The document details the process of posting entries from a journal to ledger accounts, known as 'khatauni', emphasizing its aim to classify and summarize transactions for better reporting. It outlines the rules for posting, such as maintaining sequential records and ensuring that debits and credits are properly documented. Additionally, it explains how to balance accounts and carry forward balances to the next accounting period.

1. posting
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Posting means transferring the entries from the Journal to the Ledger accounts.
Meaning –
When the entries made in ‘Journal’ or ‘Roznamche’ are dropped or transferred to ‘Ledger’ or ‘Ledger’, then this process is called ‘Khatauni’
or ‘Khatiyana’ (posting). Mr. J. R. According to Bottleboy, “The process of transferring the transactions which have been recorded in the
Journal into the appropriate accounts in the ledger is called posting.” In short, the recording of transactions in the ledger is called
‘Khatauni’.
Basic aim of posting –
The basic objective of Khatauni is to summarise all the transactions of the journal into classified accounts so that necessary conclusions
can be drawn.
Example
5 Jan. Bought goods for cash ₹500
Journal Entry
Date particular LF. Amount ₹ Amount ₹
jan 5.
Purchases (Goods) A/c Dr.
To Cash A/c
(Being the good purchased for Cash)
500
500
Now separate accounts will be opened for ‘Purchase Account’ and ‘Cash Account’ in the ledger. If we will make an account of the accounts
which have been debited in the journal, then while posting in the ledger, we will write the account related to that account in the debit part.
Similarly, on opening the account of the accounts which have been credited in the journal, the account related to that account will be
written in the credit part. For example, here on opening the account of Purchases A/c, we will write To Cash A/c in the column containing
details in the debit part of Purchases A/c. When Cash Account or Cash A/c is opened, then By Purchases A/c will be written in its credit part.
Cash Account
Date particular LF. Amount ₹ Date Particular LF. Amount ₹
jan 5.
By Purchase A/c 500
Purchase (Goods) Account
Date Particular LF. Amount ₹ Date Particular LF. Amount ₹
Jan 5. To Cash A/c 500
Rule of Posting –

2. (1) Open accounts for all the accounts named in the journal.
(2) Write the names of the accounts in capital letters in the middle of the pages of the ledger.
(3) If there are no boxes in the ledger, then draw the lines corresponding to the format or sample of the ledger given (ie four for the debit
side and four for the credit side).
(4) Now write all the accounts related to one name at one place. Remember, two accounts cannot be opened in the same name. If there are
two customers with the same name, then write their subtle address in front of the account, so that the difference between the two can be
known. For example, the account of Sanjiv (kumar), Sanjiv (Saharsa).
(5) To write the accounts made in the journal in a sequential manner i.e. date wise.
(6) The name in which the account is opened, the name of that account’s Dr. or Cr. It is never written on the side. ‘Same side opposite name.
(7) The word ‘To’ is written before the debit side’s account and ‘By’ before the credit side’s account.
(8) In the journal, if we are creating an account for which account has been debited, then write the date of transaction in the first field in
the debit part of that account, then write the credit account related to that account in the column containing details . In the third column
write the page number of the journal from where they were brought and the amount in the fourth column.
Thus, the account being credited or credited in the journal is written on the debit side of the account related to it in the ledger.
(9) Opening the account of the party to be credited in the journal as in rule eight, on the credit side, write the date of the transaction in the
first box, the name of the account in the first line written in the journal in the second column (ie, the details box)- That is, write what has
been debited. In the third box, write the page number of the journal from where they were brought and the amount in the fourth box.
Thus, the account which is debited in the journal is written on the credit side of the ledger and the account which is credited in the journal
is debited in the same account as in Khatauni. – Machinery purchased in cash ₹2,000
Machinery A/c Dr. ₹ 2,000
To Cash A/c ₹ 2,000
Machinery A/c has been debited in the above journal. Therefore, its Khatauni will be done by writing By Machinery A/c in the Credit Side of
Cash A/c and Cash A/c has been credited, hence its Khatauni will be done by writing To Cash Ac in the Debit Side of Machinery A/c.
(10) It is not necessary to write the word Account or A/c in front of the name of individual accounts while doing Khatauni.
(11) If the complete details of an account cannot be found on one page of the ledger, then the total of that account should be moved to the
next page and write [Balance Carried forward (c/f)] and on the next page Write [Balance Brought forward (b/f)) brought.
(12) The number should be written on each page of the ledger.
(13) The page number of the journal (Journal Folio or J.F.) must be written in the ledger. This facilitates in citing each other and extracting
related accounts or journals.
(14) If any mistake is made while doing the khatauni; For example, if there is a mistake in writing the amount or if there is a mistake in
writing in the details column, then do not cross the account or write it again. Due to tampering or overwriting, the ledger will not be able to
remain clean and will lose credibility. For this, it would be appropriate to open an account for rectification and get it done.
(15) Mark those articles of the journal circumcision has been completed, so that it can be known which have been cut and which are yet to
be circumcised.
Basic Rules of Posting
Rule 1: The item in which we make khataunis in the account, can never be khatauni in the same name in that account.
Rule 2: Every debit has its own and equal credit.
Balance and Closing Of Account
To know the status of various accounts, the balance of all the accounts is usually drawn at the end of the year or on a certain date. In other

3. words, to get information about how much cash balance is in the business, how much money is in the bank, what is the position of debtors
and creditors, how much assets are there, etc., it is necessary to calculate the balance of accounts. By the balance of accounts we mean
the difference between the sum of the amounts on the debit side and credit side of the particular account. In this way, by adding the
amounts of Jay Devit and Credit side, it is found that which side is bigger and than how much amount, then this process is called closing
the account and withdrawing the balance. By Machinery
(i) Debit Balance – If the sum of the debit part is more than the sum of the credit part, then the difference amount will be written in the
credit part of the account as By Balance old and such balance will be called debit balance.
(ii) Credit Balance – If the sum of the credit part is more than the sum of the debit part, then the difference amount will be written in the
debit part of the account as To Balance c/d and such balance will be called credit balance. In short, the balance amount (Balance c/d) is
written on the side on which the addition is less.
1. After writing the balance of the account (Balance c/d), the sum of the debit and credit sides of each account should be written in a
straight line and two straight lines should be drawn below the amount. Now the sum of debit or credit side will appear to be same.
2. Sometimes the amounts on both the sides of the account (ie debit and credit sides) become equal. In such a situation, we will leave only
by doing total. The action of extracting the balance will not be done. Equalization of the sum of both the sides is the proof that the account
has been automatically closed.
3. Balance brought down (Balance brought down or b / d ) – If the name of an account is Debit balance (ie By Balance c / d is written in its
deposit side) then the first month of the next month or new year On the debit side, the amount with Balance c/d will be written by writing
To Balance b/d or To Balance b/f. Similarly, if the account has a credit balance (ie To Balance c/d is written in its debit side), then on the first
day of the next month or new year, by writing By Balance b/d on the credit side, Balance c/d The amount will be written down. In short,
(i) Balance c/d is drawn at the end of the month or year.
(ii) Balance b/d is written on the first day of the next month or new year.
(iii) The amount of Balance c/d becomes Balance b/d on the opposite side of the account.
Opening and Closing Debit Balances
Some Common terms used while Balancing an Account
(1.) Balance Carried Down (c/d): It means the amount which is to be carried over to the next period as opening balance. In other words, it
is to carry forward the ‘Balance’ on the same page to the next date or after a certain period has passed (eg- 31st March, 31st December).
(2.)Balance Carried Forward (c/f) : It displays the total of a column of figures which will be the first item of the corresponding column on
the second page. In other words, it is used to transfer the sum of the digits of one column to another column or page. Especially when
the ‘posting’ of entries fills the ‘column’ or ‘page’.
(3.) Balance Brought Down (b/d) : It shows the opening balance which is transferred from the previous period.has been brought forward.
In other words, it is used to move the ‘remaining’ on the same page to the next date or after a certain period has elapsed (eg 31st March,

4. ot e o ds, t s used to o e t e e a g o t e sa e page to t e e t date o a te a ce ta pe od as elapsed (eg 3 st a c ,
31st December). It is the opposite of Carried down (or c/d).
( 4.) Balance Brought Forward (b/f): Balance b/f is used when the total amount mentioned on the previous page of an account is brought
to the next page. In other words, it is used to write the balance of an account on a page at the beginning of the account.
Posting of the opening Entry
In order to bring the balances of the previous year’s ledger to the new ledger, entry is passed in the particular journal. In fact, in the initial
entry, ‘To Balance b/d’ is written in the Debit side of the accounts which have Debit balance in the account book and in the Credit side of
those accounts which have Credit balance. ‘By Balance b/d’ is written. Generally, all assets have debit balances and all liabilities have credit
balances. The closing entry of the previous period or the previous accounting year is marked as the opening entry in the new period or new
year and posted in the respective accounts. That’s how we open those accounts in the new year.
Example –
Closing Balance of 31.12.2016: Debit Balance: Cash (Cash) ₹ 15,000; Bank ₹20,000; Debtors ₹15,000; Stock ₹10,000; Furniture ₹ 18,000; Credit
Balance : Creditors ₹25,000; Bills Payable ₹10,000. In such a situation, at the beginning of the year To Balance b/d ₹ 15,000 will be written in
the Debit side of Cash A/c, To Balance b/d ₹ 20,000 in Bank A/c but By Balance b/d ₹ ₹ in the creditor’s account. 25,000 will be written as
creditor’s credit balance. b/d for b/b and c/d for c/b can also be used.
Cash Account
1.1.2017 To Balance b/d
₹
15,00
₹
Bank Account
1.1.2017 To Balance b/d
₹
20,000
₹
Creditors’ Account
₹ 1.1.2017 By Balance b/d
₹
25,000
Bill Payable Account
₹ 1.1.2017 By Balance b/d
₹
10,000
Journalise the following transaction of M/s Mallika Fashion house nd post the entries to the Ledger: 2017
june 5. Business started with Cash ₹ 2,00,000
” 8. Opened a Bank account with syndicate Bank. 80,000
” 12. Goods purchased on credit from M/s Gulmohar Fashion house. 30,000
” 12. Purchase office machines, paid by cheque. 20,000
” 18. Rent paid By Cheque. 5,000
” 20. Sale of Goods on credit to M/s Mohit Bros. 10,000
” 22. Cash Sales. 15,000
Solution
Recording the Transactions :
In the Book of M/s Mallika Fashion House
Journal Entries

5. Date Particular L.F. Amount ₹ Amount ₹
2017
june 5.
Cash A/c
To Capital A/c
Being (Business started with Cash)
2,00,000
2,00,000
” 8
Bank A/c
To Cash A/c
(Being open a Bank Account)
80,000
80,000
” 12
Purchases A/c
To To M/S Gulmohar House A/c
(Being goods Purchases on Credit)
30,000
30,000
” 12
Office Machines A/c
To Bank A/c.
(Being office machine purchased)
20,000
20,000
” 18
Rent A/c
To Bank A/c
(Being rent paid)
5,000
5,000
” 20
M/s Mohit Bros. A/c
To Sales A/c
(Being goods sold on credit)
10,000
10,000
” 22
Cash A/c
To sales A/c
(Being goods for for Cash)
15,000
15,000
Total 3,60,000 3,60,000
Posting in the Ledger Book
Cash Account
Date Particular LF. Amount ₹ Date Particular LF. Amount ₹
2017
Jun 5.
To Capital A/c 2,00,000
2017
June 8.
By Bank A/c 80,000
” 22 To Sales A/c 15,000 ” 25 By M/s Gulmohar A/c 30,000
” 30 By Salary A/c 6,000
Capital Account
Date Particular LF. Amount ₹ Date Particular LF. Amount ₹
2017
June 5.
By Cash A/c 2,00,000
Bank Account
Date particular LF. Amount ₹ Date particular LF. Amount ₹
2017
June 8.
To Cash A/c 80,000
2017
June 12.
By Office Machines A/c 20,000
” 28 To M/s Mohit Bros. A/c 10,000 ” 18 By Rent A/c 5,000

6. Purchse Account
Date Particular LF. Amount ₹ Date Particular LF. Amount ₹
2017
June 12.
To M/s Gulmohar House. A/c 30,000
ETC.
Types of Account that are Balanced
1. Normally the balance of Personal and Real Accounts is drawn.
2. Normally the balance of Nominal Accounts is not drawn, but at the end of the accounting year they are closed by transferring them to
Business Account and Profit and Loss Account. Yes, there is no loss in drawing balances of these accounts weekly, monthly, quarterly, half-
yearly or at any time before the end of the accounting year.
FAQ
Qs. 1. The Credit Balance in nominal account shows :
1 Expenses
2. Gains.
Ans…2
Qs. 2. The Credit balance in personal account shows :
1. Amount Payable
2. Gains.
Ans….1
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