This case report describes a patient with a 37-year history of temporal lobe epilepsy who experienced seizure-related experiential responses that he misattributed as real traumatic memories from his childhood. These vivid "memories" were actually illusory experiences that occurred during seizure onset, as described in previous literature. However, unlike most patients, he was unaware of their illusory nature and believed them to be true memories. His severe psychological reaction to the perceived recovery of these traumatic memories met criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder, representing the first report of PTSD caused by the misattribution of seizure-related mental states.
To grieve like a man is to grieve differently than a woman. It is not an option of better, worse, or less suitable, it’s just that a man’s way of grieving is different. Since it is different it is often confusing to others and can result in unwarranted isolation. “While women tend to react to the loss of a loved one as abandonment, men perceive it as losing part of themselves, as if severing an arm or leg.” (Learning to Live Through Loss)
Pain is not a welcome sensation but it has its place in serving as an early warning system. This is the first chapter in a book on knee osteoarthritis "Knee Deep in Pain" and discusses how pain is triggered and how we feel it.
Zafar Hayat Khan http://www.NouvelleSante.com
This document discusses the case of Julie Baumer, who was convicted in 2005 of abusing her nephew based on a diagnosis of Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS) but was later acquitted in 2010. It provides background on the development of SBS as a diagnosis and the current medical debate around it. The author argues that many defendants are unable to properly challenge SBS evidence in court and proposes the creation of SBS Review Panels that would review past convictions and medical evidence in cases where SBS was a factor to identify potential wrongful convictions.
This document provides information on medical devices used in equine medicine. It defines a medical device as an instrument or article that is used to diagnose, cure, mitigate, treat or prevent disease, and which does not achieve its purpose through chemical action or metabolism. For human medicine, devices are classified from Class I to III based on risk. While the FDA regulates human medical devices, there is no approval process for veterinary devices, though they cannot be misbranded or mislabeled. Practitioners can use veterinary devices for their intended purposes but should be aware they have not been evaluated for safety or efficacy if used as pharmaceuticals.
This document provides information about non-epileptic seizures (NES), including:
1. NES have different causes than epileptic seizures and include organic NES caused by physical issues and psychogenic NES caused by psychological factors like dissociative seizures.
2. Diagnosing NES involves taking a personal history, witness accounts of seizures, and medical tests to rule out other conditions, as NES can look similar to epileptic seizures.
3. Treatment for dissociative seizures focuses on psychotherapy to help understand triggers and reduce stress, as medication alone is usually not effective for psychogenic NES.
The document discusses different types of stem cells that could be used for therapy including adipose (fat derived) stem cells, bone marrow, umbilical cord blood, and umbilical cord tissue. It outlines strategies for storing and using these stem cell types, such as expanding and freezing adult bone marrow and fat tissue stem cells, or freezing, thawing, and expanding umbilical cord tissue. The document also announces that Dr. Christopher Johnson will be speaking at a veterinary regenerative medicine conference on March 6th.
3 Things Every Sales Team Needs to Be Thinking About in 2017Drift
Thinking about your sales team's goals for 2017? Drift's VP of Sales shares 3 things you can do to improve conversion rates and drive more revenue.
Read the full story on the Drift blog here: http://blog.drift.com/sales-team-tips
To grieve like a man is to grieve differently than a woman. It is not an option of better, worse, or less suitable, it’s just that a man’s way of grieving is different. Since it is different it is often confusing to others and can result in unwarranted isolation. “While women tend to react to the loss of a loved one as abandonment, men perceive it as losing part of themselves, as if severing an arm or leg.” (Learning to Live Through Loss)
Pain is not a welcome sensation but it has its place in serving as an early warning system. This is the first chapter in a book on knee osteoarthritis "Knee Deep in Pain" and discusses how pain is triggered and how we feel it.
Zafar Hayat Khan http://www.NouvelleSante.com
This document discusses the case of Julie Baumer, who was convicted in 2005 of abusing her nephew based on a diagnosis of Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS) but was later acquitted in 2010. It provides background on the development of SBS as a diagnosis and the current medical debate around it. The author argues that many defendants are unable to properly challenge SBS evidence in court and proposes the creation of SBS Review Panels that would review past convictions and medical evidence in cases where SBS was a factor to identify potential wrongful convictions.
This document provides information on medical devices used in equine medicine. It defines a medical device as an instrument or article that is used to diagnose, cure, mitigate, treat or prevent disease, and which does not achieve its purpose through chemical action or metabolism. For human medicine, devices are classified from Class I to III based on risk. While the FDA regulates human medical devices, there is no approval process for veterinary devices, though they cannot be misbranded or mislabeled. Practitioners can use veterinary devices for their intended purposes but should be aware they have not been evaluated for safety or efficacy if used as pharmaceuticals.
This document provides information about non-epileptic seizures (NES), including:
1. NES have different causes than epileptic seizures and include organic NES caused by physical issues and psychogenic NES caused by psychological factors like dissociative seizures.
2. Diagnosing NES involves taking a personal history, witness accounts of seizures, and medical tests to rule out other conditions, as NES can look similar to epileptic seizures.
3. Treatment for dissociative seizures focuses on psychotherapy to help understand triggers and reduce stress, as medication alone is usually not effective for psychogenic NES.
The document discusses different types of stem cells that could be used for therapy including adipose (fat derived) stem cells, bone marrow, umbilical cord blood, and umbilical cord tissue. It outlines strategies for storing and using these stem cell types, such as expanding and freezing adult bone marrow and fat tissue stem cells, or freezing, thawing, and expanding umbilical cord tissue. The document also announces that Dr. Christopher Johnson will be speaking at a veterinary regenerative medicine conference on March 6th.
3 Things Every Sales Team Needs to Be Thinking About in 2017Drift
Thinking about your sales team's goals for 2017? Drift's VP of Sales shares 3 things you can do to improve conversion rates and drive more revenue.
Read the full story on the Drift blog here: http://blog.drift.com/sales-team-tips
Déjà vu is a phenomenon where a person feels they have already experienced a new situation. Approximately 70% of people report having déjà vu. While difficult to induce in a lab, researchers have used hypnosis to study the sensation. There are several proposed neurological and psychological explanations for déjà vu, including differences in brain hemisphere processing speeds and anomalies in memory formation and retrieval.
Need to be at least 250 words; APA format; see chapter 11 textbooTatianaMajor22
Need to be at least 250 words; APA format; see chapter 11 textbook content attachment
Use textbook and 2 other scholarly sources. Assignment will be submitted for plagiarism
Videos:
Kimberly Huber, Ph.D., on Understanding Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Autism:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p6cUARufs80
Counseling Diagnostic Assessment Vignette #33 - Symptoms of Brief Psychotic Disorder:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q58A-IM8iUs
Living With Schizophrenia:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=48YJMOcykvc&t=3s
Include each of the following items in your discussion post. don't forget to cite and source!
Please put the answer under each one
a. Describe the symptoms, causes, and prognosis for a diagnosis of schizophrenia.
b. Discuss how other psychotic disorders differ from schizophrenia.
c. Comment on the importance of cultural awareness in the diagnosis of schizophrenia.
Textbook:
Sue, D., Sue, D. W., Sue, D., & Sue, S. (2014). Essentials of understanding abnormal behavior (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
Chapter 1111-1Symptoms of Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders
The symptoms associated with schizophrenia spectrum disorders fall into four categories: positive symptoms, psychomotor abnormalities, cognitive symptoms, and negative symptoms.11-1aPositive Symptoms
Case Study
Over a month before he committed the Navy yard shooting, Aaron Alexis called police to report that three people—two males and a female—were following him. He explained that he was unable to sleep because these people talked to him through the walls, ceiling, and floors of his hotel room. He also reported that they were using a microwave to send vibrations into his body (Winter, 2013).
Positive symptoms associated with schizophrenia spectrum disorders involve delusions, hallucinations, disordered thinking, incoherent communication, and bizarre behavior. The term “positive symptoms” refers to behaviors or experiences associated with schizophrenia that are new to the person. These symptoms can range in severity, and can persist or fluctuate. In the case above, Alexis experienced two positive symptoms: auditory hallucinations (hearing voices) and a delusion that three people were following him, keeping him awake and sending vibrations into his body. Many people with positive symptoms do not understand that their symptoms are the result of mental illness (Islam, Scarone, & Gambini, 2011).
Delusions
Many individuals with psychotic disorders experience delusions. Delusions are false beliefs that are firmly and consistently held despite disconfirming evidence or logic. Individuals experiencing delusions are not able to distinguish between their private thoughts and external reality. Lack of insight is particularly common among individuals experiencing delusions; in other words, they do not recognize that their thoughts or beliefs are extremely illogical. In the following case study, therapists confront a graduate student’s delusion that rats were inside his head ...
This document discusses the relationship between claims of alien abduction and the neurological phenomenon of sleep paralysis. It argues that sleep paralysis serves as the basis for purported alien abduction experiences, as the sensations caused by sleep paralysis are often misinterpreted. Many characteristics of claimed alien abductions match the effects of hypnagogic and hypnopompic experiences during sleep paralysis. The document also notes commonalities in sleep paralysis experiences across cultures and argues this demonstrates alien abduction claims have physiological rather than otherworldly explanations.
The document discusses several key questions regarding alien abduction experiences (AAEs): Do abductees genuinely believe their claims? Is there evidence that supports actual abductions? What psychological factors could otherwise explain such experiences? While some abductees appear sincere, there is little hard evidence of real alien encounters. Alternative explanations explored include false memory syndrome, sleep paralysis combined with hallucinations, and the unreliability of hypnosis in retrieving memories. More research is needed to understand what may underlie reported AAEs.
This document discusses the importance of obtaining a detailed sleep history in evaluating and managing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It presents two case studies to illustrate this point. The first case involves a veteran experiencing night terrors related to combat trauma memories as well as significant dissociative experiences during the day. The second case describes a veteran with delayed onset PTSD who is experiencing REM sleep behavior disorder and progressive memory problems, suggesting an underlying neurodegenerative process. The document argues that a thorough examination of a patient's sleep phenomena, rather than just noting the presence of nightmares, can provide crucial insights into their psychological presentation and lead to improved treatment.
DISORDER CONTENTOF THOUGHT -DELUSION
BY DR.WASIM
UNDER GUIDANCE OF
DR.SANJAY.JAIN
Definition of delusion:
Delusions are categorized into four different groups
THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF DISORDERS OF THOUGHT CONTENT
1.DELUSION
2.OVERVALUED IDEAS
DISTINGUISED
DELUSION
OTHER MEMBERS OF THE CULTURE DONOT SHARE THE BELIEF.
NEED NOT BE ASSOCIATED WITH AFFECT.
FIRMLY SUSTAINED BELIEF.
CONVINCED THAT DELUSION IS REAL.
RECOGNIZED AS ABSURED.
CANNOT BE ACCEPTED.
OCCUR IN MENTALLY ILL PATIENTS.
OVERVALUED IDEAS
OTHER MEMBERS OF THE CULTURE SHARE THE BELIEF.
ASSOCIATED WITH VERY STRONG AFFECT.
NOT HELD FIRMLY.
ATLEAST SOME LEVEL OF DOUBT AS TO ITS TRUTHFULNESS.
NOT RECOGNIZED AS ABSURED.
ACCEPTABLE.
CAN OCCUR IN BOTH HEALTHY AND MENTALLY ILL PATIENTS.
KENDLER’S VECTORS FOR DELUSION:
five stages in the development of delusion(FISH & CONRAD)
FACTORS CONCERNED WITH GENERATION OF DELUSIONS
PATHPOPHYSIOLOGY OF DELUSIONS
PRIMARY DELUSIONS
SECONDARY DELUSIONS
SYSTEMATIZATION
DELUSIONS ON THE BASIS OF CONTENT OF DELUSIONS
THANK YOU
This document outlines Dilraj S. Sokhi's presentation on neurological manifestations of psychological problems. It discusses transient loss of consciousness (TLOC), psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES), medically unexplained symptoms (MUS), and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). The presentation describes the differences between epileptic and non-epileptic seizures, predisposing and precipitating factors for PNES, diagnostic tools like video EEG, and the importance of correctly diagnosing and explaining PNES to patients. It emphasizes treating the whole patient using a biopsychosocial model and mentions the recognition and management of PNES may be important in Kenya given psychological comorbidities in the population.
Dissociative disorders involve disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity or perception, usually arising from overwhelming psychic pain such as abuse. There are several forms including dissociative amnesia, fugue, depersonalization disorder, and dissociative identity disorder (previously called multiple personality disorder). Dissociative amnesia involves sudden memory loss not due to medical causes, fugue involves suddenly traveling with no memory of one's past, depersonalization involves feeling detached from one's self, and dissociative identity disorder involves distinct personalities that emerge. A case study describes a woman who realized through therapy that her reported alters and abuse memories were actually suggested to her and not real.
This article discusses the presence of consciousness in children born with hydranencephaly, a rare condition where the cerebral hemispheres are absent or severely compromised. While it is widely believed that these children lack consciousness, the article reviews evidence that some hydranencephalic children exhibit behaviors indicating basic levels of consciousness, such as recognizing faces, responding preferentially to familiar people/stimuli, and learning associations. However, whether they experience reflective consciousness remains controversial. The article concludes the evidence for some level of consciousness in these children is more convincing than arguments against it.
This case study documents the psychotherapeutic treatment of a 25-year-old woman referred to a psychiatrist due to severe headaches and blackouts. During therapy, it was discovered she had multiple personality disorder, alternating between personalities of Eve White and Eve Black. Objective psychological tests found differences between the personalities, and family members corroborated behavioral changes. The therapy aimed to help the personalities integrate, with some success though others questioned this account. The case study provides evidence for multiple personality disorder but is limited by potential researcher bias and lack of independent verification.
This editorial discusses the concept of neuroprogression in psychiatry and its historical origins. Neuroprogression refers to the pathological rewiring of the brain that occurs with the progression of severe mental disorders. The concept can be traced back to the 19th century, when psychiatrists like Guislain used terms like "vesanic dementia" to describe progressive cognitive decline following acute episodes of mental illness. Around this time, other psychiatrists like Griesinger and Kahlbaum viewed mental illnesses as progressing through different stages. More recently, the study of neuroprogression has expanded and shown the usefulness of understanding illness progression in psychiatry. Careful study of neuroprogression may help develop staging systems and identify targets for preventing disease
1. Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder that affects cognition, emotion, perception, and behavior. It usually begins before age 25 and persists throughout life.
2. The history of schizophrenia as a diagnosis began in the 19th century. Key figures like Kraepelin, Bleuler, and Schneider contributed to defining and classifying the symptoms.
3. Schizophrenia has a lifetime prevalence of about 1% and is influenced by genetic and environmental factors like infections, substance use, and urban living.
Grief is commonly viewed as a natural response to loss, rather than a disease state. However, the author argues that grief fulfills the criteria of a disease - it involves suffering, impairment of functioning, has a consistent etiological factor (loss of an object), and follows a predictable course. Viewing grief as a disease would open up important implications for medical research and practice, such as studying grief using scientific tools and examining its potential role in other illness. This perspective recognizes significant life stressors and central nervous system processes as important to health.
The Psychology of Thinking About the Past and FutureChris Martin
The document discusses recent research on how people think about the past and future. It covers immune neglect and affective forecasting, which are people's inability to accurately predict how much an event will affect them emotionally over time. It also discusses the planning fallacy, which is people's tendency to underestimate how long tasks will take them to complete. The presentation includes discussion questions on these topics.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
10 Benefits an EPCR Software should Bring to EMS Organizations Traumasoft LLC
The benefits of an ePCR solution should extend to the whole EMS organization, not just certain groups of people or certain departments. It should provide more than just a form for entering and a database for storing information. It should also include a workflow of how information is communicated, used and stored across the entire organization.
Déjà vu is a phenomenon where a person feels they have already experienced a new situation. Approximately 70% of people report having déjà vu. While difficult to induce in a lab, researchers have used hypnosis to study the sensation. There are several proposed neurological and psychological explanations for déjà vu, including differences in brain hemisphere processing speeds and anomalies in memory formation and retrieval.
Need to be at least 250 words; APA format; see chapter 11 textbooTatianaMajor22
Need to be at least 250 words; APA format; see chapter 11 textbook content attachment
Use textbook and 2 other scholarly sources. Assignment will be submitted for plagiarism
Videos:
Kimberly Huber, Ph.D., on Understanding Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Autism:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p6cUARufs80
Counseling Diagnostic Assessment Vignette #33 - Symptoms of Brief Psychotic Disorder:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q58A-IM8iUs
Living With Schizophrenia:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=48YJMOcykvc&t=3s
Include each of the following items in your discussion post. don't forget to cite and source!
Please put the answer under each one
a. Describe the symptoms, causes, and prognosis for a diagnosis of schizophrenia.
b. Discuss how other psychotic disorders differ from schizophrenia.
c. Comment on the importance of cultural awareness in the diagnosis of schizophrenia.
Textbook:
Sue, D., Sue, D. W., Sue, D., & Sue, S. (2014). Essentials of understanding abnormal behavior (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
Chapter 1111-1Symptoms of Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders
The symptoms associated with schizophrenia spectrum disorders fall into four categories: positive symptoms, psychomotor abnormalities, cognitive symptoms, and negative symptoms.11-1aPositive Symptoms
Case Study
Over a month before he committed the Navy yard shooting, Aaron Alexis called police to report that three people—two males and a female—were following him. He explained that he was unable to sleep because these people talked to him through the walls, ceiling, and floors of his hotel room. He also reported that they were using a microwave to send vibrations into his body (Winter, 2013).
Positive symptoms associated with schizophrenia spectrum disorders involve delusions, hallucinations, disordered thinking, incoherent communication, and bizarre behavior. The term “positive symptoms” refers to behaviors or experiences associated with schizophrenia that are new to the person. These symptoms can range in severity, and can persist or fluctuate. In the case above, Alexis experienced two positive symptoms: auditory hallucinations (hearing voices) and a delusion that three people were following him, keeping him awake and sending vibrations into his body. Many people with positive symptoms do not understand that their symptoms are the result of mental illness (Islam, Scarone, & Gambini, 2011).
Delusions
Many individuals with psychotic disorders experience delusions. Delusions are false beliefs that are firmly and consistently held despite disconfirming evidence or logic. Individuals experiencing delusions are not able to distinguish between their private thoughts and external reality. Lack of insight is particularly common among individuals experiencing delusions; in other words, they do not recognize that their thoughts or beliefs are extremely illogical. In the following case study, therapists confront a graduate student’s delusion that rats were inside his head ...
This document discusses the relationship between claims of alien abduction and the neurological phenomenon of sleep paralysis. It argues that sleep paralysis serves as the basis for purported alien abduction experiences, as the sensations caused by sleep paralysis are often misinterpreted. Many characteristics of claimed alien abductions match the effects of hypnagogic and hypnopompic experiences during sleep paralysis. The document also notes commonalities in sleep paralysis experiences across cultures and argues this demonstrates alien abduction claims have physiological rather than otherworldly explanations.
The document discusses several key questions regarding alien abduction experiences (AAEs): Do abductees genuinely believe their claims? Is there evidence that supports actual abductions? What psychological factors could otherwise explain such experiences? While some abductees appear sincere, there is little hard evidence of real alien encounters. Alternative explanations explored include false memory syndrome, sleep paralysis combined with hallucinations, and the unreliability of hypnosis in retrieving memories. More research is needed to understand what may underlie reported AAEs.
This document discusses the importance of obtaining a detailed sleep history in evaluating and managing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It presents two case studies to illustrate this point. The first case involves a veteran experiencing night terrors related to combat trauma memories as well as significant dissociative experiences during the day. The second case describes a veteran with delayed onset PTSD who is experiencing REM sleep behavior disorder and progressive memory problems, suggesting an underlying neurodegenerative process. The document argues that a thorough examination of a patient's sleep phenomena, rather than just noting the presence of nightmares, can provide crucial insights into their psychological presentation and lead to improved treatment.
DISORDER CONTENTOF THOUGHT -DELUSION
BY DR.WASIM
UNDER GUIDANCE OF
DR.SANJAY.JAIN
Definition of delusion:
Delusions are categorized into four different groups
THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF DISORDERS OF THOUGHT CONTENT
1.DELUSION
2.OVERVALUED IDEAS
DISTINGUISED
DELUSION
OTHER MEMBERS OF THE CULTURE DONOT SHARE THE BELIEF.
NEED NOT BE ASSOCIATED WITH AFFECT.
FIRMLY SUSTAINED BELIEF.
CONVINCED THAT DELUSION IS REAL.
RECOGNIZED AS ABSURED.
CANNOT BE ACCEPTED.
OCCUR IN MENTALLY ILL PATIENTS.
OVERVALUED IDEAS
OTHER MEMBERS OF THE CULTURE SHARE THE BELIEF.
ASSOCIATED WITH VERY STRONG AFFECT.
NOT HELD FIRMLY.
ATLEAST SOME LEVEL OF DOUBT AS TO ITS TRUTHFULNESS.
NOT RECOGNIZED AS ABSURED.
ACCEPTABLE.
CAN OCCUR IN BOTH HEALTHY AND MENTALLY ILL PATIENTS.
KENDLER’S VECTORS FOR DELUSION:
five stages in the development of delusion(FISH & CONRAD)
FACTORS CONCERNED WITH GENERATION OF DELUSIONS
PATHPOPHYSIOLOGY OF DELUSIONS
PRIMARY DELUSIONS
SECONDARY DELUSIONS
SYSTEMATIZATION
DELUSIONS ON THE BASIS OF CONTENT OF DELUSIONS
THANK YOU
This document outlines Dilraj S. Sokhi's presentation on neurological manifestations of psychological problems. It discusses transient loss of consciousness (TLOC), psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES), medically unexplained symptoms (MUS), and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). The presentation describes the differences between epileptic and non-epileptic seizures, predisposing and precipitating factors for PNES, diagnostic tools like video EEG, and the importance of correctly diagnosing and explaining PNES to patients. It emphasizes treating the whole patient using a biopsychosocial model and mentions the recognition and management of PNES may be important in Kenya given psychological comorbidities in the population.
Dissociative disorders involve disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity or perception, usually arising from overwhelming psychic pain such as abuse. There are several forms including dissociative amnesia, fugue, depersonalization disorder, and dissociative identity disorder (previously called multiple personality disorder). Dissociative amnesia involves sudden memory loss not due to medical causes, fugue involves suddenly traveling with no memory of one's past, depersonalization involves feeling detached from one's self, and dissociative identity disorder involves distinct personalities that emerge. A case study describes a woman who realized through therapy that her reported alters and abuse memories were actually suggested to her and not real.
This article discusses the presence of consciousness in children born with hydranencephaly, a rare condition where the cerebral hemispheres are absent or severely compromised. While it is widely believed that these children lack consciousness, the article reviews evidence that some hydranencephalic children exhibit behaviors indicating basic levels of consciousness, such as recognizing faces, responding preferentially to familiar people/stimuli, and learning associations. However, whether they experience reflective consciousness remains controversial. The article concludes the evidence for some level of consciousness in these children is more convincing than arguments against it.
This case study documents the psychotherapeutic treatment of a 25-year-old woman referred to a psychiatrist due to severe headaches and blackouts. During therapy, it was discovered she had multiple personality disorder, alternating between personalities of Eve White and Eve Black. Objective psychological tests found differences between the personalities, and family members corroborated behavioral changes. The therapy aimed to help the personalities integrate, with some success though others questioned this account. The case study provides evidence for multiple personality disorder but is limited by potential researcher bias and lack of independent verification.
This editorial discusses the concept of neuroprogression in psychiatry and its historical origins. Neuroprogression refers to the pathological rewiring of the brain that occurs with the progression of severe mental disorders. The concept can be traced back to the 19th century, when psychiatrists like Guislain used terms like "vesanic dementia" to describe progressive cognitive decline following acute episodes of mental illness. Around this time, other psychiatrists like Griesinger and Kahlbaum viewed mental illnesses as progressing through different stages. More recently, the study of neuroprogression has expanded and shown the usefulness of understanding illness progression in psychiatry. Careful study of neuroprogression may help develop staging systems and identify targets for preventing disease
1. Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder that affects cognition, emotion, perception, and behavior. It usually begins before age 25 and persists throughout life.
2. The history of schizophrenia as a diagnosis began in the 19th century. Key figures like Kraepelin, Bleuler, and Schneider contributed to defining and classifying the symptoms.
3. Schizophrenia has a lifetime prevalence of about 1% and is influenced by genetic and environmental factors like infections, substance use, and urban living.
Grief is commonly viewed as a natural response to loss, rather than a disease state. However, the author argues that grief fulfills the criteria of a disease - it involves suffering, impairment of functioning, has a consistent etiological factor (loss of an object), and follows a predictable course. Viewing grief as a disease would open up important implications for medical research and practice, such as studying grief using scientific tools and examining its potential role in other illness. This perspective recognizes significant life stressors and central nervous system processes as important to health.
The Psychology of Thinking About the Past and FutureChris Martin
The document discusses recent research on how people think about the past and future. It covers immune neglect and affective forecasting, which are people's inability to accurately predict how much an event will affect them emotionally over time. It also discusses the planning fallacy, which is people's tendency to underestimate how long tasks will take them to complete. The presentation includes discussion questions on these topics.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
10 Benefits an EPCR Software should Bring to EMS Organizations Traumasoft LLC
The benefits of an ePCR solution should extend to the whole EMS organization, not just certain groups of people or certain departments. It should provide more than just a form for entering and a database for storing information. It should also include a workflow of how information is communicated, used and stored across the entire organization.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
2. M.L. Cohen et al. / Epilepsy & Behavior 19 (2010) 652–655 653
2. Case report Clinical interviews with Mr. F and his wife suggest that our patient
experienced a detailed remembrance of what he believes to have been
Mr. F (an arbitrary pseudonym) was recently referred to our psy- traumatic autobiographical experiences. However, evidence from his
chology clinic by his attending psychiatrist for evaluation and treatment family suggests that these were not veridical memories, but rather
of symptoms of severe anxiety and depression. experiential responses that occurred at the onset of his temporal lobe
Mr. F is a 55-year-old right-handed Caucasian man with 13 years of seizures, as have been described by Hughlings Jackson and others.
formal education who was diagnosed with epilepsy in his early Mr. F's experiences are coherent with the description provided by
adulthood. He suffered a head trauma with loss of consciousness while Gloor [6], except that Mr. F does not perceive the incongruous and
a high school student, and had no prior history of meningitis, illusory nature of his experiences and he is, instead, insistent that
encephalitis, or febrile convulsions. By his report, his first seizure these events occurred, noting the vivid details of the experiences. His
occurred when he was 17 years old. His developmental history is misinterpretation of these seizure-related experiences as veridical,
unremarkable. There is no known family history of epilepsy. His mother traumatic memories directly contributes to his present-day psycho-
died 24 hours after his delivery, reportedly as a result of a blood clot. He logical distress.
reported having had a cyst removed from his left temporal lobe 1 year During his assessment, Mr. F spoke freely about these memories,
after his seizure onset, although other historical documents suggest it although they were clearly distressing for him. Mr. F agreed, and is
was a bone cyst and subsequently grafted. The CT scan is not consistent presently in psychotherapy, to discuss the impact of these memories.
with a craniotomy. Medical records are not available from that time to Because of his strong emotional reaction to these memories and the
confirm the details of his report. He has suffered multiple injuries strength of his focus on them, there was a possibility that prematurely
because of his seizures, including rib fractures. addressing the falsehood of these memories might result in his
At the time of his initial presentation to our hospital in 2008, he terminating therapy. Unfortunately, Mr. F's tendency to deny the
was experiencing seizures twice weekly. A witnessed seizure in our impact of refractory epilepsy on his quality of life results in his
psychiatric hospital (where he had been hospitalized for depression focusing on these experiences rather than addressing day-to-day
and overdosing on phenytoin and diazepam) was described as psychosocial functioning related to managing his epilepsy and his
generalized shaking. He had no recall of this event, but could answer reactions to his actual limitations because of that diagnosis. He has
orientation questions during a subsequent complex partial seizure in discontinued follow-up with his neurologist and does not wish to
the emergency room. The only significant findings on his neurological undergo further evaluation (e.g., for epilepsy surgery) at this time.
examination were an extensor plantar response on the left and Mr. F first recalled these traumatic childhood events 15 years ago
atrophy of the muscles in the left C5 distribution. A CT scan of the head when his wife purchased a pocket watch for him which, he notes,
showed a small cyst in the mesial right temporal structures, most “triggered repressed memories.” Interviewed separately, his wife said
consistent with a choroidal fissure cyst (Fig. 1). His B12 level was that he did receive the watch a few weeks prior to the first recollection
325 pg/mL; remaining labs were within normal limits except for an of the “memories,” but it was also precisely a week after experiencing
alkaline phosphatase of 177 U/L (likely a result of chronic adminis- a particularly dramatic seizure, during which he fell and hit his
tration of phenytoin). An EEG obtained the next day revealed forehead on cement. Medical attention was not sought at that time;
bitemporal interictal spikes, more frequent on the right than the thus, no medical records of this event or of any resulting injury or
left. Nine years previously, his EEG had shown only right temporal follow-up are available. Mrs. F remembered that when Mr. F first
spikes. Mr. F has refused MRI and video/EEG monitoring. Previously reported his recollection of the events a week after his seizure and
tried medications also included phenobarbital, carbamazepine, and fall, he was “upset and confused” and has since continued to have
gabapentin. After this hospital visit in 2008, he was changed from intrusive recollections of the events and often insists on discussing
phenytoin to valproic acid. them with family who routinely tell him they have no recollection of
the events.
With the approval of our institutional review board, privacy office,
and medical ethics lawyer, we describe his memories, but in a
sufficiently vague manner so as to preserve his anonymity. The first
recalled “memory” was estimated to have taken place when he was 4
or 5 years old, and comprised a series of related fragments involving
hunting excursions in places actually frequented by his extended
family in the southern United States. Prominent figures from then-
contemporary American history participated in these hunts. During
one incident, he “recalled” being frightened when one of these
prominent U.S. historical figures stood up in a small boat with a
shotgun, shot haphazardly, and rocked the boat. Later that same day,
the same person impulsively shot their family's prized farm animal,
causing much turmoil in the family. Mr. F described that when he first
recalled this memory 15 years ago, his brother “didn't know what I
was talking about,” and denied the incident had occurred. Interest-
ingly, our own searches of historical literature indicated that these
prominent figures were indeed visitors at these same locations at
approximately the time Mr. F. actually had visited these places with
his family. Mr. F may have known of these public figures frequenting
the same vacation sites as his family and, as part of his experiential
response, melded his autobiographical memories with his factual
knowledge of the public figures’ visits. Multiple family members agree
these events did not occur as Mr. F. recalls them.
The second of his recovered memories was presented as signifi-
Fig. 1. A CT scan of the head showed a small cyst in the mesial right temporal structures, cantly more traumatic. In this memory, Mr. F was approximately
most consistent with a choroidal fissure cyst. 17 years old when a member of his rural community attempted to kill
3. 654 M.L. Cohen et al. / Epilepsy & Behavior 19 (2010) 652–655
him in a “ritualistic” fashion with the encouragement of Mr. F.'s father. ment of spatially distant networks [6] and deep limbic structures. It
At the last possible second, before he was “sacrificed,” his church has been shown, for example, that repeated seizures or stimulation
pastor came to rescue him. Mr. F recalled specific phrases from the of a single cortical area, even within the same patient, can produce
ritual, but his recall of the events did not coalesce the way most different responses, whereas stimulation of widely distinct areas
veridical memories do; they were fragmented and lacked sequential within the same individual can produce similar phenomena [8].
order. Mr. F reported that there was no police report or arrest in this
case. When asked why he thought the pocket watch was important in 3. Discussion
unlocking these “repressed memories,” Mr. F said that it was the same
watch worn by the man who tried to ritualistically kill him. Mr. F's wife To our knowledge, this is the first report of a patient not being
reported that she had discussed the story with Mr. F's family members, aware of the illusory nature of an experiential response that
but they did not recall any such event or threat to Mr. F. when he was a accompanied a seizure, thus producing a false memory. Furthermore,
teenager. Mrs. F reported that her husband has experienced recurrent Mr. F's experience is the first to demonstrate the magnitude of
symptoms of depression throughout their marriage, and this has impairment that can result from such a misattribution. Mr. F's
added to his poor quality of life along with the impact of his epilepsy. experience is also unique because a particular seizure (accompanied
She reported that in the 15 years following the fall and the recovery of by probable concussion) “unlocked” these memories, which were
these memories, his depression has progressively worsened and led subsequently identified by Mr. F as having taken place at highly
him to attempt suicide several times in the past few years by specific times and specific places in his life, a process that includes the
overdosing on anticonvulsant medication. Prior to that, both Mrs. F integration of real and fictitious places, people, and events.
and his wife note that he had had no significant history of The influence of Mr. F's probable concussion cannot be known
psychological problems or a history of psychological or psychiatric definitively. If Mr. F sustained frontal lobe damage during the seizure
diagnoses or treatment in his childhood, adolescence, or adulthood. in question, it is unlikely that this damage alone could cause the
Presently, Mr. F's seizure activity is unpredictable, varying in occur- creation and then misattribution of autobiographical visions, and we
rence from once every 3 weeks to two to three times per week. His have not found reports of this in the literature. If frontal lobe damage
wife reported that at the onset of a seizure, Mr. F will occasionally say was sustained, a more likely possibility is that the temporal lobe
that someone is hurting him and will command that person to stop. seizure produced the vision, and co-occurring frontal lobe damage
We have hypothesized that this may be a recurrence of his traumatic resulted in Mr. F's inability to correctly connect the vision to its
vision of being prepared for execution. Since the recovery of correct source (i.e., the seizure) and context (i.e., not in his
these memories, Mr. F reported recurrent, intrusive, and distressing childhood). This possibility is more consistent with previous reports
thoughts involving these events. He continues to discuss the content of of temporal lobe seizures [2,4,6] and the role of the frontal lobes in
these memories with various family members, who are frustrated and source memory [9].
distressed by his inability to accept that these events did not occur. It is possible that these memories are so intrusive and persistent in
Mr. F's psychological reaction to these memories/occurrences nature because they are re-experienced at the onset of his seizures (as
meets DSM-IV-TR criteria for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) suggested by his wife's account) and are thus reinforced by frequent
[7]. Mr. F experienced an event, albeit of questionable veridicality, neural activity. Additionally, it is possible that, even though the
but perceived by the patient to be real, involving threatened death, memories are traumatic, they may be easier for Mr. F to focus on than
and his response involved intense fear, helplessness, and horror the day-to-day psychological and social struggles he has managing an
(criterion A). Furthermore, he experiences recurrent and intrusive unpredictable course of epilepsy.
recollections of the ritual, as well as psychological and physiological Our experience working with Mr. F illustrates several important
reactivity to internal and external cues that symbolize and resemble points that extend beyond the idiosyncrasies of his particular
the event (criterion B). Mr. F attempts to avoid activities, places, and presentation. To properly diagnose and plan treatment for patients
people that arouse recollections of the trauma, experiences a feeling with complicated and multifaceted difficulties, the practitioner must
of detachment from others, demonstrates a restricted range of affect have broad knowledge of the range of problems and diagnoses
(criterion C), and reports difficulty falling asleep and concentrating involved and the skills and competencies required to work with the
(criterion D). These symptoms have endured for more than 1 month complex problems presented [10,11]. Furthermore, close communi-
(criterion E) and cause significant distress and impairment in social cation between disciplines should be emphasized. Without careful
functioning (criterion F). Indeed, his frequent discussions of the assessment and consideration of all variables, this patient may have
events with family members have caused significant strain in his been prematurely diagnosed only with Major Depressive Disorder or
relationships with the people to whom he recounts the stories Posttraumatic Stress Disorder or only with temporal lobe epilepsy,
repeatedly. There is no evidence to suggest that Mr. F's experience missing the complicated tension between these disorders.
would be better described and explained by another diagnosis, such as Additionally, because of complexities in the reporting of this case,
psychotic depression, and as reported, has had no history of delusions, such as the de-identification of Mr. F's unique memories, we consulted
hallucinations, or other psychotic-like symptoms or history. His multiple sources to ethically report his case. Our institutional review
responses are circumscribed to reactions to the specific memories in board agreed that the proceedings described here officially constitute
question; he exhibits no other current delusions or hallucinations. a case study and therefore do not require an institutional review
Furthermore, although his presentation may have initially been board-approved protocol. Our institution's privacy office and medical
classified as Adjustment Disorder with Depressed Mood, he now ethics lawyer were consulted to ensure our due diligence in protecting
qualifies for Major Depressive Disorder, Recurrent, along with Mr. F's interests. Mr. F provided formal written agreement to the
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. writing and dissemination of this article. It should be noted that our
Despite our strong recommendation, Mr. F declined our referral for obligation to protect his anonymity (despite his unique and perhaps
a more current neurological evaluation, neuroimaging, and neuro- identifiable memories), as well as a clinical responsibility to protect
psychological evaluation. His most recent EEG appeared to demon- him from premature confrontation of the non-veridicality of his
strate more extensive involvement (now bitemporal) than previously. memories, complicated our ability to report this case. We recommend
Although routine interictal scalp EEG data are limited in their that others wishing to report on such clinically sensitive cases seek
sensitivity and specificity, ictal EEG data might be more conclusive, consultation from all available sources, such as ethics boards,
but are unavailable. Furthermore, attempts to localize these occur- institutional review boards, and privacy offices, as this was helpful
rences to circumscribed regions may fail to appreciate the involve- to us.
4. M.L. Cohen et al. / Epilepsy & Behavior 19 (2010) 652–655 655
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with the psychological and medical communities. We also thank Elementary phenomena. Epilepsy Res 2009;85:162–71.
[6] Gloor P. Experiential phenomena of temporal lobe epilepsy: facts and hypotheses.
William Allen for his helpful comments and suggestions. Brain 1990;113:1673–94.
[7] Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. text rev. Washington,
DC: American Psychiatric Assoc; 2000.
References [8] Horowitz MJ, Adams JE, Rutkins BB. Visual imagery on brain stimulation. Arch Gen
Psychiatry 1968;19:469–86.
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