The document discusses the safety of powdered infant formula and the risks posed by Enterobacter sakazakii, a bacteria that has been found in powdered infant formula and linked to meningitis and other diseases in infants. While powdered infant formula is not widely used in India, around 10% of breastfed infants under 6 months receive it. There is a need for more information on the potential public health impact of E. sakazakii in developing countries where infant formula is commonly used.
IJVR is a peer-reviewed, open access journal that publishes original research articles as well as review articles on basic, clinical and medical aspects of vaccines. IJVR includes wide range of topics from experimental vaccines for immunotherapeutic purposes and for applications outside of infectious diseases, in diverse fields such as cancer, autoimmunity and allergy.
IJVR is highlighting the importance of discoveries in vaccine research and immunization, such as the development and evaluation of vaccines, human and animal immune responses to vaccines, vaccine vectors, adjuvant, quantitative assays of vaccine efficacy, and clinical trials.
For more details: http://scidoc.org/vaccines-and-research.php
WHAT IS VACCINE
PROPERTIES OF IDEAL VACCINE
TYPES OF VACCINEs
TRADIONTIONAL VS EDIBLE VACCINES
EDIBLE VACCINES :- INTRO AND DEFINITION
STANDARDS FOR EDIBLE VACCINE
HISTORY OF EDIBLE VACCINE
WHY TO CHOOSE EDIBLE VACCINE?
CRITERIA FOR HOST PLANT
DEVELOPING AN EDIBLE VACCINE
METHOD OF VACCINE PRODUCTION
HOW TO MAKE EDIBLE VACCINE
HOW EDIBLE VACCINE WORK (MECHANISM)
FACTOR AFFECTING EDIBLE VACCINE
PROS OF EDIBLE VACCINE
CONS OF EDIBLE VACCINE
PLANTS USED FOR EDIBLE VACCINE PRODUCTION
PROS AND CONS OF SELECTED HOST PLANT
APPLICATION
FUTURE PROSPECTS
Nosocomial Infections in Pediatric Intensive Care Unitijtsrd
Hospital acquired infection is one of the ignored causes that burden the developing country like India economically. The present prospective study was carried out in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) of a tertiary care teaching hospital in Mumbai. As intensive care units pose patients to higher risk of infection, they need more attention in view of reducing hospital acquired infections. This study was undertaken to determine the incidence rate, risk factors and organisms responsible for nosocomial infections along with antimicrobial sensitivity patterns of the pathogens. Among all the positive isolates two isolates were found to be multi drug resistant. The infection pattern was analyzed based on the different criteria viz. age of the patient, stay in ICU in terms of number of days and gender of the patient, to understand their roles in incidence of infection. The study intends to throw light upon the increasing incidences of nosocomial infections in hospitals and increase awareness among society to follow simple precautionary measures to avoid the loss. Sayali Daptardar"Nosocomial Infections in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd14153.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/14153/nosocomial-infections-in-pediatric-intensive-care-unit/sayali-daptardar
IJVR is a peer-reviewed, open access journal that publishes original research articles as well as review articles on basic, clinical and medical aspects of vaccines. IJVR includes wide range of topics from experimental vaccines for immunotherapeutic purposes and for applications outside of infectious diseases, in diverse fields such as cancer, autoimmunity and allergy.
IJVR is highlighting the importance of discoveries in vaccine research and immunization, such as the development and evaluation of vaccines, human and animal immune responses to vaccines, vaccine vectors, adjuvant, quantitative assays of vaccine efficacy, and clinical trials.
For more details: http://scidoc.org/vaccines-and-research.php
WHAT IS VACCINE
PROPERTIES OF IDEAL VACCINE
TYPES OF VACCINEs
TRADIONTIONAL VS EDIBLE VACCINES
EDIBLE VACCINES :- INTRO AND DEFINITION
STANDARDS FOR EDIBLE VACCINE
HISTORY OF EDIBLE VACCINE
WHY TO CHOOSE EDIBLE VACCINE?
CRITERIA FOR HOST PLANT
DEVELOPING AN EDIBLE VACCINE
METHOD OF VACCINE PRODUCTION
HOW TO MAKE EDIBLE VACCINE
HOW EDIBLE VACCINE WORK (MECHANISM)
FACTOR AFFECTING EDIBLE VACCINE
PROS OF EDIBLE VACCINE
CONS OF EDIBLE VACCINE
PLANTS USED FOR EDIBLE VACCINE PRODUCTION
PROS AND CONS OF SELECTED HOST PLANT
APPLICATION
FUTURE PROSPECTS
Nosocomial Infections in Pediatric Intensive Care Unitijtsrd
Hospital acquired infection is one of the ignored causes that burden the developing country like India economically. The present prospective study was carried out in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) of a tertiary care teaching hospital in Mumbai. As intensive care units pose patients to higher risk of infection, they need more attention in view of reducing hospital acquired infections. This study was undertaken to determine the incidence rate, risk factors and organisms responsible for nosocomial infections along with antimicrobial sensitivity patterns of the pathogens. Among all the positive isolates two isolates were found to be multi drug resistant. The infection pattern was analyzed based on the different criteria viz. age of the patient, stay in ICU in terms of number of days and gender of the patient, to understand their roles in incidence of infection. The study intends to throw light upon the increasing incidences of nosocomial infections in hospitals and increase awareness among society to follow simple precautionary measures to avoid the loss. Sayali Daptardar"Nosocomial Infections in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd14153.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/14153/nosocomial-infections-in-pediatric-intensive-care-unit/sayali-daptardar
Edible vaccines derived from plants as part of a plant molecular farming activities with the aim of producing cheap vaccines has been raised from years ago. Low cost production of these vaccines have been led to attention to them, especially in developing countries . In this power point, history, production, uses , creating systemic and mucosal immune responses, advantages and disadvantages, biosafety issues and, ultimately, the future prospects of this type of vaccine will be discussed.
Dr. Brian Lubbers - Animal Agriculture's Contribution to Antibiotic Resistanc...John Blue
Animal Agriculture's Contribution to Antibiotic Resistance - What Should (& Should Not) Be On The Table - Dr. Brian Lubbers, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Director of Clinical Microbiology, from the 2014 NIAA Symposium on Antibiotics Use and Resistance: Moving Forward Through Shared Stewardship, November 12-14, 2014, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2014-niaa-antibiotics-moving-forward-through-shared-stewardship
Edible vaccines hold great promise as a cost-effective, easy-to-administer, easy-to-store, fail-safe and socioculturally readily acceptable vaccine delivery system, especially for the poor developing countries. It involves introduction of selected desired genes into plants and then inducing these altered plants to manufacture the encoded proteins. Introduced as a concept about a decade ago, it has become a reality today. A variety of delivery systems have been developed. Initially thought to be useful only for preventing infectious diseases, it has also found application in prevention of autoimmune diseases, birth control, cancer therapy, etc. Edible vaccines are currently being developed for a number of human and animal diseases. There is growing acceptance of transgenic crops in both industrial and developing countries. Resistance to genetically modified foods may affect the future of edible vaccines. They have passed the major hurdles in the path of an emerging vaccine technology. Various technical obstacles, regulatory and non-scientific challenges, though all seem surmountable, need to be overcome. This review attempts to discuss the current status and future of this new preventive modality.
Mobile phone has been source of microorganisms that cause diseases of public health concerns. In a study, one-fi fth of cellular phones examined were found to harbor pathogenic bacteria indicating that these devices may serve as vehicles of transmission. Swab samples were collected aseptically from the phones of different handlers like motor bike riders, food vendors, meat sellers and nursing mothers. Bacteria isolation and identifi cation were carried out using pour plating technique with distinctive morphological and biochemical characteristics.The pathogenicity of the bacterial isolates was investigated through oral inoculation into albino rats. Eighty-eight (88) bacteria were isolated and selected based on their resistance to antibiotics for pathological study. Loss in weight was observed in some albino rat. Along with reduction in the packed cell volume, hemoglobin but raised white blood cell. Animal inoculated with Bacillus cereus showed meningitis like symptom after the first week of inoculation. Also, there were short and stunted villi; low crystal depth with necrotic
debris in the lumen. It has been observed that cell phones may harbor pathogenic bacteria and can subsequently plays role as fomite in the disease transmission. Therefore, the need to educate community phone handlers in the rural area becomes imperative.
Antibiotic Resistance form food of animal origint- Debatable issueAsima Zehra
Contribution to the development of antibiotic resistance is multifactorial wherein human medicine plays a major role and food of animal origin are least to bother.
Overview of Laws Regulating Antibiotics in Livestock & Policy Positions of St...Cari Rincker
This was prepared for a presentation for the Association for the Bar for the City of New York's Committee on Animal Law & Health Law Committee. Outline with more detail and citations is available at http://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/overviews-of-laws-regulating-antibiotics-15572/.
"edible vaccines": Vaccines or candidate vaccines derived from edible plants. Transgenic plants are used as recombinant protein production systems and the edible plant tissue functions as an oral vaccine.
Dr. Richard Raymond - Antibiotics and Food Safety: Perceptions vs. RealityJohn Blue
"Antibiotics and Food Safety: Perceptions vs. Reality - Dr. Richard Raymond, Former Undersecretary for Food Safety, U.S. Department of Agriculture, from the 2014 Minnesota Pork Congress, January 14-15, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2014-minnesota-pork-congress"
Edible vaccines derived from plants as part of a plant molecular farming activities with the aim of producing cheap vaccines has been raised from years ago. Low cost production of these vaccines have been led to attention to them, especially in developing countries . In this power point, history, production, uses , creating systemic and mucosal immune responses, advantages and disadvantages, biosafety issues and, ultimately, the future prospects of this type of vaccine will be discussed.
Dr. Brian Lubbers - Animal Agriculture's Contribution to Antibiotic Resistanc...John Blue
Animal Agriculture's Contribution to Antibiotic Resistance - What Should (& Should Not) Be On The Table - Dr. Brian Lubbers, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Director of Clinical Microbiology, from the 2014 NIAA Symposium on Antibiotics Use and Resistance: Moving Forward Through Shared Stewardship, November 12-14, 2014, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2014-niaa-antibiotics-moving-forward-through-shared-stewardship
Edible vaccines hold great promise as a cost-effective, easy-to-administer, easy-to-store, fail-safe and socioculturally readily acceptable vaccine delivery system, especially for the poor developing countries. It involves introduction of selected desired genes into plants and then inducing these altered plants to manufacture the encoded proteins. Introduced as a concept about a decade ago, it has become a reality today. A variety of delivery systems have been developed. Initially thought to be useful only for preventing infectious diseases, it has also found application in prevention of autoimmune diseases, birth control, cancer therapy, etc. Edible vaccines are currently being developed for a number of human and animal diseases. There is growing acceptance of transgenic crops in both industrial and developing countries. Resistance to genetically modified foods may affect the future of edible vaccines. They have passed the major hurdles in the path of an emerging vaccine technology. Various technical obstacles, regulatory and non-scientific challenges, though all seem surmountable, need to be overcome. This review attempts to discuss the current status and future of this new preventive modality.
Mobile phone has been source of microorganisms that cause diseases of public health concerns. In a study, one-fi fth of cellular phones examined were found to harbor pathogenic bacteria indicating that these devices may serve as vehicles of transmission. Swab samples were collected aseptically from the phones of different handlers like motor bike riders, food vendors, meat sellers and nursing mothers. Bacteria isolation and identifi cation were carried out using pour plating technique with distinctive morphological and biochemical characteristics.The pathogenicity of the bacterial isolates was investigated through oral inoculation into albino rats. Eighty-eight (88) bacteria were isolated and selected based on their resistance to antibiotics for pathological study. Loss in weight was observed in some albino rat. Along with reduction in the packed cell volume, hemoglobin but raised white blood cell. Animal inoculated with Bacillus cereus showed meningitis like symptom after the first week of inoculation. Also, there were short and stunted villi; low crystal depth with necrotic
debris in the lumen. It has been observed that cell phones may harbor pathogenic bacteria and can subsequently plays role as fomite in the disease transmission. Therefore, the need to educate community phone handlers in the rural area becomes imperative.
Antibiotic Resistance form food of animal origint- Debatable issueAsima Zehra
Contribution to the development of antibiotic resistance is multifactorial wherein human medicine plays a major role and food of animal origin are least to bother.
Overview of Laws Regulating Antibiotics in Livestock & Policy Positions of St...Cari Rincker
This was prepared for a presentation for the Association for the Bar for the City of New York's Committee on Animal Law & Health Law Committee. Outline with more detail and citations is available at http://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/overviews-of-laws-regulating-antibiotics-15572/.
"edible vaccines": Vaccines or candidate vaccines derived from edible plants. Transgenic plants are used as recombinant protein production systems and the edible plant tissue functions as an oral vaccine.
Dr. Richard Raymond - Antibiotics and Food Safety: Perceptions vs. RealityJohn Blue
"Antibiotics and Food Safety: Perceptions vs. Reality - Dr. Richard Raymond, Former Undersecretary for Food Safety, U.S. Department of Agriculture, from the 2014 Minnesota Pork Congress, January 14-15, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2014-minnesota-pork-congress"
DIET THERAPY FOR TREATMENT OF DIFFERENT DISEASES AND MODIFICATION OF DIET . CHANGES IN TEXTURE CALORIES CONTENT VALUES FORMULA DIET
DIFFERENT TYPES OF THERAPEUTIC DIET
Changes in Baby Bowel Microbiotia Depending on the Types of Natural and Artif...ijtsrd
The intestinal microbiota of infants is a complex ecosystem composed of many strains, species, and generations of bacteria. This large cell mass performs many unique functions. Its main functions include nutrition, metabolic, immunological and protective functions. Therefore, feeding infants with breast milk or artificial foods is important for the formation of the intestinal microflora and the prevention of various dysbiotic conditions and infectious diseases. The purpose of the study to study the state of microbiocenosis in infants fed naturally and artificially. Material and methods of examination feces were examined by bacteriological method and antibiotic susceptibility by disc diffusion method. Results 57 of infants were boys 21 of them were 0 6 months old and 36 were 6 12 months old. Girls accounted for 43 , of which 14 were infants aged 0 6 months and 20 were infants aged 6 12 months. Conclusions 73 of naturally fed infants and 27 of artificially fed infants. The norm is 83.5 in 51 breastfed infants, 12.8 in monoinfection, 3.7 in mixed infection, and 35.3 in 19 artificially fed infants mixinfection was detected at 64.7 higher rates. Yodgorova Nodira Turgunbaenvna | Mamatmusaeva Fotima Shaydullaevna | Tursunova Shohistaxon Abdusattor Qizi "Changes in Baby Bowel Microbiotia Depending on the Types of Natural and Artificial Nutrition" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-2 , February 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49390.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/49390/changes-in-baby-bowel-microbiotia-depending-on-the-types-of-natural-and-artificial-nutrition/yodgorova-nodira-turgunbaenvna
Microbiological Assessment and Storage Quality of Expressed Breast MilkAI Publications
The microbiological and storage quality of expressed human breast milk was studied between July and December, 2016. One hundred and twenty working class lactating mothers and thirty lactating mothers visiting Imo State University teaching Hospital Orlu for various health challenges were recruited for the study. They were requested to express 60ml of their breast milk into sterile containers. The milk sample collected from each mother was distributed 10ml into each of 3 sterile containers. One set was heated at 100OC for 1hour in a water bath, 1 set was stored in a refrigerator at – 4OC for 5 days and 1 set was stored on the bench at ambient temperature without any treatment. 0.1ml of each sample was inoculated on laboratory culture media before commencement of storage and 2hours, 6hours, 12 hours, 24 hours and 5days post storage. Eight genera of bacteria: Stapylococcus aureus, Streptococcus viridians, Diphtheroides, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, Lactobacillus species, Pseudomonas species and Salmonella species, were isolated from expressed human breast milk samples. The most prevalent bacterium in the milk samples was Staphylococcus epidernidis, followed by Escherichia coli. The least prevalent bacteria were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella species and Diphtheroides. No bacterium was isolated from milk samples heated at 100OC and stored in a refrigerator. The total heterotrophic bacterial counts of the milk samples collected from healthy working mothers ranged from 3.2 x 103 to 8.2 x 103cfu/ml, while that of health challenged mothers ranged from 4.3 x 103 to 1.6 x 104cfu/ml. As shown, the bacterial counts of the samples. Out of 30 samples collected from health – challenged mothers, 9 (30%) had total heterotrophic bacteria count ranging from 1.2 x 104 to 1.6 x 104cfu/ml, 21 (70%) had total bacteria count ranging from 4.3 x 103 to 8.6 x 103cfu/ml. Analysis of the data using chi square showed significant difference (p < 0.05) in the total heterotrophic bacterial count of breast milk between healthy working mothers and health challenged mother.
Microbiome: The genes and genomes of the microbiota, as well as the products of the microbiota and the host environment” [the collective genomes of the micro-organisms in a particular environment. Although the composition of the gut microbiota varies between individuals, the community in each individual is relatively stable over time.
Similar to Powdered Infant Formula How Safe Is It (20)
1. IJCM 32/1/ IJCM January Issue-07 by Joshi
Vi iew Point
Powdered Infant Formula-How Safe is It ?
SB Neogi, A Linnecar
IBFAN - the International Baby Food Action Network -consists of more than 200 public interest groups working around the
world to promote the health and well-being of infants, young children and their mothers through the protection, promotion
and support of optimal infant and young child feeding practices. IBFAN works to eliminate the irresponsible marketing of
breast milk substitutes and feeding bottles through full and universal implementation of the International Code of Marketing
of Breast milk Substitutes and subsequent, relevant World Health Assembly Resolutions. In 1998, IBFAN was a recipient
of the Right Livelihood Award.
Breast feeding is a rule rather than exception in most parts recognized sequel. Although exact virulence mechanisms are
of India. It is now established that examining not only if an unknown, it is known that a small percentage of E.sakazakii
infant was breast fed but also how (in terms of duration and cells can survive for extended periods in dehydrated
exclusivily) is essential to our understanding of the impact of powdered infant formula. Reported recovery of members of
breast feeding on human health(1). Infants partially breast fed Enterobacteriaceae from more than 0% of 141 products
(breast milk along with animal milk or infant formula) or not obtained from 3 countries and E.sakazakii from 14% of
breast fed have a significantly higher risk of hospitalization the samples reiterates this fact. All were in compliance with
and death as compared to infants predominantly breast fed Codex Alimentarius since the concentration of the organism
(breast milk and water) or exclusively breast fed(2). did not exceed 1 colony forming unit / gram dry powder(10).
Data from India states that only % of children less than 4 Information regarding E.sakazakii is limited to a relatively
months of age are exclusively breast fed, 23% predominantly small number of case reports of sporadic cases and
breast fed and 20% receive supplements along with breast outbreaks. The risk of potentially fatal infections appears to
milk. Powdered milk is given infrequently to young children be highest for low birth weight infants, immunocompromised
at any age, but other milk (such as cow’s / buffalo’s milk) infants at any age and term infants hospitalized in level 2
is given more often. Around 10% of breast fed infants less and level 3 neonatal intensive care units. There is probably a
than 6 months receive powdered milk. This figure increases low, but as yet unquantified risk in healthy term infants, which
considerably with increasing age and also among non breast cannot be described with data available at this time(11).
feeding children(3).
Considering the limitations of current surveillance systems
Enterobacter sakazakii in powdered infant formula has in most countries and the fact that infant formula is widely
been implicated in outbreaks causing sepsis, meningitis or used, the presence of E.sakazakii in infant formula and its
necrotizing enterocolitis(4-6).While the organism has been potential effects in infants could well be a significant public
detected in different types of food, only powdered infant health problem. There is a pressing need to obtain additional
formula has been linked to outbreaks of diseases(7). Based information on what public health impact E.sakazakii has in
on the available information, in 0-80% of cases, powdered developing countries.
infant formula is both the source and vehicle of E. sakazakii
References
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Heinig MJ. Clinical lactation practice: 20 years of evidence. J
handling was the source(8). Powdered milk has also been
Hum Lact 200;21:24-28.
shown to cause infections by Clostridium botulinum, S.aureus 2. Bahl R, Frost C, Kirkwood BR, Edmond K, Martines J,
and Salmonella(8,9). Bhandari N, Arthur P. Infant feeding patterns and risks of
E.sakazakii is a gram negative rod within the family death and hospitalization in the first half of infancy: multicentre
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Enterobacteriaceae. It has a propensity to infect the central
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nervous system to cause meningitis, cysts or brain abscess. Survey (NFHS-2) India. Available at: www.nfhsindia.org.
Subsequent development delay and hydrocephalus is a well 4. van Acker J, de Smet F, Muyldermans G, Bougatef A,
Naessens A, Lauwers S. Outbreak of necrotizing enterocolitis
Member, IBFAN, C3A/33A, Janakpuri, New Delhi- 11008. associated with Enterobacter sakazakii in powdered milk
E Mail: drsutapa1@rediffmail.com formula. J Clin Microbiol 2001;39:293-7.
International Coordinator, IBFAN-GIFA, Avenue de la Paix 11, 1202 . Simmons BP, Gelfand MS, Haas M, Metts L, Ferguson J.
Geneva, Switzerland. Enterobacter sakazakii infections in neonates associated with
Received : 20.4.06 intrinsic contamination of a powdered infant formula. Infect
Control Hosp Epidemiol 1989;10:398-401.
Indian Journal of Community Medicine Vol. 32, No.1, January 2007
2. IJCM 32/1/ IJCM January Issue-07 by Joshi
Neogi SB, et al : Powdered infant formula
6. Biering G, Karlsson S, Clark NC, Jonsdottir KE, Ludvigsson P, session of the Codex Committee on Food Hygiene. Orlando
Steingrimsson O. Three cases of neonatal meningitis caused FL, 27 January - 1 February 2003.
by Enterobacter sakazakii in powdered milk. J Clin Microbiol 10. Muytjens HL, Roelofs -Willemse H, Jasper GHJ. Quality
1989;27:204-6. of powdered substitutes for breast milk with regard to
7. Nazarowec- White M, Farber JM. Enterobacter sakazakii: a members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. J Clin Microbiol
review. Int J Food Microbiol 1997;34:103-13. 1988;26:743-6.
8. Enterobacter sakazakii and other microorganisms in powdered 11. Codex Committee on food hygiene. Report of Joint FAO/WHO
infant formula. Geneva FAO/WHO 2004. (Microbiological Risk food standards programme. Washington DC, United States
Assessment Series, No. 6, ISBN: 92 4 16262 ). of America, 29 March- 3 April 2004.
9. CAC. (Codex Alimentarius Commission). Report of the 3th
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