This document discusses key aspects of electrical power transmission systems, including:
- The main components of power transmission systems including generating stations, transmission lines, and distribution systems.
- The two main types of transmission lines: overhead lines and underground cables.
- Factors considered in the economic choice of transmission voltage such as transmission losses, fixed costs, and optimum voltage level.
- Common conductor materials used in transmission lines such as copper, aluminum, and steel-reinforced aluminum conductors.
Analysis and optimization of wireless power transfer linkAjay Kumar Sah
In this paper, a high efficiency Gallium nitride (GaN), HEMT (High Electron Mobility Transistor) class-E power amplifier for the wireless power transfer link is designed and simulated on PSpice. A four-coil wireless power transfer link is modeled for maximum power transfer efficiency on ADS (Advanced Design System) and frequency splitting phenomenon is demonstrated, explained and analyzed. Two resonant coupling structures, series & mixed, are presented and compared. The efficiency performance of the link is studied using spiral and helical antennas of different wire make. In addition, techniques for improving efficiency of the wireless power transfer systems with changing coupling coefficient viz. frequency splitting phenomenon of the coils are proposed.
The purpose of this paper is to study and design of 230 kV twin bundle double circuit overhead transmission line. In design consideration, the selection of economic voltage, choice of conductor size, number of insulators, maximum sag of conductor and minimum height of conductor are considered. The electrical transfer of energy from one place to another over long distance with standard regulations is one of the major problems in the field of electrical power engineering. The parameters of overhead transmission line are resistance, inductance and capacitance. The bundle conductors are used for reducing the reactance on the line, corona losses, radio interference and surge impedance. Daw Hnin Yu Lwin | U Hla Myo Htay "Design of 230 kV Twin Bundle Double Circuit Overhead Transmission Line" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27830.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/27830/design-of-230-kv-twin-bundle-double-circuit-overhead-transmission-line/daw-hnin-yu-lwin
Analysis and optimization of wireless power transfer linkAjay Kumar Sah
In this paper, a high efficiency Gallium nitride (GaN), HEMT (High Electron Mobility Transistor) class-E power amplifier for the wireless power transfer link is designed and simulated on PSpice. A four-coil wireless power transfer link is modeled for maximum power transfer efficiency on ADS (Advanced Design System) and frequency splitting phenomenon is demonstrated, explained and analyzed. Two resonant coupling structures, series & mixed, are presented and compared. The efficiency performance of the link is studied using spiral and helical antennas of different wire make. In addition, techniques for improving efficiency of the wireless power transfer systems with changing coupling coefficient viz. frequency splitting phenomenon of the coils are proposed.
The purpose of this paper is to study and design of 230 kV twin bundle double circuit overhead transmission line. In design consideration, the selection of economic voltage, choice of conductor size, number of insulators, maximum sag of conductor and minimum height of conductor are considered. The electrical transfer of energy from one place to another over long distance with standard regulations is one of the major problems in the field of electrical power engineering. The parameters of overhead transmission line are resistance, inductance and capacitance. The bundle conductors are used for reducing the reactance on the line, corona losses, radio interference and surge impedance. Daw Hnin Yu Lwin | U Hla Myo Htay "Design of 230 kV Twin Bundle Double Circuit Overhead Transmission Line" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27830.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/27830/design-of-230-kv-twin-bundle-double-circuit-overhead-transmission-line/daw-hnin-yu-lwin
Fea of pcb multilayer stack up high voltage planar transformer for aerospace...elelijjournal
High voltage planar transformer is a technology which can replace conventional transformer with its distinct advantages of saturation and cost efficiency. This paper includes, study and solution methods for PCB winding configuration in planar magnetic elements with multilayer
stack up of PCB Cu-tracks, producing High voltage power supply for aerospace application.With finite element analysis (FEA) simulations, different simulation outcomes are discussed for inspecting flux intensity and current density distribution with computing Electric field strength
and Magnetic fields. In principal conclusion of study, complete analysis and some practical design guidelines for
multilayer PCB stack up are discussed in this paper.
Iron losses in ferromagnetic enclosures of gas-insulated transmission lines u...Power System Operation
The enclosure of AC gas-insulated transmission lines
(AC-GIL) is ordinarily made of aluminium. In HVDC
systems, it can be economically and technically
reasonable to manufacture the enclosure of GIL from
steel. To check the feasibility to operate such DC-GIL
even under AC the relevant losses in the steel enclosure
must be known.
The present paper compares three different methods to
determine the specific iron losses of steel when exposed
to magnetic fields with power frequencies. The iron
losses as a function of the magnetic field strength are
measured with a pipe sample in a coaxial conductor
arrangement, a pipe sample in a toroidal core test and
with relevant strips in an Epstein frame. The results
from the three test methods are found to be in close
agreement. By calculating the iron losses in a GIL with
steel enclosure the reduction of the transmission capacity
is estimated when changing from DC to AC operation.
This paper presents a highly efficient power transfer system based on a co-design of a class-E power amplifier (PA) and a pair of inductively coupled Helical coils for through-metal-wall power transfer. Power is transferred wirelessly through a 3.1-mm thick aluminum barrier without any physical penetration and contact. Measurement results show that the class-E PA achieves a peak power gain of 25.2 dB and a maximum collector efficiency of 57.3%, all at 200 Hz. The proposed system obtains a maximum power transfer efficiency of 9% and it can deliver 5 W power to the receiver side through the aluminum barrier.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Fea of pcb multilayer stack up high voltage planar transformer for aerospace...elelijjournal
High voltage planar transformer is a technology which can replace conventional transformer with its distinct advantages of saturation and cost efficiency. This paper includes, study and solution methods for PCB winding configuration in planar magnetic elements with multilayer
stack up of PCB Cu-tracks, producing High voltage power supply for aerospace application.With finite element analysis (FEA) simulations, different simulation outcomes are discussed for inspecting flux intensity and current density distribution with computing Electric field strength
and Magnetic fields. In principal conclusion of study, complete analysis and some practical design guidelines for
multilayer PCB stack up are discussed in this paper.
Iron losses in ferromagnetic enclosures of gas-insulated transmission lines u...Power System Operation
The enclosure of AC gas-insulated transmission lines
(AC-GIL) is ordinarily made of aluminium. In HVDC
systems, it can be economically and technically
reasonable to manufacture the enclosure of GIL from
steel. To check the feasibility to operate such DC-GIL
even under AC the relevant losses in the steel enclosure
must be known.
The present paper compares three different methods to
determine the specific iron losses of steel when exposed
to magnetic fields with power frequencies. The iron
losses as a function of the magnetic field strength are
measured with a pipe sample in a coaxial conductor
arrangement, a pipe sample in a toroidal core test and
with relevant strips in an Epstein frame. The results
from the three test methods are found to be in close
agreement. By calculating the iron losses in a GIL with
steel enclosure the reduction of the transmission capacity
is estimated when changing from DC to AC operation.
This paper presents a highly efficient power transfer system based on a co-design of a class-E power amplifier (PA) and a pair of inductively coupled Helical coils for through-metal-wall power transfer. Power is transferred wirelessly through a 3.1-mm thick aluminum barrier without any physical penetration and contact. Measurement results show that the class-E PA achieves a peak power gain of 25.2 dB and a maximum collector efficiency of 57.3%, all at 200 Hz. The proposed system obtains a maximum power transfer efficiency of 9% and it can deliver 5 W power to the receiver side through the aluminum barrier.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
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1. 1
Subject: Electrical PowerI Assist lect. MURTADHA J.HASAN 1st
Semester/3rd
year
Subject: Electrical PowerI Assist lect. MURTADHA J.HASAN 1st
Semester/3rd
Power Transmission
Construction of electrical power systems
Economic choice of transmission voltage
Conductor material
Electrical Design of Overhead Lines
Parameters of overhead transmission lines
Resistance
Inductance
Capacitance
s
Reference
1. POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS BY HADI SADATT.
2. POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN BY GLOVER.
3. POWE SYSTEM ANALYSIS BY GRAINGER.
4. ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS BY A.E. GUILE, W. PATERSON.
5. ELEMENTS OF POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS BYWILLIAM STEVENSON.
6. ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS BY WEEDY, B.M.
7. PRINCIPLES OF POWER SYSTEMS MEHTA.
2. 2
Subject: Electrical PowerI Assist lect. MURTADHA J.HASAN 1st
Semester/3rd
year
Subject: Electrical PowerI Assist lect. MURTADHA J.HASAN 1st
Semester/3rd
Construction of electrical power systems
The Construction of electric power systems consists of the following main
parts:
1- Generating stations (power station) : Bulk electric power is
produced by special plants known as generating stations or
power plants . This part divided in two section :
Mechanical section – It is sources of mechanical energy as
( Boiler, Turbine….) .
Electrical section – as (Alternators, transformers, protection
apparatus, controls system, and measuring instruments) .
2- Transmission lines: are the connecting links between the power
stations and the distribution system and lead to other power systems
over interconnections .There are two types:
Overhead transmission line.
Underground cables.
3- Distribution systems: It connects all the individual loads to the
transmission line.
3. 3
Subject: Electrical PowerI Assist lect. MURTADHA J.HASAN 1st
Semester/3rd
year
Subject: Electrical PowerI Assist lect. MURTADHA J.HASAN 1st
Semester/3rd
Power Transmission
There are two types of transmission system:
a- Overhead transmission line .
b- Underground cables.
Overhead transmission line
The overhead transmission line consists of conductors, insulators, support structures, and in most
cases, shield wire (ground wire).
Economic choice of transmission voltage
P1 phase VI cos ……………( 1 )
IF cos constant
The transmission losses may be computed from the approximate formulas :
Where :
Rl - resistance of line
Xl : reactance of line
Ptr and Qtr :are active and reactive transmission power ( power of load )
The formulas informs that the cost for lost energy decreases with increased voltage level .
However , the fixed costs of (towers , insulators transformers and switchgears ) increase
with voltage .
There is optimum transmission voltage , beyond which there is nothing to be gained in the
matter of economy. for every transmission line.
Cross-sectional
area
4. 4
Subject: Electrical PowerI Assist lect. MURTADHA J.HASAN 1st
Semester/3rd
year
Subject: Electrical PowerI Assist lect. MURTADHA J.HASAN 1st
Semester/3rd
The fig. blow shown that the total transmission costs will therefore be minimized at a
certain voltage level. It is called economical transmission voltage
The empirical formula to find the economical transmission voltage between lines in a 3-phase ac
system is :
Where
V :line voltage in KV .
P : maximum KW per phase to be delivered to single circuit .
l : length of transmission line .
The economical transmission voltage depends on length (or distance) of transmission line
and power to be transmitted.
With increase in distance of transmission line, the cost of equipments and apparatus
increases which results in higher transmission voltage.
If the power to be transmitted is large then large units of generating and transforming are
required which reduces the cost per KW of terminal equipments.
Standard voltage levels
Low voltage transmission (KV) : 11 , 22 , 33 , 66
High voltage transmission (KV) :110 , 132 , 220 , 275 , 330
Extra high voltage transmission (KV) : 380 , 400 , 500 ,750 , 1000
1100-1500 under research
5. 5
Subject: Electrical PowerI Assist lect. MURTADHA J.HASAN 1st
Semester/3rd
year
Subject: Electrical PowerI Assist lect. MURTADHA J.HASAN 1st
Semester/3rd
Conductor material
Characteristics of material ;
1- High electrical conductivity .
2- High tensile strength .
3- Low cost .
Better materials :
1- Copper (Cu): Conductivity and tensile strength of copper are high , but cost of material
also high.
2- Aluminum (AL) :
a- conductivity of AL is 60% of that of Cu .
b- Coefficient of expansion is high.
c- Weak (low) tensile strength.
d- Lower cost and lighter weight of an AL conductor compared with a Cu .
e- For the same resistance , AL conductor has a large diameter than an Cu conductor , i.e
low effect of corona .
Therefore aluminum has replaced copper as the most common conductor metal for overhead
transmission .
Symbols identifying different types of AL conductors are as follows :
AAC : all- aluminum conductor .
AAAC : all- aluminum -alloy conductor .
ACAR : aluminum conductor alloy –reinforced .
ACSR : aluminum conductor , steel – reinforced .
The most common conductor types is ACSR , which consists of layers aluminum strands
surrounding a central core of steel strands as shown in fig. below .Cross section of a steel
reinforced conductor, 7 steel strands, and 24 aluminum strands.
ACSR consists of a central core of steel strands surrounded by layers of aluminum strands. ACA R
has a central core of higher- strength aluminum surrounded by layers of electrical- conductor grade
aluminum.
6. 6
Subject: Electrical PowerI Assist lect. MURTADHA J.HASAN 1st
Semester/3rd
year
Subject: Electrical PowerI Assist lect. MURTADHA J.HASAN 1st
Semester/3rd
Examples:
Conductor has Al. /St. of 18/1 indicating it has 18 strands of aluminum around 1 strand of
steel.
Conductor has Al. /St. of 26/7 indicating it has 26 strands of aluminum around 7 strands of
steel.
Number of aluminum layers:
The strands are configured in a number of concentric layers equal to this number.
Example:
The conductor has Al./St. of 24/7. Its core will have 7 strands of steel (6 configured around 1) and
24 strands of aluminum (9 configured around the steel core, 15 configured around the 9).
A general formula for the total number of strands in concentrically stranded cables is
Total No. of strands ( Ns ) = 1 3 n ( n 1) ……..( 4 )
Or Total No. of strands ( Ns ) = 3n2
+3n+1
Where: n is the number of layers, including the single center strand. The above assumes equal
diameters for all strands.
For example, for conductor , with n=3 (2 aluminum layers), we have 27-9+1=19, indication that
the stranding is 18/1.
Stranded conductors usually have central wire (core) around which are successive layers of (6, 12,
18, 24) wires as shown in fig. below.
The equivalent diameter of stranded conductor is given by :
D (1 2 n ) d ……………..( 5 )
Where d - is the diameter of the strand.
7. 7
Subject: Electrical PowerI Assist lect. MURTADHA J.HASAN 1st
Semester/3rd
year
Subject: Electrical PowerI Assist lect. MURTADHA J.HASAN 1st
Semester/3rd
Example
Stranded conductor 19/2.9 mm. calculate the equivalent diameter of conductor.
Solution:
The diameter of one strand (d) = 2.9 mm No. of stranded in conductor (Ns) = 19 Therefore for No.
of layer = 2 , distributed as follow : = [ 1 + 6 + 12 ]
core 1st
layer 2nd layer
or can be calculated by eq. (4) as follow :