voltage and is approximately equal to the simulated value of 203.1 V for an input
source voltage of 22 V at 0.4 duty ratio.
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The simulation model of SLV voltage regulated cascaded DC/DC converter is as shown in Figure 3
which has been carried out using LT spice XVII software to obtain regulated DC output voltage for the
variation in the input source voltage from 14 to 30 V DC and load resistance from 40 to 1 KΩ at 0.4 duty
ratio. The simulation results of the converter show that, when the resistance of the load is varied from
40 to 1 KΩ at the output terminals, output voltage with ±1.5% voltage fluctuations of the nominal value is
obtained and when the input source voltage is varied from 14 to 30 V DC, output voltage with ±2% voltage
fluctuations of nominal value is attained.
Figure 3. Simulation setup of SLV voltage regulated cascaded DC/DC converter model
4.1. Discussion on the converter regulated output voltage with the variation in the input source
voltage and load resistance
The converter ability to respond to input source voltage and load variations is as shown in Figure 4.
When the input source voltage is varied from 14 to 30 V at 0.4 duty ratio at constant load resistance of 40 Ω,
the converter gives output voltage of 201.1 to 205.4 V indicating ±2% voltage fluctuations. Similarly,
simulation is carried out for various load resistances of 50 Ω, 100 Ω, 500 Ω and 1 KΩ at constant but with
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the variation in the input source voltage. When the load resistance is varied from 40 Ω, 50 Ω, 100 Ω, 500 Ω
and 1 KΩ at 0.4 duty ratio with constant input source voltage of 22 V, the converter gives output voltage of
203.1 V, 203.3, 203.6, 203.8 and 203.8 V respectively indicating ±1.5% voltage fluctuations. Similarly,
simulation is carried out for various input source voltages from 14 to 30 V DC at constant but with variation
in the load resistance.
Figure 4. Converter output voltage for variation in input source voltages and load resistances
4.2. Simulation graphs for variation in the input source voltage
The converter output voltage at various input source voltages for 14, 22 and 30 V are as shown in
Figures 5(a) to 5(c) at 0.4 duty ratio and load resistance of 40 Ω at constant. The Figure 5(d) gives the
variation of input source voltage from 14 to 30 V DC with output voltage of 201.1 to 205.4 V DC having
±2% voltage fluctuations for load resistance of 40 Ω at 0.4 duty ratio. As the input voltage increases, the
settling time of the output voltage decreases while the ripple in the output voltage increases.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Figure 5. Simulation graphs of converter DC output voltage for variation in input source voltages
(a) VIN=14 V and RL=40 Ω, (b) VIN=22 V and RL=40 Ω, (c) VIN=30 V and RL=40 Ω, and
(d) variable input source voltage and RL=40 Ω
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4.3. Simulation graphs for variation in the load resistance
The converter output voltage at various load resistances for 50 Ω, 500 Ω and 1 KΩ are as shown in
Figure 6(a) to 6(c) at 0.4 duty ratio and 22 V DC input source voltage at constant. The Figure 6(d) gives the
variation of load resistance from 40 Ω to 1 KΩ with output voltage of 203.1 to 203.8 V DC having ±1.5%
voltage fluctuations for input source voltage of 22 V DC at 0.4 duty ratio. The settling time of the output
voltage remains constant with the increase in the load resistance.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Figure 6. Simulation graphs of converter DC output voltage for variation in load resistances; (a) RL = 50 Ω
and VIN=22 V, (b) RL=500 Ω and VIN=22 V, (c) RL=1 KΩ and VIN=22 V, and
(d) variable load resistance and VIN=22 V
5. RELATIVE ASSESSMENT OF SLV VOLTAGE REGULATED CASCADED DC/DC
CONVERTER
The performance of the SLV voltage regulated cascaded DC/DC converter is compared to analyze
the percentage voltage fluctuations with other converters like PV converter in a standalone DC microgrid and
cascaded interleaved boost converter. It is observed that, SLV voltage regulated cascaded DC/DC converter
gives better results of regulated DC output voltage with minimal voltage fluctuations with variation in input
source voltage and load resistance on relative assessment with other converters.
5.1. PV converter in a standalone DC microgrid
The photovoltaic system was operated when the DC bus voltage was at ±5% of the nominal value
(600V). Under this condition, the PV converter regulated the bus voltage. When the battery energy storage
system was in the idle state, load demand was fulfilled by the photovoltaic system when the bus voltage was
-5% Vdc to +5% Vdc and it gives the details of the voltage regulation in standalone DC microgrids using
droop control method. In two scenarios, simulation using PSCAD software of the system was carried out
[26]. In relative assessment with these details, the PV converter gives regulated DC bus voltage with ±5%
voltage fluctuations of its nominal value whereas the SLV voltage regulated cascaded DC/DC converter
gives higher performance of regulated DC output voltage with ±2% voltage fluctuations for the variation in
the input source voltage from 14 to 30 V DC and ±1.5% voltage fluctuations for variation in load resistance
from 40 Ω to 1 KΩ indicating less voltage fluctuations.
5.2. Cascaded interleaved boost converter
The circuit for cascaded interleaved boost converter is as shown in Figure 7. The simulation of
cascaded interleaved boost converter has been carried out using LTspice XVII at 50 KHz switching
frequency. When the input source voltage is varied from 14 to 30 V DC, cascaded interleaved boost
converter using four switches gives regulated output voltage of 94.7 V with ±34% voltage fluctuations at 0.4
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duty ratio but at higher duty ratio of 0.65 it gives 204.5 V with ±4% voltage fluctuations with higher output
voltage ripple in the waveform. When the load is varied from 40 Ω and 1 KΩ, cascaded interleaved boost
converter gives unstable output at 0.4 duty ratio and at higher duty ratio of 0.65 it gives regulated output
voltage with ±5.5% voltage fluctuations. In comparison, SLV voltage regulated cascaded DC/DC converter
using two switches gives better results of regulated DC output voltage with variation in the input source
voltage from 14 to 30 V DC with ±2% voltage fluctuations and for load resistance from 40 Ω to 1 KΩ with
±1.5% voltage fluctuations with lower ripple in the output voltage at lower duty ratio of 0.4 and lesser
voltage fluctuations. The comparative results of the converters are as shown in Table 1.
Figure 7. Cascaded interleaved boost converter
Table 1. Comparative assessment of output voltage of SLV voltage regulated cascaded DC/DC converter and
cascaded interleaved boost converter
Converter CIBC CIBC CIBC CIBC PC PC
Duty Ratio 0.4 0.4 0.65 0.65 0.4 0.4
VIN 40 Ω 1 KΩ 40 Ω 1 KΩ 40 Ω 1 KΩ
14 V 61.7 V Unstable 200.6 V 203.3 V 201.1 V 202.0 V
22 V 94.7 V Unstable 204.5 V 205.2 V 203.1 V 203.8 V
30 V 129.5 V 200.8 V 208.0 V 210.2 V 205.4 V 206.2 V
6. CONCLUSION
In this article, the SLV voltage regulated cascaded DC/DC converter is used to obtain regulated DC
output voltage with minimal voltage fluctuations. The performance of the converter is evaluated by varying
the input source voltage and load resistance. The inference of the simulation results is that i) the output
voltage is regulated at 203.1 V DC with ±2% voltage fluctuations for the variation of input source voltage
between 14 to 30 V DC; ii) when load resistance is varied between 40 Ω and 1 KΩ, the output voltage
remains constant with ±1.5% voltage fluctuations; iii) this is achieved at 0.4 duty ratio with the PWM gate
control circuit. Compared to other topologies, SLV voltage regulated cascaded DC/DC converter gives better
results of regulated DC output voltage with minimum voltage fluctuations, without use of sub circuits and at
lower duty ratio for reliable and secure operation of a DC microgrid system. In the future work, the
implementation of the suggested voltage regulation process is going to be implemented and the likely
complications caused from the practical application will be handled and conferred.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Radhika Salyam received a B.E. degree from Sir. M.V.I.T., Bangalore and M.E.
from U.V.C.E., Bangalore in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Bangalore
University and pursuing PhD at Christ University, Bangalore. She is presently working as
Assistant Professor at B.I.T., Bangalore with 12+ years of work experience in the Department
of Electrical and Electronics Engineering. Areas of interest are power electronics, renewable
energy sources, power generation, VLSI design circuits, field theory and high voltage
engineering. She is a student member of IEEE and Life member of ISTE and MIE. She can be
contacted at email id: radhika.s@res.christuniversity.in.
Vijaya Margaret holds PhD from Christ University, Bangalore and secured 3rd
Rank in M Tech., VTU. She is presently working as Assistant Professor at Christ University,
Bangalore with 13+ work experience in Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering. Areas of interest are in establishing “Solar PV Rooftop Systems'' and previously
in “Computer Application in Industrial Drives''. She is life member of NGO SHUDDI, IEEE
Professional Membership, IEEE Power and Energy Society, IEEE Women in Engineering
Membership and Reviewer for IEEE Bangalore Section. She can be contacted at email id:
vijaya.margaret@christuniversity.in.